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<title>VIDEO - Lindsey Graham: Ukraine War 'All About Money' - LRC Blog</title>
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<description><h2><a href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/lindsey-graham-ukraine-war-all-about-money/">Lindsey Graham: Ukraine War ‘All About Money’</a></h2>
<a href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/author/daniel-mcadams/?ptype=lrc-blog">Daniel McAdams</a>
<p>https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/lindsey-graham-ukraine-war-all-about-money/</p>
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<title>U.S. searches for Canadian homes spike ahead of American elections | Vancouver Sun</title>
<link>https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/moving-to-canada-searches-for-canadian-real-estate-from-us-visitors-spike-ahead-of-american-elections</link>
<description><p>U.S. interest is largely concentrated in Ontario, which got 38 per cent of searches, followed by B.C. (17 per cent) and Quebec (16 per cent)</p>
<p> <span>Published Oct 30, 2024</span>  • <span>3 minute read</span> </p><a href="#comments-area"> </a>
<p>You can save this article by registering for free <a href="https://vancouversun.com/register/">here</a>. Or <a href="https://vancouversun.com/sign-in/">sign-in</a> if you have an account.</p><img src="https://smartcdn.gprod.postmedia.digital/vancouversun/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/USA-CANADA-C18.jpg?quality=90&amp;strip=all&amp;w=288&amp;h=216&amp;sig=xVtxXktFbtfWWN87Lrk8mg"></img> <span>Canadian and U.S. flags are seen flying near Parliament Hill in Ottawa.</span> <span>Photo by THE CANADIAN PRESS/Adrian Wyld</span>
<p>American interest in Canadian real estate increased this summer as the U.S. presidential election campaign kicked off, according to a new report from Royal LePage.</p>
<p>The real estate company said after months of regular traffic U.S. visitors to its Canadian real estate site surged 104 per cent in the week of June 16 to 22 compared with the previous week before the first presidential debate between U.S. President Joe Biden and then-presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump.</p>
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<p>Traffic further increased the following week on the heels of the debate, hosted by CNN on June 27, that ended with calls for Biden to step down after a disastrous performance, with an additional four per cent jump.</p>
<p>“The polarization that has occurred in American life around elections in particular has caused more people to feel distressed and search for some kind of therapeutic outlet,†said Phil Soper, president of Royal LePage. “Call it a bit of online therapy. Look at a house in Vancouver and say, ‘Oh God, I could live in Vancouver and get away from it all.'â€</p><img src="https://smartcdn.gprod.postmedia.digital/vancouversun/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screenshot-2024-10-30-at-3.38.07 PM.png?quality=5&amp;strip=all&amp;w=100&amp;sig=uck5Reuwkz-BXWGcPZRLpw"></img>
<p>The spike in U.S.-based visits matches data from Google Trends, which show searches for “move to Canada†increasing this summer, including on June 28, one day after the presidential debate, and on July 2 after the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling that gave Trump broad immunity for actions within his constitutional powers as president.</p>
<p>Web traffic from U.S. visitors on Royal LePage’s site peaked in July 2024, with a noticeable single-day spike on July 15, the same day Trump became the official Republican presidential nominee.</p>
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<p>This isn’t the first time the company has seen its site’s popularity affected by politics south of the border.</p>
<p>A 2017 report found U.S. web traffic skyrocketed by 329 per cent the day after the 2016 election when Trump faced off against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and stayed high the week after Trump’s electoral victory.</p>
<p>There was no similar increase after Biden won the presidential race in 2020.</p>
<p>“Clearly the increase in volume is coming from Democrats who view Canada as a great big blue state,†said Soper.</p>
<p>Most of the interest this summer comes from blue states that voted for a Democratic candidate, but interestingly, since June 2024, there has been an increase in interest from South Carolina, a Republican state.</p>
<p>U.S. interest is largely concentrated in Ontario, which got 38 per cent of searches, followed by B.C. (17 per cent) and Quebec (16 per cent).</p>
<p>However, how many of those online visitors actually pack up their suitcase and move north is unclear.</p>
<p>Data from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada since 2015 shows a modest but steady increase in the number of U.S. citizens who are granted permanent residency in Canada.</p>
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<p>The number of successful U.S. applicants rose from 7,655 in 2015 to 10,640 in 2023, peaking in 2021 with nearly 12,000 applicants. There was a sharp decline during the first year of COVID-19, when only 6,380 Americans received permanent resident status.</p>
<p>Despite the recent spike, Soper is skeptical the numbers translate to actual immigrants.</p>
<p>“There’s a huge difference between aspiration and action,†said Soper, adding he doubts many visitors have even looked into immigration requirements set out by Ottawa let alone take steps to apply.</p>
<p>“Americans make up a relatively small percentage of Canadian immigrants,†he said. “And elections in the past haven’t led to a material increase in that regard.â€</p>
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<p>Recommended from Editorial</p><ol ><li ><a href="https://vancouversun.com/news/world/clinton-compares-trump-to-hitler-says-he-would-end-our-country-as-we-know-it/wcm/7cc4ceb5-be20-412a-8866-eeeef5872aca"> <img src="https://smartcdn.gprod.postmedia.digital/vancouversun/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/1781114452-scaled-e1699576081268.jpg?h=96&amp;strip=all&amp;quality=5&amp;sig=sA_tZsiDoIba7va6TCa8pg"></img>
<p> <span>Clinton compares Trump to Hitler, says he would 'end our country as we know it'</span> </p> </a></li><li ><a href="https://vancouversun.com/pmn/news-pmn/crime-pmn/as-biden-kicks-off-u-s-tour-some-democratic-candidates-want-to-keep-their-distance/wcm/6eadd5c3-830e-42de-988c-6a0a80fe3e41"> <img src="https://smartcdn.gprod.postmedia.digital/vancouversun/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Joe-Biden-July20-scaled-e1658413928589.jpg?h=96&amp;strip=all&amp;quality=5&amp;sig=i2e7j60D9f0DlQr1FCNlBw"></img>
<p> <span>U.S. President Biden kicks off U.S. tour … and some Democratic candidates want to keep their distance</span> </p> </a></li></ol><hr></hr>
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<pubDate>Thu, 31 Oct 2024 15:34:41 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Group G Streptococcal (Strep G or G-Strep)</title>
<link>https://www.elysianbengals.com/post/2019/05/09/group-g-streptococcal-strep-g-or-g-strep</link>
<description><p> <span> <span> <span>Group G Streptococcal also referred to as Lancefield group G or Streptococcus canis (S. canis) nicknamed G-strep is typically non-disease causing and is actually part of the normal microflora of the body. It can be found in the digestive tract, reproductive tract including organs of the genitals, respiratory tract including oral cavities, and on the skin (1, 2, 3, 4). It can also be found in the tonsillar and ear microbiota of cats and dogs.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>G-Strep, however, can become disease-causing and ironically there is little difference in the chemical process between S. canis strains cultured from healthy and infected animals (1).</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <strong> <span> <span>DIAGNOSIS</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>There are diagnostic tests specifically for G-Strep, however, it seems that more times than not there are more false NEGATIVES, therefore reliability is fairly low.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Diagnosis can be somewhat difficult primarily for veterinarians and even breeders. Most will dismiss symptoms as other causes or will not “connect the dotsâ€. As you will see below, there is a wide range of symptoms that seem unrelated, but indeed can be correlated to other situations. Often times a slew of overlapping symptoms, versus diagnostic tests, lead one to treat for G-strep.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Incubation of G-Strep is typically expensive as it takes about 10 days to culture. Many vets choose broad spectrum treatments and often G-Strep is mistaken for upper respiratory infections as well as other co-occurring illnesses such as calicivirus, panleukopenia, and chlamydia which could be present at the same time and overshadowing underlying causes.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and a bacterial culture are recommended to be performed to help rule out or address underlying illnesses that may be presenting with (or independently of) G-strep.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>In breeding animals vaginal cultures are recommended as well.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Other tests or methods can include blood break down patterns, characteristics of bacterial colonies, biological and chemical reactions, and tests that identify antibodies in the blood.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Presumptions can be made from smears, tissue samples and secretions taken from the airways if cocci are seen in pairs or chains (5).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Lesions also may be present.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Bacteria can be found in wounds, blood, brain and spinal fluid, placenta, tissues of fetuses, etc (5).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>In kittens diagnosis can also be made via positive test results in the placenta and umbilical cords of aborted kittens.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>SYMPTOMS/RESULTS/PRESENTATION</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Symptoms, unfortunately, are widespread and many. They may seem completely unrelated or you may be able to attribute them to other situations in your breeding cats.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>The following are symptoms reported by breeders and research studies:</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p><ul><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Bred two seemingly healthy cats numerous times, but did not result in pregnancy </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>A bred cat results in pyometra instead of pregnancy </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>A mother delivers a whole litter of stillborn kittens or large percentage of stillborns in a litter (6,7)* </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>A queen aborts litters (6, 7)* </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Litter sizes have dropped </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Females have stopped calling </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Spontaneous death of seemingly healthy kittens (6, 7)* </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Kittens suddenly being born with birth defects (i.e. intestines outside the body) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Dermatitis (skin inflammation) (8, 9, 10) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Otitis Externa (inflammation of the ear) (8, 9, 10) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Pneumonia (8, 9, 10) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Infective Endocarditis (infection of the heart lining) which may also cause fever, heart murmurs, petechiae (tiny circular patches on the skin), anemia, embolic phenomena (purple skin discoloration) (8, 9, 10) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Adult Septicemia (8, 9, 10) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Arthritis (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Wound Infections (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Cervical lymphadenitis (swollen lymph nodes in the neck) in 3-6 month old kittens (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Swollen, infected umbilical cord (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Mastitis (inflammation of breast tissue) (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Pleuritis (inflammation of the membrane that lines the chest and surrounds the lungs) (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Lower airway inflammation with mucous (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Abscesses or lesions (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Discospondylitis (infection of the vertebrae and the surrounding cartilaginous discs </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Osteomyelitis (infection of the bone) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Polyarthritis (arthritis of more than four joints) </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Sexually transmitted infections </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Sinus Infection </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes) </span> </span> </span> </p></li></ul>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>*G-strep has been connected with blood poisoning of unborn or newborn kittens</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <strong> <span> <span>HOW</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>As mentioned G-strep is naturally found in the body. When the body is out of sync this bacteria can over grow causing disease. Factors that can influence whether Streptococcal G causes disease:</span> </span> </span> </p><ul><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>The amount of maternal antibodies present </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Immune response </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Age </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Number of pathogenic microorganisms and their ability to infect the animal </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Stress </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>Damage caused by the specific strain </span> </span> </span> </p></li><li >
<p> <span> <span> <span>G-strep can also spread via grooming, breeding, from mother to kitten and through wounds (5) </span> </span> </span> </p></li></ul>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Now you understand how elusive G-strep is. It's easy to transmit, difficult to diagnose, and harder to get rid of.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <strong> <span> <span>PREVALENCE</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>In one major study performed on 394 cats and dogs 58 or 18% of dogs and 9 or 12.7% of cats tested positive for S. canis, 21.4% of which were cultured from the rectum (1).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>70-100% of queens in a cattery setting host the bacteria in their vagina, which results in the infection of kittens HOWEVER that being said some mothers will pass immunity against the bacteria via their colostrum. Kittens of younger mothers are more often affected (5).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>In 10% of cats with upper respiratory infections, S. canis has been cultured.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>CARRIERS</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>It seems that most cats are carriers but don’t actually present symptoms. Even stranger is that many carriers don’t shed when stressed like other types of carriers yet pass it to others via grooming practices.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>TREATMENT</span> </span> </strong></span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>With Streptococcal G being a bacteria the go to treatment is often an antibiotic however not all antibiotics are effective on G-Strep, and many strains actually have become resistant to antibiotics that previously have worked.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>In one study all cultures were susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin however only 33.8% were susceptible to tetracycline, 10.5% to vancomycin, 7% to chloramphenicol, 3.5% erythromycin and 2.3% to clindamycin (1). Wu et al. (1997) confirmed 38.2% of cultures were not susceptible to erythromycin and 73.5% to tetracycline. To further validate these findings yet another study showed susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and gentamicin. 27% of cultures were resistant to tetracycline (11).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>In the past clindamycin was the medication of choice but with that now being the antibiotic that most cultures are resistant to it is no longer recommended.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <strong> <span> <span>Previous protocols are as follows:</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Clindamycin, 25 mg per 6-10 lbs, twice a day for 20 days.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>All cats in the program including kittens as well as any spayed or neutered cats in your home should be treated.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Before breeding when a female starts calling dose with 25 mg twice a day for 2-3 days with clindamycin. After 2-3 days put the female in with the male and dose both until the female is done her heat or for one week.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>1 week before birth administer 25 mg of clindamycin twice daily. Continue 3-5 days following the birth.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>5-10 days before giving birth administer 1cc/mL of Clavamox and/or azithromycin twice a day.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Following birth administer 1 cc penicillin subcutaneously immediately to the mother.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Newborns immediately dip the umbilical cord in iodine*. Also administer long lasting penicillin (benzathine/procaine pen G which can be bought without a prescription at Tractor Supply or other farm stores) subcutaneously. The penicillin should be diluted for newborn kittens. </span> </span> <strong> <span> <span>The mixture should consist of 1.5 cc sterile water + 0.25 cc/mL long lasting penicillin. Administer 0.25 cc/mL of this mixture subcutaneously to each kitten.</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>*(It is no long recommended to DIP the umbilical cord, rather to keep everything sterile SWAB the umbilical cord with a clean Q-tip.)</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <strong> <span> <span>Current Protocol</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>There are many protocols that breeders have developed or modified from the above.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>The protocol that has been passed on to me by Candie Losee of Arkham Bengals is as follows.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Treatment of all cats and kittens in the home for 21 days.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Treat every other day with benzathine/procaine penicillin subcutaneously dosed as follows:</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>1 mL per 10 lbs of cat</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>1 mL for females</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>1.5 mL for large adult males</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>All kittens up to </span> </span> <strong> <span> <span>5-6 weeks old should be given the diluted dose</span> </span> </strong> <span> <span>. 1.5 cc sterile water + 0.25 cc/mL long lasting penicillin. Administer 0.25 cc/mL of this mixture subcutaneously to each kitten.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Completely treat in this manner every 3 years there after.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Doses may need to be spaced out such as far as every three days instead of every two days.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>If for some reason a cat has a reaction, do not treat this cat again.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>At birth kittens should be given one dose of the penicillin mixture noted below</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>1.5 cc sterile water + 0.25 cc/mL long lasting penicillin.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Than give 0.25 cc of the mixed solution to each kitten.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>You will also want to swab the umbilical cord in iodine with clean a q tip within a few hours of birth.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Tylan also has been used by breeders. Jessica Petras of Liberty Bengals shared this information. Tylan is a powder that is not an antibiotic but it stops the growth of G-strep and leaves the immune system to take over, therefore it is a bacteriostatic. It can be purchased with a prescription via a veterinarian or Chewy.com.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Tylan is packed into size four capsules and administered to adults twice a day for three weeks.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Kittens are still swabbed with iodine at birth.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Kittens are not treated but given clavamox or amoxicillin if diarrhea is present but due to the thickness of the medication, tube feeding medications may be recommended to avoid aspiration. If one is uncomfortable with this method they may also administer the diluted penicillin subcutaneously noted above.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>VACCINES</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>There are no vaccines for this bacteria (5).</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>PREVENTION</span> </span> </strong> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Streptococcus bacteria are typically eradicated via detergents and common disinfectants including 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and iodine-based disinfectants. The bacteria also can be treated with moist heat at 121 degrees celsius for 15 minutes minimum, or dry heat at 160-170 degrees celsius for at least 1 hour (5).</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><strong> <span> <span>Sources and Articles</span> </span> </strong></span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>1. Lysková, P &amp; Vydržalová, M &amp; Královcová, D &amp; Mazurová, J. (2007). Prevalence and Characteristics of Streptococcus canis Strains Isolated from Dogs and Cats. Acta Veterinaria Brno - ACTA VET BRNO. 76. 619-625. 10.2754/avb200776040619.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>(https://actavet.vfu.cz/media/pdf/avb_2007076040619.pdf)</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>2. DEWINTER LM, LOW DE, PRESCOTT JF 1999: Virulence of Streptococcus canis from canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Vet Microbiol 70: 95-110</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>3. MILLER CW, PRESCOTT JF, MATHEWS KA, BETSCHEL SD, YAGER JA, GURU V, DEWINTER L, LOW DE 1996: Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209: 1421-1426</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>4. BORNAND V 1992: Bacteriology and mycology of otitis externa in dog. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 134: 341-348</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>5. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologies. “Streptococcosis.†Http://Www.cfsph.iastate.edu, May 2005, www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/streptococcosis.pdf.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>(http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/streptococcosis.pdf)</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>6. Devriese LA, Hommez J, Kilpper-Balz R, Schleifer K-H. 1986. Streptococcus canis sp. nov.: a species of group G streptococci from animals. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:422–425.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>7. Lyskova P, Vydrzalova M, Mazurova J. 2007. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and yeasts isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 54:559–563.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>8. Lamm CG, Ferguson AC, Lehenbauer TW, Love BC. 2010. Streptococcal infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 393 cases. Vet. Pathol. 47:387–395</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>9. Sykes JE, Kittleson MD, Pesavento PA, Byrne BA, MacDonald KA, Chomel BB. 2006. Evaluation of the relationship between causative organisms and clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis in dogs: 71 cases (1992-2005). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 228:1723–1734</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>10. WU JJ, LIN KY, HSUEH PR, LIU JW, PAN HI, SHEU SM 1997: High incidence of erythromycin-resistant streptococci in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 844-846</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>11. Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Streptococcus canis Confirms the Zoonotic Origin of Human Infections and Reveals Genetic Exchange with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>M. D. Pinho, S. C. Matos, C. Pomba, A. Lübke-Becker, L. H. Wieler, S. Preziuso, J. Melo-Cristino, M.Ramirez</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Journal of Clinical Microbiology Mar 2013, 51 (4) 1099-1109; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02912-12</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>(http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/4/1099.full)</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>Lyskova P, Vydrzalova M, Mazurova J. 2007. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and yeasts isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 54:559–563.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Clemetson LL, Ward AC. 1990. Bacterial flora of the vagina and uterus of healthy cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 196:902–906.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span> </span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Devriese LA, Cruz Colque JI, De Herdt P, Haesebrouck F. 1992. Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 73:421–425.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span>Watts JR, Wright PJ, Whithear KC. 1996. Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle. J. Small Anim. Pract. 37:54–60.</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>https://www.7thheavencats.com/g-strep-1.html</span> </span> <span>
</span> <span> <span>https://www.7thheavencats.com/g-strep-2.html</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span><a href="https://www.7thheavencats.com/g-strep-3.html"> <span> <span>https://www.7thheavencats.com/g-strep-3.html</span> </span> </a> <span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span> <span><a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/felines"> <span>#felines</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/gstrep"> <span>#gstrep</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/strepg"> <span>#strepg</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/streptococcal"> <span>#streptococcal</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/groupg"> <span>#groupg</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/lancefieldgroupg"> <span>#lancefieldgroupg</span> </a> <span> </span> <a href="https://www.elysianbengals.com/blog/hashtags/Scanis"> <span>#Scanis</span> </a></span> </span> </span> </p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Oct 2024 13:28:17 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Trump Has Made Hundreds Of Millions By Not Dumping Truth Social Stock</title>
<link>https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/10/18/donald-trump-truth-social-stock-trump-media-sell-lookup-worth/</link>
<description><p>Donald Trump decision not to sell his shares in Truth Social's parent company has paid off.</p>Getty Images
<p>By not selling his shares in Truth Social’s parent company at his first opportunity to do so, Donald Trump has made a small fortune.</p>
<p>After years of delays due to <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/statement-us-attorney-damian-williams-conviction-bruce-garelick">government</a> <a href="https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023-135">investigations</a>, Trump Media &amp; Technology Group completed its merger to go public on March 25. The next day, shares began trading on the NASDAQ under the ticker DJT. The stock shot up to an all-time high that first day, reaching $79.38. Trump, who owned 78,750,000 shares at the time—57.3% of the company—was sitting on shares worth $6.3 billion.</p>
<p>Trump wasn’t allowed to cash in immediately, though. The former president and eight other insiders were <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1849635/000114036124016719/ef20025342_8k.htm">contractually restricted from selling or transferring their shares</a> until the earliest of one of three events took place: the six-month anniversary of the merger closing; the date on which the closing price equaled or exceeded $12 for 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period, commencing at least 150 days after the merger closed; or the date on which Trump Media completed a transaction that resulted in all stockholders having the right to exchange their shares for cash, securities or other property. While the company’s board had the authority to waive the lockup restrictions, it does not appear to have done so.</p>
<p>That left Trump to sit on his stock for months. While he did enjoy a bump in shares, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2024/04/30/trump-ups-truth-social-stake-receiving-18-billion-stock-bonus/">adding 36 million as a bonus</a> for the share price staying above $17.50 for 20 trading days, any gains in his overall stake were offset by the plunging stock price. From <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/djt">that $79.38 high,</a> they dropped precipitously, to an intraday low of $11.75, wiping $4.9 billion off his net worth in the process.</p>
<p>But Trump held fast. “I’m not selling, I love it,†Trump said at a press conference in September, when asked if he’d reduce his holdings in Trump Media. By sticking by those words, he’s made at least $790 million in unrealized gains.</p>
<p>It’s unclear precisely when Trump’s lock-up restriction would have ended, but on August 22–150 days after the merger closed–five shareholders who had been subject to lock-ups, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/10/14/devin-nunes-earned-running-truth-social-trump-media/">including CEO Devin Nunes</a>, sold some of their shares at $22.70 (to cover tax-withholding payments). If Trump had sold his 114,750,000 shares at the same time, he would have taken home $2.6 billion (pretax).</p>
<p>But Trump didn’t sell. Nor did he sell his shares on Sept. 19, which is 150 calendar days plus 20 trading days after the merger was finalized. Shares in DJT closed at $14.70 that day, meaning Trump would have pocketed more than $1.7 billion before taxes.</p>
<p>Spokespeople for Trump Media did not respond to inquiries. Regardless of when Trump’s lock up period ended, he has made out.</p>
<p>The stock closed at $29.58 on Friday, valuing Trump’s shares at almost $3.4 billion. He appears in no hurry to cash in, though there’s plenty he could do with the money: the former president’s Trump Media stock is worth enough to allow him to pay off his <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/article/the-definitive-networth-of-donaldtrump/">$570 million in legal liabilities in New York State</a>, his mortgages at 40 Wall Street and Trump Tower and still have a couple hundred million left over.</p>
<p><em>Editor’s note: In November 2023, Trump Media sued 20 media outlets, including </em>Forbes<em>, for reporting that included calculations of its financial results while still a private company. The defendants have moved to dismiss the claims.</em></p>
<h2>More From Forbes</h2><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/05/30/donald-trump-truth-social-media-conviction/"> <span> <span>Forbes</span> <span>Trump’s Social-Media Business Planned For His Conviction Before He Was Even Charged</span> By <span>Zach Everson</span> </span> <span> <span></span> </span> </a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/03/23/why-trump-cant-pledge-his-truth-social-shares-even-after-it-goes-public/"> <span> <span>Forbes</span> <span>Why Trump Can’t Pledge His Truth Social Shares Even After It Goes Public</span> By <span>Zach Everson</span> </span> <span> <span></span> </span> </a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/04/07/when-it-comes-to-truth-social-republicans-in-congress-arent-buying-what-trumps-selling/"> <span> <span>Forbes</span> <span>When It Comes To Truth Social, Republicans In Congress Aren’t Buying What Trump’s Selling</span> By <span>Zach Everson</span> </span> <span> <span></span> </span> </a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/04/23/trumps-truth-social-stake-will-grow-by-12-billion-even-as-stock-falls-8/"> <span> <span>Forbes</span> <span>Trump’s Truth Social Stake Will Grow By $1.2 Billion—Even As Stock Falls 8%</span> By <span>Derek Saul</span> </span> <span> <span></span> </span> </a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2024/10/14/trump-media-stock-climbs-15-boosting-trumps-net-worth-by-over-500-million/"> <span> <span>Forbes</span> <span>Trump Media Stock Climbs 15%—Boosting Trump’s Net Worth By Over $500 Million</span> By <span>Molly Bohannon</span> </span> <span> <span></span> </span> </a></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 19 Oct 2024 14:42:27 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2024/10/18/donald-trump-truth-social-stock-trump-media-sell-lookup-worth/</guid>
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<title>Gene mutation linked to impulsive behaviour with alcohol, study finds | Science | The Guardian</title>
<link>https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/nov/17/gene-mutation-htr2b-linked-impulsive-behaviour-alcohol</link>
<description><p>A genetic mutation that makes people more impulsive when they consume alcohol may explain why some are more prone to drink driving, impulsive sex and random acts of violence.</p>
<p>The mutation disrupts a gene called HTR2B which the body uses to make serotonin receptors in parts of the brain that have a governing role in decision making and self-control.</p>
<p>The genetic glitch has only been found in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/finland">Finland</a> so far, where 2.2% of the genetically isolated population carry the mutation, amounting to more than 100,000 people.</p>
<p>A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21179162">study</a> in 2010 was the first to identify the mutation in Finns, though many of the subjects who donated DNA were violent offenders with alcohol problems and personality disorders, making it hard to assess its effects in the general population.</p>
<p><a href="https://tuhat.halvi.helsinki.fi/portal/en/persons/roope-tikkanen(6080c800-d70a-49be-92b8-5c9bfb3e99dc).html">Roope Tikkanen</a>, a psychiatrist at the University of Helsinki, gathered information on impulsive behaviour from a small group of 14 people who carried the mutation and 156 controls who did not. None were violent offenders. He found that when compared to controls, the carriers had more aggressive outbursts, got into fights, and behaved in a more impulsive manner when under the influence of alcohol.</p>
<p>The carriers were not alcoholics as measured by their consumption, but had a tendency to lose control when they had a few drinks, he writes in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/TP.2015.170">Translational Psychiatry</a>.</p>
<p>“We wanted to take a look at healthy people in the general population to check if this mutation had any effects. The most interesting finding was that it caused impulsive behaviour while under intoxication, and that included impulsive sex, impulsively spending money, and driving under the influence,†Tikkanen told the Guardian.</p>
<p>“When they are sober they have a tendency towards impulsivity, but our discovery is that it will be enhanced by small amounts of alcohol,†he said.</p>
<p>The study is too small to draw firm conclusions, and many of the people who took part were relatives of offenders who took part in the 2010 study, meaning their impulsive behaviour may be partly a product of the shared environment they grew up in. But if larger studies confirm the genetic link, Tikkanen said doctors in Finland may consider screening for the mutation to identify those at risk of impulsive acts that could land them in prison.</p>
<p>People who carry the mutation could be recommended to attend courses to help them keep their alcohol consumption within healthy limits, and have therapy to boost their self control, he said.</p>
<p>It is unclear how the mutation affects impulsive behaviour and why alcohol may exacerbate its effects. But further work on the mutation may go beyond elucidating the biological drivers of reckless behaviour and shed light on mental disorders driven by serotonin imbalances.</p>
<p>“The interesting thing about this is that it tells us something about the mechanism of the serotonin receptor globally. It’s like a laboratory experiment that you can’t usually do in humans,†Tikkanen said.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 06 Oct 2024 12:21:55 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/nov/17/gene-mutation-htr2b-linked-impulsive-behaviour-alcohol</guid>
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<title>Shouting fire in a crowded theater - Wikipedia</title>
<link>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouting_fire_in_a_crowded_theater</link>
<description><p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
<p>Metaphor for speech or actions made for the principal purpose of creating panic</p>
<p>"Shouting fire" redirects here. For other uses, see </p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouting_Fire_(disambiguation)">Shouting Fire</a>
<p>.</p>
<p>
"<b>Shouting <i>fire</i> in a crowded theater</b>" is a popular analogy for speech or actions whose principal purpose is to create panic, and in particular for speech or actions which may for that reason be thought to be outside the scope of free speech protections. The phrase is a paraphrasing of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictum">dictum</a>, or non-binding statement, from Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_opinion">opinion</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court">United States Supreme Court</a> case <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription">draft</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a> was not protected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech">free speech</a> under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">First Amendment</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The case was later partially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States">overturned</a> by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> in 1969, which limited the scope of banned speech to that directed to and likely to incite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action">imminent lawless action</a> (e.g. an immediate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot">riot</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-1"> <span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The paraphrasing differs from Holmes's original wording in that it typically does not include the word <i>falsely</i>, while also adding the word <i>crowded</i> to describe the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-2"> <span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The utterance of "fire!" in and of itself is not generally illegal within the United States: "sometimes you <em>could</em> yell 'fire' in a crowded theater without facing punishment. The theater may actually be on fire. Or you may reasonably believe that the theater is on fire".<a href="#cite_note-:1-3"> <span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span> </a> Furthermore, within the doctrine of first amendment protected free speech within the United States, yelling "fire!" as speech is not itself the legally problematic event, but rather, "there are scenarios in which intentionally lying about a fire in a crowded theater and causing a stampede might lead to a disorderly conduct citation or similar charge."<a href="#cite_note-:1-3"> <span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, panics caused by false shouts of "fire" in crowded theaters and other venues were not uncommon. Most notably, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonsburg_Opera_House_disaster">Canonsburg Opera House disaster</a> of 1911 led to 26 deaths, and the 1913 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Hall_disaster">Italian Hall disaster</a> saw 73 people die in the crush that ensued from a false alarm in a crowded banquet hall.
</p>
<p>The problem was widespread enough that the person falsely shouting "fire" became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_character">stock character</a> in popular writing, representing an example of foolish or villainous behavior.
</p>
<p>Laws were enacted in some jurisdictions to protect the public from such panics, such as the Indianapolis <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_code_(municipal)">municipal code</a> of 1917, which made it illegal to "[c]ry out a false alarm of 'fire' in any church, public hall, theater, moving picture showroom, or any other building of a similar or different character, while the same is occupied by a public assemblage."<a href="#cite_note-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The first known use of the analogy in the context of free speech occurred in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs#Sedition_conviction_and_appeal_to_U.S._Supreme_Court">1918 trial</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>. Debs was charged with violations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> for an anti-war speech he had delivered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>. In his closing argument, Debs offered as his sole legal defense that his speech was protected by the First Amendment. Federal prosecutor Edwin Wertz then argued in his closing rebuttal:<a href="#cite_note-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Now, he speaks about the Constitution of the United States giving him the authority to do what he did at Canton. The Constitution provides that there shall be no abridgement of free speech, it is true; yet it is a fact that a man in a crowded auditorium, or any theatre, who yells "fire" and there is no fire, and a panic ensues and someone is trampled to death, may be rightfully indicted and charged with murder, and may be convicted and sent to the electric chair for making such an outcry when there is no occasion for it. That is an abridgement of the right of free speech according to the defendant's idea.
</p>
<p>[...]
</p>
<p>
According to his theory, a man could go into a crowded theatre, or even into this audience, and yell "fire" when there was no fire, and people trampled to death, and he would not be punished for it because the Constitution says he has the right of free speech.</p></blockquote>
<p>Historians infer that Oliver Wendell Holmes read Wertz's speech while preparing his opinion in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debs_v._United_States">Debs v. United States</a></i> and adopted the analogy in the <i>Schenck</i> case.<a href="#cite_note-14"> <span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Holmes, writing for a unanimous Court, ruled that it was a violation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> (amended by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a>) to distribute flyers opposing the draft during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>. Holmes argued that this abridgment of free speech was permissible because it presented a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger">clear and present danger</a>" to the government's recruitment efforts for the war. Holmes wrote:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting <i>fire</i> in a theatre and causing a panic... The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.</p></blockquote>
<p>The First Amendment <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_(law)">holding</a> in <i>Schenck</i> was later partially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States">overturned</a> by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> in 1969, in which the Supreme Court held that "the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action">imminent lawless action</a> and is likely to incite or produce such action."<a href="#cite_note-:0-1"> <span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-15"> <span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span> </a> The test in <i>Brandenburg</i> is the current Supreme Court jurisprudence on the ability of government to punish speech after it occurs. Despite <i>Schenck</i> being limited, the phrase "shouting <i>fire</i> in a crowded theater" has become synonymous with speech that, because of its danger of provoking violence, is not protected by the First Amendment.
</p>
<p>Ultimately, whether it is legal in the United States to falsely shout "fire" in a theater depends on the circumstances in which it is done and the consequences of doing it. The act of shouting "fire" when there are no reasonable grounds for believing one exists is not in itself a crime, and nor would it be rendered a crime merely by having been carried out inside a theatre, crowded or otherwise. However, if it causes a stampede and someone is killed as a result, then the act could amount to a crime, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter">involuntary manslaughter</a>, assuming the other elements of that crime are made out. Similarly, state laws such as <a href="https://casetext.com/statute/colorado-revised-statutes/title-18-criminal-code/article-8-offenses-governmental-operations/part-1-obstruction-of-public-justice/section-18-8-111-false-reporting-to-authorities-false-reporting-of-emergency-definition">Colorado Revised Statute § 18-8-111</a> classify knowingly "false reporting of an emergency," including false alarms of fire, as a misdemeanour if the occupants of the building are caused to be evacuated or displaced, and a felony if the emergency response results in the serious bodily injury or death of another person. <a href="https://casetext.com/statute/colorado-revised-statutes/title-18-criminal-code/article-8-offenses-governmental-operations/part-1-obstruction-of-public-justice/section-18-8-111-false-reporting-to-authorities-false-reporting-of-emergency-definition">Somewhat more trivially, in some states it is a crime just to knowingly make a false report - or knowingly cause a false report to be made - of an emergency to emergency services. In the statute</a> just cited, for example, it is a crime to knowingly cause "a false alarm of fire" to be transmitted to "any...government agency which deals with emergencies involving danger to life or property." This crime could plausibly be made out where, for instance, in response to the false shout, an innocent bystander calls emergency services to report the fire, and this is found to have been such a foreseeable response to the shouts that the shouter is deemed to have caused the false report to be made.
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Freedom_of_speech_in_war_times.djvu&amp;page=6"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Freedom_of_speech_in_war_times.djvu/page6-180px-Freedom_of_speech_in_war_times.djvu.jpg"></img></a>A version of Chafee's article
<p>Christopher M. Finan, Executive Director of the National Coalition Against Censorship, writes that Justice Holmes began to doubt his decision due to criticism received from free-speech activists. He also met the legal scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_Chafee">Zechariah Chafee</a> and discussed his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> article "Freedom of Speech in War Times".<a href="#cite_note-fenan-16"> <span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-17"> <span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span> </a> According to Finan, Holmes's change of heart influenced his decision to join the minority and dissent in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> case. Abrams was deported for issuing flyers saying the US should not intervene in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)">Russian Revolution</a>. Holmes and Brandeis said that "a silly leaflet by an unknown man" should not be considered illegal.<a href="#cite_note-fenan-16"> <span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-18"> <span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span> </a> Chafee argued in <i>Free Speech in the United States</i> that a better analogy in <i>Schenck</i> might be a man who stands in a theatre and warns the audience that there are not enough fire exits.<a href="#cite_note-19"> <span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-20"> <span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In his introductory remarks to a 2006 debate in defense of free speech, writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> parodied the Holmes judgment by opening "FIRE! Fire, fire... fire. Now you've heard it", before condemning the famous analogy as "the fatuous verdict of the greatly over-praised Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes." Hitchens argued that the "Yiddish speaking socialists" protesting America's entry into World War I, who were imprisoned by the Court's decision, "were the real fire fighters, were the ones shouting fire when there really <em>was</em> a fire, in a very crowded theatre indeed. And who is to decide?"<a href="#cite_note-21"> <span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-22"> <span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Writer Emma Camp has pointed out that <i>Schenck v. United States</i> did not actually address the question of whether or not it is illegal to "shout fire in a crowded theater", since this analogy was simply non-binding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictum">dictum</a> used to illustrate Justice Holmes' point.<a href="#cite_note-23"> <span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Ken White, an attorney and owner of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehat">Popehat</a>, has stated that even though <i>Schenck v. United States</i> affirmed that the First Amendment is not absolute, "you can't shout fire in a crowded theater" is frequently used as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herring">red herring</a> when discussing whether or not a particular instance of speech falls under exceptions set by the Supreme Court. Citing the later ruling of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i>, White also pointed out that the currently accepted limitations to the First Amendment are narrow and well-defined, and the court is unlikely to introduce new ones based on balancing the value that some speech possesses with the potential harm it does to society.<a href="#cite_note-24"> <span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h2 >Historical instances</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shouting_fire_in_a_crowded_theater&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>People have falsely shouted "Fire!" or been misheard in crowded public venues and caused panics on several occasions, such as:
</p>
<ul><li>At Mount Morris Theater, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a> in September 1884. During the fire scene of "Storm Beaten", someone in the gallery shouted "Fire!" three times. The performance continued and a roundsman and a policeman arrested a young man.<a href="#cite_note-26"> <span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span> </a></li>
<li>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_stampede">Shiloh Baptist Church stampede</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama">Birmingham</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama">Alabama</a> on September 19, 1902. Over 100 people died when someone in the choir yelled, "There's a fight!". "Fight" was misheard as "fire" in a crowded church of approximately 3000 people, causing a panic and crush.<a href="#cite_note-27"> <span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span> </a></li>
<li>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Hall_disaster">Italian Hall disaster</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet,_Michigan">Calumet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a> on December 24, 1913. Seventy-three men, women, and children, mostly striking mine workers and their families, were killed in a crush when someone falsely shouted "Fire!" at a crowded Christmas party.<a href="#cite_note-28"> <span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span> </a></li>
<li>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Teresa">Basilica of St. Teresa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela">Venezuela</a> on 9 Apr 1952. 50 people died after someone shouted "Fire!". 40 people were arrested in connection with the crush.<a href="#cite_note-29"> <span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"> <span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-31"> <span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span> </a></li>
<li>At Raymond Cinema 3, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila">Metro Manila</a>, on December 26, 1987, a 13-year-old girl died from internal haemorrhage while many moviegoers were injured due to a crush that began when a man shouted "<span ><i >Sunog!</i></span> " (lit. <span> </span> <span>'</span> <span>Fire!</span> <span>'</span> ) three times at the packed theater during an evening screening of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila_Film_Festival">Metro Manila Film Festival</a> entry <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwag_Mong_Buhayin_ang_Bangkay">Huwag Mong Buhayin ang Bangkay</a></i>.<a href="#cite_note-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a></li></ul>
<p>In contrast, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Theatre_fire">Brooklyn Theatre fire</a> of December 5, 1876, theatre staff were reluctant to cause a panic by shouting fire and instead pretended that the fire was part of the performance. This delayed the evacuation, leading to a death toll of at least 278.
</p>
<ol>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Timm, Trevor (November 2, 2012). <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/its-time-to-stop-using-the-fire-in-a-crowded-theater-quote/264449/">"It's Time to Stop Using the 'Fire in a Crowded Theater' Quote"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>September 5,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span>Volokh, Eugene (May 11, 2015). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/11/shouting-fire-in-a-crowded-theater/">"Shouting fire in a crowded theater"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post">Washington Post</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>June 20,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Kosseff, Jeff (October 24, 2023). <a href="https://reason.com/2023/10/24/how-to-yell-fire-in-a-crowded-theater/">"How to yell 'fire' in a crowded theater"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)">Reason</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>October 27,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BK8omEfbTjEC&amp;pg=PA233"><i>Codification of 1917: Municipal Code of the City of Indianapolis</i></a>. Common Council of the City of Indianapolis. 1917. p. 233.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://archive.org/details/debs-v-united-states-appellate-record/page/246/mode/2up">"Debs v. United States appellate record and briefs"</a>. p. 249 <span>. Retrieved <span>January 14,</span> 2023</span> – via Internet Archive.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span>Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtU4EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA388"><i>The New Yale Book of Quotation s</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 388. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300262780">9780300262780</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_395">395</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&amp;court=US&amp;vol=395&amp;page=444#447">444, 447</a> (1969)</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenan_16-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenan_16-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Finan, Christopher M. (2007). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/frompalmerraidst00fina"><i>From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: a history of the fight for free speech in America</i></a></span> . <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press">Beacon Press</a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/frompalmerraidst00fina/page/27">27</a>–37. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807044285">9780807044285</a> <span>. Retrieved <span>March 25,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_Chafee">Chafee, Zechariah</a> (1919). "Freedom of Speech in Wartime". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>32</b> (8): 932–973. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1327107">10.2307/1327107</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327107">1327107</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span>Leuchtenburg, William E. (1958). <i>The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-32</i>. Chicago: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 43. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173348">173348</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span>Chafee, Zechariah (1941). <i>Free Speech in the United States</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1197919">1197919</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (August 2, 2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu-hxQypyjkC&amp;q=%22PEOPLE%27S+HISTORY+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES%22+%22oliver+wendell+holmes%22+fire&amp;pg=PA366"><i>A People's History of the United States</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 366. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060838655">0060838655</a> <span>. Retrieved <span>June 20,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3Hg-Y7MugU"><i>Christopher Hitchens – Free Speech Part 1</i></a>. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/X3Hg-Y7MugU">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2021 <span>. Retrieved <span>June 20,</span> 2012</span> – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span>Hitchens, Christopher (November 15, 2006). <a href="http://documents.ariadacapo.net/borrowed/2006_11_christopher_hitchens/christopher_hitchens_2006_11_talk_transcript.pdf">"Fire in a Crowded Theatre"</a> <span>(PDF)</span> <span>. Retrieved <span>June 20,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span>Camp, Emma (October 27, 2022). <a href="https://reason.com/2022/10/27/yes-you-can-yell-fire-in-a-crowded-theater/">"Yes, You Can Yell 'Fire' in a Crowded Theater"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)">Reason</a></i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span>White, Ken (June 18, 2018). <a href="https://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/make-no-law/2018/06/fire-in-a-crowded-theater/">"Fire in a Crowded Theater"</a>. <i>Legal Talk Network</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>August 7,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span>White, Ken (December 14, 2022). <a href="https://popehat.substack.com/p/the-first-amendment-isnt-absolute">" <span></span> 'The First Amendment Isn't Absolute.' Sure, But So What?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehat">Popehat</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>August 7,</span> 2023</span> – via SubStack.com.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/09/25/109777936.pdf">"A Cry of Fire in a Crowded Theater"</a> <span>(PDF)</span> . <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>. September 25, 1884. p. 4.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&amp;dat=19020920&amp;id=wYU-AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=IVoMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6271,2347342">"Boston Evening Transcript - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>April 30,</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104163625/http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/emi3d31e.htm">"The Italian Hall Disaster, Calumet, Michigan"</a>. <i>www.genealogia.fi</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/emi3d31e.htm">the original</a> on November 4, 2013 <span>. Retrieved <span>April 30,</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/133715606">"53 Killed in Church Panic"</a>. <i>Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate</i>. Newcastle, New South Wales. April 12, 1952. p. 3 <span>. Retrieved <span>October 26,</span> 2023</span> – via Trove.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57097759">"Stampede in Church Planned"</a>. <i>Morning Bulletin</i>. Rockhampton, Queensland. April 15, 1952. p. 1 <span>. Retrieved <span>October 26,</span> 2023</span> – via Trove.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49026717">"40 Arrests in Sequel to Deaths"</a>. <i>West Australian</i>. Perth. April 15, 1952. p. 6 <span>. Retrieved <span>October 26,</span> 2023</span> – via Trove.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span>Macapagal, Antonio (December 28, 1987). <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&amp;dat=19871228&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en">"Girl dies, many hurt in theater stampede"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard">Manila Standard</a></i>. Standard Publications. p. 1 <span>. Retrieved <span>July 22,</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
<ul><li>Freeberg, Ernest (2008). <i>Democracy's Prisoner: Eugene V. Debs, the Great War, and the Right to Dissent</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674027923">9780674027923</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Healy, Thomas (2013). <i>The Great Dissent: How Oliver Wendell Holmes Changed His Mind – and Changed the History of Free Speech in America</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805094565">9780805094565</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Larson, Carlton F. W. (October 2015). <a href="https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1748&amp;context=wmborj">" <span></span> 'Shouting "Fire" in a Theater': The Life and Times of Constitutional Law's Most Enduring Analogy"</a>. <i>William &amp; Mary Bill of Rights Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (1). Williamsburg, Virginia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary">College of William &amp; Mary</a>: 181–212 <span>. Retrieved <span>January 14,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </li></ul>
<ul><li>Cohen, Carl (1989). <a href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43167/1/10982_2004_Article_BF00152513.pdf">"Free speech and political extremism: How nasty are we free to be?"</a> <span>(PDF)</span> . <i>Law and Philosophy</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 263–279. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00152513">10.1007/BF00152513</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)">hdl</a>:<span ><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43167">2027.42/43167</a></span> . <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145009949">145009949</a>.<span ></span> </li></ul></description>
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<title>VIDEO - NALC endorses Harris-Walz | National Association of Letter Carriers AFL-CIO</title>
<link>https://www.nalc.org/news/nalc-updates/nalc-endorses-harris-walz</link>
<description><a href="https://www.nalc.org/news">
</a>
<p>
September 12, 2024
<h2>NALC endorses Harris-Walz</h2>
</p>
<p><em> <span>NALC President Brian L. Renfroe issued the following statement:</span> </em></p>
<p> <span>The nation’s 290,000 active and retired city letter carriers represented by the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) are proud to announce our endorsement of Vice President Kamala Harris and Governor Tim Walz to serve as the next president and vice president of the United States.</span> <span> </span> </p>
<p> <span>The debate on Tuesday night reinforced what we know: Vice President Harris and Governor Walz have the pro-labor record we support and the pro-worker vision we need in the White House in 2025 and beyond. Both have a strong history of fighting on behalf of unions and union members.</span> </p>
<p> <span>We know a Harris-Walz Administration will work with NALC to address unique challenges facing letter carriers and the Postal Service. </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>As a local prosecutor, state attorney general, senator, and vice president, Kamala Harris is a proven supporter of working families, organized labor, and the Postal Service. As a senator, she was instrumental in advocating for essential relief for the Postal Service at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. She served as vice president of the administration that signed the Postal Service Reform Act into law. She is a fierce defender of civil rights, voting rights, and our democratic system.</span> </span> <span> <span>Â </span> </span> </p>
<p>Governor Walz is a union brother and veteran. He is a former public school teacher who has devoted his life to public service. As governor, he has kept working families at the forefront by enacting a paid family and medical leave program, child tax credits, and universal free school meals for all Minnesota students.</p>
<p> <span> <span>A Harris-Walz Administration will work with NALC to address the unique challenges facing the Postal Service and our members, who are at the center of a $1.6 trillion shipping industry supporting 7.3 million jobs.</span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>At NALC’s 73rd biennial convention recently held in Boston, nearly 5,500 delegates voted overwhelmingly to endorse and support the Harris-Walz campaign.</span> </span> </p>
<p> <span> <span>NALC proudly supports the Harris-Walz ticket</span> </span> <span> <span> and looks forward to working together to ensure the stability of the Postal Service, one of our country’s most treasured institutions. </span> </span> </p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 14 Sep 2024 19:47:08 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces New Actions to Promote Rehabilitation and Reintegration for the Formerly- Incarcerated | whitehouse.gov</title>
<link>https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/02/fact-sheet-president-obama-announces-new-actions-promote-rehabilitation</link>
<description><p>
This Administration has consistently taken steps to make our criminal justice system fairer and more effective and to address the vicious cycle of poverty, criminality, and incarceration that traps too many Americans and weakens too many communities. Today, in Newark, New Jersey, President Obama will continue to promote these goals by highlighting the reentry process of formerly-incarcerated individuals and announce new actions aimed at helping Americans who’ve paid their debt to society rehabilitate and reintegrate back into their communities.</p>
<p>
Each year, more than 600,000 individuals are released from state and federal prisons. Advancing policies and programs that enable these men and women to put their lives back on track and earn their second chance promotes not only justice and fairness, but also public safety. That is why this Administration has taken a series of concrete actions to reduce the challenges and barriers that the formerly incarcerated confront, including through the work of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, a cabinet-level working group to support the federal government's efforts to promote public safety and economic opportunity through purposeful cross-agency coordination and collaboration.</p>
<p>
The President has also called on Congress to pass meaningful criminal justice reform, including reforms that reduce recidivism for those who have been in prison and are reentering society. The Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, which recently received a strong bipartisan vote in the Senate Judiciary Committee, would be an important step forward in this effort, by providing new incentives and opportunities for those incarcerated to participate in the type of evidence-based treatment and training and other programs proven to reduce recidivism, promote successful reentry, and help eliminate barriers to economic opportunity following release. By reducing overlong sentences for nonviolent drug offenses, the bill would also free up additional resources for investments in other public safety initiatives, including reentry services, programs for mental illness and addiction, and state and local law enforcement. </p>
<p>
Today, the President is pleased to announce the following measures to help promote rehabilitation and reintegration:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Adult Reentry Education Grants</strong>. The Department of Education will award up to $8 million (over 3 years) to 9 communities for the purpose of supporting educational attainment and reentry success for individuals who have been incarcerated. This grant program seeks to build evidence on effective reentry education programs and demonstrate that high-quality, appropriately designed, integrated, and well-implemented educational and related services in institutional and community settings are critical in supporting educational attainment and reentry success. </li>
<li>
<strong>Arrests Guidance for Public and other HUD-Assisted Housing. </strong>The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) will release guidance today to Public Housing Authorities and owners of HUD-assisted housing regarding the use of arrests in determining who can live in HUD-assisted properties. This Guidance will also clarify the Department’s position on “one strike†policies and will include best practices from Public Housing Authorities.</li>
<li>
<strong>Banning the Box in Federal Employment.</strong> The President has called on Congress to follow a growing number of states, cities, and private companies that have decided to “ban the box†on job applications. We are encouraged that Congress is considering bipartisan legislation that would “ban the box†for federal hiring and hiring by federal contractors. In the meantime, the President is directing the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to take action where it can by modifying its rules to delay inquiries into criminal history until later in the hiring process.  While most agencies already have taken this step, this action will better ensure that applicants from all segments of society, including those with prior criminal histories, receive a fair opportunity to compete for Federal employment. </li>
<li>
<a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/techhire"><strong>TechHire</strong></a><strong>: Expanding tech training and jobs for individuals with criminal records. </strong>As a part of President Obama’s TechHire initiative, over 30 communities are taking action – working with each other and national employers – to expand access to tech jobs for more Americans with fast track training like coding boot camps and new recruitment and placement strategies. Today we are announcing the following new commitments:
<ul>
<li>
Memphis, TN and New Orleans, LA are expanding TechHire programs to support people with criminal records. </li>
<li>
Newark, NJ, working with the New Jersey Institute of Technology and employers like Audible, Panasonic, and Prudential, will offer training through the Art of Code program in software development with a focus on training and placement for formerly incarcerated people.</li>
<li>
New Haven, CT, Justice Education Center, New Haven Works, and others will launch a pilot program to train and place individuals with criminal records, and will start a program to train incarcerated people in tech programming skills. Â </li>
<li>
Washington, DC partners will train and place 200 formerly incarcerated people in tech jobs. They will engage IT companies to develop and/or review modifications to hiring processes that can be made for individuals with a criminal record.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong>Establishing a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse.</strong> In the coming weeks, the Department of Labor and Department of Justice will partner to establish a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse to provide technical assistance to local legal aid programs, public defender offices, and reentry service providers to build capacity for legal services needed to help with record-cleaning, expungement, and related civil legal services. </li>
<li>
<strong>Permanent Supportive Housing for the Reentry Population through Pay for Success.</strong>Â The Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Bureau of Justice Assistance at the Department of Justice have launched an $8.7 million demonstration grant to address homelessness and reduce recidivism among the justice-involved population. The Pay for Success (PFS) Permanent Supportive Housing Demonstration will test cost-effective ways to help persons cycling between the criminal justice and homeless service systems, while making new Permanent Supportive Housing available for the reentry population. PFS is an innovative form of performance contracting for the social sector through which government only pays if results are achieved. This grant will support the design and launch of PFS programs to reduce both homelessness and jail days, saving funds to criminal justice and safety net systems.</li>
<li>
<strong>Juvenile Reentry Assistance Program Awards to Support Public Housing Residents. </strong> With funding provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development will provide $1.75 million to aid eligible public housing residents who are under the age of 25 to expunge or seal their records in accordance with their applicable state laws. In addition, the National Bar Association – the nation’s oldest and largest national association of predominantly African-American lawyers and judges – has committed to supplementing this program with 4,000 hours of pro bono legal services. Having a criminal record can result in major barriers to securing a job and other productive opportunities in life, and this program will enable young people whose convictions are expungable to start over.</li>
</ul>
<p>
Many of the announcements being made today stem from the President’s My Brother’s Keeper Task Force, which is charged with addressing persistent opportunity gaps facing boys and young men of color and ensuring all young people can reach their full potential. In May of 2014, the Task Force provided the President with a series of evidence-based recommendations focused on the six key milestones on the path to adulthood that are especially predictive of later success, and where interventions can have the greatest impact, including Reducing Violence and Providing a Second Chance. The Task Force, made up of key agencies across the Federal Government, has made considerable progress towards implementing their recommendations, many times creating partnerships across agencies and sectors. Today’s announcements respond to a wide range of recommendations designed to “eliminate unnecessary barriers to giving justice-involved youth a second chance.â€</p>
<p>
These announcements mark a continuation of the Obama Administration’s commitment to mitigating unnecessary collateral impacts of incarceration. In particular, the Administration has advanced numerous effective reintegration strategies through the work of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, whose mission is to reduce recidivism and victimization; assist those returning from prison, jail or juvenile facilities to become productive citizens; and save taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration.</p>
<p>
Through the Reentry Council and other federal agency initiatives, the Administration has improved rehabilitation and reintegration opportunities in meaningful ways, including recent initiatives in the following areas:</p>
<p>
<strong>Reducing barriers to employment</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p>
Last month, the Department of Justice awarded $3 million to provide technology-based career training for incarcerated adults and juveniles. These funds will be used to establish and provide career training programs during the 6-24 month period before release from a prison, jail, or juvenile facility with connections to follow-up career services after release in the community.</p>
<p>
The Department of Justice also announced the selection of its first-ever Second Chance Fellow, Daryl Atkinson. Recognizing that many of those directly impacted by the criminal justice system hold significant insight into reforming the justice system, this position was designed to bring in a person who is both a leader in the criminal justice field and a formerly incarcerated individual to work as a colleague to the Reentry Council and as an advisor to the Bureau of Justice Assistance Second Chance programs.</p>
<p>
In addition, the Department of Labor awarded a series of grants in June that are aimed at reducing employment barriers, including:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>Face Forward: </strong>The Department awarded $30.5 million in grants to provide services to youth, aged 14 to 24, who have been involved in the juvenile justice system. Face Forward gives youth a second chance to succeed in the workforce by removing the stigma of having a juvenile record through diversion and/or expungement strategies. </li>
<li>
<strong>Linking to Employment Activities Pre-Release (LEAP):</strong> The Department awarded $10 million in pilot grants for programs that place One Stop Career Center/American Job Centers services directly in local jails. These specialized services will prepare individuals for employment while they are incarcerated to increase their opportunities for successful reentry.</li>
<li>
<strong>Training to Work: </strong>The Department awarded $27.5 million in Training to Work grants to help strengthen communities where formerly incarcerated individuals return. Training to Work provides workforce-related reentry opportunities for returning citizens, aged 18 and older, who are participating in state and/or local work-release programs. The program focuses on training opportunities that lead to industry-recognized credentials and job opportunities along career pathways. </li>
</ul>
<p>
<strong>Increasing access to education and enrichment</strong><strong>. </strong></p>
<p>
High-quality correctional education — including postsecondary correctional education — has been shown to measurably reduce re-incarceration rates. In July, the Departments of Education and Justice announced the Second Chance Pell Pilot Program to allow incarcerated Americans to receive Pell Grants to pursue postsecondary education and trainings that can help them turn their lives around and ultimately, get jobs, and support their families. Since this pilot was announced, over 200 postsecondary institutions across the nation have applied for consideration.</p>
<p>
In June, the Small Business Administration published a final rule for the Microloan Program that provides more flexibility to SBA non-profit intermediaries and expands the pool of microloan recipients. The change will make small businesses that have an owner who is currently on probation or parole eligible for microloan programs, aiding individuals who face significant barriers to traditional employment to reenter the workforce. </p>
<p>
<strong>Expanding opportunities for justice-involved youth to serve their communities</strong>.</p>
<p>
In October, the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice announced a new round of Youth Opportunity AmeriCorps grants aimed at enrolling at-risk and formerly incarcerated youth in national service projects. These grants, which include $1.2 million in AmeriCorps funding, will enable 211 AmeriCorps members to serve through organizations in Washington, D.C. and four states: Maine, Maryland, New York, and Texas. </p>
<p>
In addition, the Department of Labor partnered with the Department of Defense’s National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program and awarded three $4 million grants in April of this year to provide court-involved youth with work experiences, mentors, and vocational skills training that prepares them for successful entry into the workforce.</p>
<p>
<strong>Increasing access to health care and public services</strong><strong>. </strong></p>
<p>
In October, the Department of Justice announced $6 million in awards under the Second Chance Act to support reentry programming for adults with co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders. This funding is aimed at increasing the screening and assessment that takes place during incarceration as well as improving the provision of treatment options.</p>
<p>
In September, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) at HHS announced the winners of its reintegration toolkit challenge to develop software applications aimed at transforming existing resources into user-friendly tools with the potential to promote successful reentry and reduce recidivism. And in October, HHS issued a “<em>Guide for Incarcerated Parents with Children in the Child Welfare Systemâ€Â </em>in order to help incarcerated parents who have children in the child welfare system, including in out-of-home-care, better understand how the child welfare system works so that they can stay in touch.â€Â The information can be found at: <a href="http://youth.gov/youth-topics/children-of-incarcerated-parents">http://youth.gov/youth-topics/children-of-incarcerated-parents</a>.</p>
<p>
The Social Security Administration (SSA) finalized written statewide prerelease agreements in September with the Department of Corrections in Iowa and Kansas. These agreements – now covering the majority of states – ensure continuity of services for returning citizens. SSA also has prisoner SSN replacement card MOUs in place with 39 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. A dedicated reentry webpage is accessible at <a href="http://www.socialsecurity.gov/reentry">www.socialsecurity.gov/reentry</a>.</p>
<p>
<strong>Increasing reentry service access to incarcerated veterans</strong><strong>. </strong></p>
<p>
In September, the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service announced the award of $1.5 million in grants to help once incarcerated veterans considered "at risk" of becoming homeless. In all, seven grants will serve more than 650 formerly incarcerated veterans in six states.</p>
<p>
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) also has developed a web-based system – the Veterans Reentry Search Service (VRSS) – that allows prison, jail, and court staff to quickly and accurately identify veterans among their populations. The system also prompts VA field staff – automatically – so that they can efficiently connect veterans with services. As of this summer, more than half of all state prison systems, and a growing number of local jails, are now using VRSS to identify veterans in their populations.</p>
<p>
<strong>Improving opportunities for children of incarcerated parents and their families</strong><strong>.</strong>Â </p>
<p>
In October, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) took action to make it easier for incarcerated individuals to stay in touch with their families by capping all in-state and interstate prison phone rates. The FCC also put an end to most of the fees imposed by inmate calling service providers. Studies have consistently shown that inmates who maintain contact with their families experience better outcomes and are less likely to return to prison after they are released. Reduced phone rates will make calls significantly more affordable for inmates and their families, including children of incarcerated parents, who often live in poverty and were at times charged $14 per minute phone rates.</p>
<p>
In October, the Department of Justice announced new grant awards to fund mentoring services for incarcerated fathers who are returning to their families. These awards will fund mentoring and comprehensive transitional services that emphasize development of parenting skills in incarcerated young fathers.</p>
<p>
Moreover, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice has awarded $1 million to promote and expand services to children who have a parent who is incarcerated in a Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) correctional facility. This program aims to provide opportunities for positive youth development, and to identify effective strategies and best practices that support children of incarcerated parents, including mentoring and comprehensive services that facilitate healthy and positive relationships. In addition to engaging the parent while he or she is incarcerated, this solicitation also supports the delivery of transitional reentry services upon release.</p>
<p>
<strong>Private Sector Commitments to Support Reentry</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p>
The Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO), an organization that provides comprehensive employment services to people with recent criminal convictions, has committed to more than double the number of people served from 4,500 to 11,000 across existing geographies and 3-5 new states. This winter, CEO will open in San Jose with support from Google and in the next year, the team will launch in Los Angeles. This growth has been catalyzed by federal investments, including support from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Social Innovation Fund, and a Department of Labor Pay for Success Project.</p>
<p>
In addition, Cengage Learning will roll out Smart Horizons Career Online Education in correctional facilities in up to four new states over the next 12 months, providing over 1,000 new students with the opportunity to earn a high-school diploma and/or career certificate online. Smart Horizons Career Online Education is the world’s first accredited online school district, with a focus on reaching underserved populations. The program has been piloted in Florida with 428 students who have received diplomas or certificates. </p></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2024 19:54:03 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Kwame Kilpatrick - Wikipedia</title>
<link>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Kilpatrick</link>
<description><p>American politician (born 1970)</p>
<p><b>Kwame Malik Kilpatrick</b> (born June 8, 1970) is an American former politician who served as the 72nd <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Detroit">mayor of Detroit</a> from 2002 to 2008. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic Party</a>, he previously represented the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_House_of_Representatives_district">9th district</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> from 1997 to 2002. Kilpatrick resigned as mayor in September 2008 after being convicted of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury">perjury</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice">obstruction of justice</a>. He was sentenced to four months in jail and was released on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation">probation</a> after serving 99 days.
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<p>In May 2010, Kilpatrick was sentenced to eighteen months to five years in state prison for violating his probation,<a href="#cite_note-3"> <span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span> </a> and served time at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Correctional_Facility">Oaks Correctional Facility</a> in northwest Michigan. In March 2013, he was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_fraud">mail fraud</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_fraud">wire fraud</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)">racketeering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-4"> <span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span> </a> In October 2013, Kilpatrick was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison,<a href="#cite_note-fed_sentence-5"> <span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span> </a> and was incarcerated at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_El_Reno">Federal Correctional Institution</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Reno,_Oklahoma">El Reno, Oklahoma</a>. In January 2021, after Kilpatrick had served 76 months of his 336-month sentence, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_(law)">commuted</a> his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-6"> <span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Baldas-7"> <span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h2 ><span ></span> Early life, education, and family</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>Kwame Malik Kilpatrick was born June 8, 1970, to Bernard Kilpatrick and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick">Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick</a>. His parents divorced in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick attended Detroit's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Technical_High_School">Cass Technical High School</a> and graduated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University">Florida A&amp;M University</a> with a Bachelor of Science degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> in 1992. While at FAMU, he played football under NFL Hall of Famer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Riley">Ken Riley</a> as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle">offensive tackle</a> and was team captain. On September 9, 1995, he married Carlita Poles in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-9"> <span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span> </a> They have three children together, Jalil, Jonas, and Jelani.<a href="#cite_note-Kwame_Kilpatrick's_Son-1"> <span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span> </a> In 1999 he received a Juris Doctor from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_College_of_Law">Detroit College of Law</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University">Michigan State University</a><a href="#cite_note-10"> <span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span> </a> He has a sister Ayanna and a half-sister, Diarra.<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Kilpatrick's mother Carolyn was a career politician, representing Detroit in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives">Michigan House of Representatives</a> from 1979 to 1996 and serving in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district">Michigan's 13th congressional district</a> from 1996 to 2010. She was not re-elected to office because she lost her primary election in August 2010 to State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_Clarke">Hansen Clarke</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News">CBS News</a> both noted that throughout her re-election campaign, Carolyn was dogged by questions about Kilpatrick following his tenure as mayor of Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-11"> <span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Kilpatrick's father Bernard was a semi-professional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball">basketball</a> player and politician.<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a> He was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan">Wayne County</a> Commission, served as head of Wayne County Health and Human Services Department from 1989 to 2002,<a href="#cite_note-13"> <span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span> </a> and as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff">chief of staff</a> to former Wayne <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_executive">County Executive</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._McNamara">Edward H. McNamara</a>. Later he operated a Detroit consulting firm called Maestro Associates.<a href="#cite_note-14"> <span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-15"> <span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Kilpatrick filed for divorce from Carlita in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-16"> <span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span> </a> In July 2021 he married Laticia Maria McGee at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Little_Rock_Missionary_Baptist_Church">Historic Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church</a> in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-17"> <span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h2 >Michigan state representative</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>Kilpatrick was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 1996 after his mother vacated her Detroit-based seat to mount a successful bid for Congress.<a href="#cite_note-begin-18"> <span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick's campaign staff consisted of high school classmates Derrick Miller and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Beatty">Christine Beatty</a>, who became his legislative aide; later, Kilpatrick had an affair with Beatty. According to Kilpatrick, the campaign was run on a budget of $10,000 and did not receive endorsements from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union">trade unions</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_district">congressional districts</a>, or the Democratic establishment.<a href="#cite_note-begin-18"> <span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Kilpatrick was elected minority floor leader for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party">Michigan Democratic Party</a>, serving in that position 1998 to 2000. He was subsequently elected as house minority leader in 2001, the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American">African-American</a> to hold that position.<a href="#cite_note-procon-19"> <span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Detroit_mayoral_election">Later in 2001</a>, Kilpatrick ran for mayor of Detroit, hiring Berg/Muirhead Associates for his campaign. They were retained as his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations">public relations</a> firm upon his election.<a href="#cite_note-20"> <span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span> </a> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election">2000 presidential election</a>, Kilpatrick was a Michigan state co-chair of GoreNet.<a href="#cite_note-21"> <span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span> </a> GoreNet was a group that supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore">Al Gore</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign">presidential campaign</a> with a focus on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots">grassroots</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online">online</a> organizing as well as hosting small dollar donor events.<a href="#cite_note-22"> <span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>In 2001, Kilpatrick used his influence while in the Michigan legislature to funnel state grant money to two organizations that were vague on their project description. The groups were run by friends of Kilpatrick and both agreed to subcontract work to U.N.I.T.E., a company owned by Kilpatrick's wife Carlita. Carlita was the firm's only employee, and the firm received $175,000 from the organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Grantmoney-23"> <span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"> <span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span> </a> Detroit 3D was one of the groups and the State canceled its second and final installment of $250,000 because 3D refused to divulge details on how the funds were being spent.<a href="#cite_note-Grantmoney-23"> <span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"> <span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h2 ><span ></span> Mayor of Detroit (2002–2008)</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_greets_Detroit_Mayor_Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/President_George_W._Bush_greets_Detroit_Mayor_Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_greets_Detroit_Mayor_Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg"></img></a>Kilpatrick greeting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2005
<p>On New Year’s Day 2002, Kilpatrick became the youngest mayor of Detroit when he took office at age 31.
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<p>During his first term, Kilpatrick was criticized for using city funds to lease a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Navigator">Lincoln Navigator</a> for use by his family<a href="#cite_note-time91-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a> and using his city-issued credit card to charge thousands of dollars' worth of spa massages, extravagant dining, and expensive wines.<a href="#cite_note-26"> <span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-27"> <span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick paid back $9,000 of the $210,000 credit card charges.<a href="#cite_note-procon-19"> <span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span> </a> Meanwhile, Kilpatrick closed the century-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Isle_Zoo">Belle Isle Zoo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Isle_Aquarium">Belle Isle Aquarium</a> because of the city's budget problems. The City Council overrode his funding veto for the zoo and gave it a budget of $700,000.
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<p>In 2005, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine named Kilpatrick as one of the worst mayors in America.<a href="#cite_note-time91-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-28"> <span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-hakim-29"> <span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >Special administratorship</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>Since the 1970s, a federal judge had made the mayor of Detroit the special administrator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Water_and_Sewerage_Department">Detroit Water Department</a> because of severe pollution issues. When serious questions about water department contracts came to light in late 2005, Judge Feikens ended Kilpatrick's special administratorship in his capacity as mayor. In January 2006, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News">The Detroit News</a></i> reported that, "Kilpatrick used his special administrator authority to bypass the water board and City Council on three controversial contracts." These included a $131 million radio system for the city's police and fire departments, as well as a no-bid PR contract to a close personal aide.<a href="#cite_note-water-30"> <span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span> </a> But Judge Feikens praised Kilpatrick's work as steward of the department, referring questions on the contracts to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_master">special master</a> in charge of that investigation.<a href="#cite_note-water-30"> <span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >Rumored Manoogian Mansion party and Greene killing</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manoogian_mansion_decorated.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Manoogian_mansion_decorated.jpg/220px-Manoogian_mansion_decorated.jpg"></img></a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoogian_Mansion">Manoogian Mansion</a>, official residence of the Mayor of Detroit
<p>In the fall of 2002, it was alleged that Kilpatrick had held a wild party involving strippers at the Manoogian Mansion, the city-owned residence of the mayor of Detroit. Former members of the Executive Protection Unit (EPU), the mayor's police security detail, alleged that Carlita Kilpatrick, Kilpatrick's wife, came home unexpectedly and physically attacked an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_dancer">exotic dancer</a>, Tamara Greene.<a href="#cite_note-Manoogian1-31"> <span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span> </a> Officer Harold C. Nelthrope contacted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)">Internal Affairs</a> unit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Police_Department">Detroit Police Department</a> in April 2003 to recommend that they investigate abuses by the EPU. Kilpatrick denied any wrongdoing. An investigation by Michigan Attorney General Cox and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Police">Michigan State Police</a> found no evidence that the party took place.<a href="#cite_note-Manoogian1-31"> <span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Greene was murdered on April 30, 2003, at around 3:40Â a.m., near the intersection of Roselawn and West Outer Drive while sitting in her car with her 32-year-old boyfriend.<a href="#cite_note-Bowmanaffidavit-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-greene1-33"> <span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span> </a> She was shot multiple times with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.40_S%26W">.40 caliber</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock_pistol">Glock pistol</a>. At the time, this was the same model and caliber firearm as those officially issued by the Detroit Police Department. The family believed the killing to have been a "deliberate hit".<a href="#cite_note-greene1-33"> <span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Greene's family filed a $150 million lawsuit against the city of Detroit in federal court, claiming she was murdered to prevent her testimony about the Manoogian Mansion party.<a href="#cite_note-greene1-33"> <span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span> </a> In late 2011, Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ellis_Rosen">Gerald Ellis Rosen</a> granted summary judgment in favor of the city.<a href="#cite_note-34"> <span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span> </a> Greene's children appealed the decision, but the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals">Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> affirmed the district-court decision.<a href="#cite_note-35"> <span>[</span> 35 <span>]</span> </a> Several affidavits were filed in the lawsuit prior to its dismissal; in his summary-judgment order, Judge Rosen wrote, "[I]t is fair to say that the parties—and, in particular, Plaintiffs—were given wide latitude to pursue any and all matters that were arguably relevant to their claims or defenses".<a href="#cite_note-36"> <span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span> </a> Many affidavits related to whether the party took place and whether Carlita and Greene had been in an altercation.<a href="#cite_note-RogersAffidavit-37"> <span>[</span> 37 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-38"> <span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-39"> <span>[</span> 39 <span>]</span> </a> Detroit Police lieutenant Alvin Bowman stated that he had suspected the shooter was a Detroit law-enforcement officer<a href="#cite_note-Bowmanaffidavit-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a> and claimed that high-ranking Detroit Police personnel, including Cummings, deliberately sabotaged his investigation, stating that he was eventually transferred out of the Homicide Division because he had asked too many questions about the Greene murder and the Manoogian Mansion party.<a href="#cite_note-Bowmanaffidavit-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a> Mayer Morganroth, the lawyer representing the city, said, "The Bowman affidavit is a little less than idiotic and more than absurd."<a href="#cite_note-Bowmanaffidavit-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 ><span ></span> Denial of courtesy protection in Washington, D.C.</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>In 2002, the Washington D.C. police announced that they would only offer professional courtesy protection to Kilpatrick while he was conducting official business in the nation's capital. D.C. police no longer provided after-hours police protection to Kilpatrick because of his inappropriate partying during past visits. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant">Sergeant</a> Tyrone Dodson of Washington D.C. explained by saying "we arrived at this decision because we felt that the late evening partying on the part of Mayor Kilpatrick would leave our officers stretched too thin and might result in an incident at one of the clubs." The Kilpatrick administration alleged that the statements and actions of the Washington D.C. police were part of a political conspiracy to "ruin" the mayor.<a href="#cite_note-DCcops-40"> <span>[</span> 40 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >2005 re-election campaign</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>At a campaign rally in May 2005, Kilpatrick's father Bernard adamantly argued that allegations that the Mayor had held a party at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoogian_Mansion">Manoogian Mansion</a> were a lie, likening such statements to the false <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat">scapegoating</a> of Jewish people by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi">Nazis</a>. Bernard later apologized.<a href="#cite_note-41"> <span>[</span> 41 <span>]</span> </a> In October 2005, a third-party group supporting Kilpatrick, named The Citizens for Honest Government, generated controversy by its print advertisement that compared media criticism of the mayor to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching">lynch mobs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42"> <span>[</span> 42 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>Kilpatrick and his opponent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freman_Hendrix">Freman Hendrix</a>, both Democrats, each initially claimed victory. However, as the votes were tallied, it became clear that Kilpatrick had come back from his stretch of unpopularity to win a second term in office. Three months previously, most commentators declared his political career over after he was the first incumbent mayor of Detroit to come in second in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election">primary</a>. Pre-election opinion polls predicted a large win for Hendrix; however, Kilpatrick won with 53% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-43"> <span>[</span> 43 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-44"> <span>[</span> 44 <span>]</span> </a>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg/220px-Kwame_Kilpatrick.jpg"></img></a>Kilpatrick in 2006
<p>In July 2006, Kilpatrick was hospitalized and diagnosed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a> while in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a>. His personal physician indicated that Kilpatrick's condition may have been caused by a high-protein weight-loss diet.<a href="#cite_note-45"> <span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span> </a> That month, Detroit's City Council had voted unanimously to approve Kilpatrick's tax plan, with which he intended to offer homeowners some relief from the city's high property <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate">tax rates</a>. The cuts ranged from 18% to 35%, depending on the property's value.<a href="#cite_note-46"> <span>[</span> 46 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>The city of Detroit was fourteen months late in filing its 2005–2006 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit">audit</a>. In March 2008, officials estimated the audit would cost an additional $2.4 million because of new auditing requirements that were not addressed by the city. The 2006–2007 fiscal year audit due on December 31, 2007, was expected to be eleven months late.<a href="#cite_note-lateaudit-47"> <span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>The state treasury chose to withhold $35Â million of its monthly revenue sharing to the city and required Detroit to receive approval before selling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)">bonds</a> to raise money.<a href="#cite_note-lateaudit-47"> <span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick told the City Council that he would take partial blame for the late audits because he laid off too many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting">accountants</a>, but he also blamed the firm hired to replace them.<a href="#cite_note-Unfiledaudit-48"> <span>[</span> 48 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >Abuse of power allegations</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>It was revealed on July 15, 2008, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYZ-TV">WXYZ</a> reporter Steve Wilson that, in 2005, Kilpatrick, Christine Beatty, and the chief of police Ella Bully-Cummings allegedly used their positions to help an influential Baptist minister arrested for soliciting a prostitute get his case dismissed. The arresting officer, Antoinette Bostic, was told by her supervisors that Mangedwa Nyathi was a minister (Assistant Pastor at Hartford Memorial Baptist Church on Detroit's west side), and that the mayor and police chief were calling to persuade Bostic not to show up to court, in which case the judge would be forced to dismiss the case against Nyathi. Bostic ignored her supervisors and appeared in court.<a href="#cite_note-preacher/prostitute-49"> <span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>The defense lawyer, Charles Hammons, had the case postponed a couple of times and stated in court that "The mayor told me yesterday that this case is not gonna go forward." Hammons admitted to Wilson that this was the fact and that this was how many cases for people who know the mayor in Detroit are handled. Bully-Cummings angrily denied that she had ever asked her officers to perform such acts of impropriety. Kilpatrick stated that Wilson of WXYZ "was just making up stories again."<a href="#cite_note-preacher/prostitute-49"> <span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >Reporting on nepotism and preferential hiring of friends and family</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>A 2008 <i>Detroit Free Press</i> article revealed that at any given time there were about 100 appointees of Kilpatrick employed with the city. <i>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i> examined city records and found that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism">29 of Kilpatrick's closest friends and family were appointed to positions</a> within the various city departments. This hiring practice came to be known as 'the friends and family plan'. Some appointees had little to no experience, while others, among them Kilpatrick's uncle Ray Cheeks and cousin Nneka Cheeks, falsified their résumés. Kilpatrick's cousin Patricia Peoples was appointed to the deputy director of human resources, giving her the ability to hire more of Kilpatrick's friends and family without such hirings being viewed as mayoral appointments. Although political appointments are not illegal, the sheer volume of Kilpatrick's appointments compared to all the appointments made by Detroit mayors since 1970, along with Kilpatrick's cutting of thousands of city jobs, made his appointments controversial.<a href="#cite_note-friendsandfamily-50"> <span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span> </a>
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<p>The jobs held by friends and family ranged from secretarial positions to department heads. The appointees had an average salary increase of 36% compared with a 2% raise in 2003 and 2% raise in 2004 for fellow city workers. Some of the biggest salary increases were for April Edgar, half-sister of Christine Beatty, whose pay increase was 86% over 5 years. One of Kilpatrick's cousins, Ajene Evans, had a 77% increase in his salary during this 5-year period. The biggest salary increase among the 29 appointees was that of LaTonya Wallace-Hardiman who went from $32,500 staff secretary, to an executive assistant making $85,501—163% in five years.<a href="#cite_note-friendsandfamily-50"> <span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span> </a>
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<h4 >2008 assault of a police officer</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>On July 24, 2008, at approximately 4 p.m., Wayne County Sheriff's Detective Brian White and Joanne Kinney, an investigator from Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy's office, went to the home of Kilpatrick's sister in an attempt to serve a subpoena. While on the front porch of the home, Kilpatrick came out of the house with his bodyguards and pushed the sheriff's deputy, as Sheriff Warren Evans said, "with significant force to make [the deputy] bounce into the prosecutor's investigator". The mayor yelled at Kinney "How can a black woman be riding in a car with a man named White?"<a href="#cite_note-Bond_Hearing-51"> <span>[</span> 51 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Evans went on to say "There were armed executive protection officers. My officers were there armed. And all of them had the consummate good sense not to let it escalate"... and "the two officers 'wisely' left the property and returned to their office to report on the incident."<a href="#cite_note-Assault-52"> <span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Sheriff Evans stated that due to the "politically charged nature" of the incident, the case had been transferred to the Michigan State Police to investigate. Evans's daughter, who was on Kilpatrick's staff,<a href="#cite_note-Assault-52"> <span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span> </a> resigned shortly after this incident.<a href="#cite_note-Sheriff's_daughter_resigns-53"> <span>[</span> 53 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h4 >Events leading to resignation</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<h5 >Text-messaging scandal and coverup</h5> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>In 2003, a civil lawsuit was filed against Kilpatrick by ex-bodyguard Harold Nelthrope and former Deputy Police Chief Gary Brown, who claimed they were fired in retaliation for an internal-affairs investigation. Brown had led the investigation, and Nelthrope had told investigators about the aforementioned rumors of a party that occurred at the Mayor's mansion.<a href="#cite_note-whistle-54"> <span>[</span> 54 <span>]</span> </a> Both claimed that Kilpatrick was motivated, in part, by his concern that the probe would uncover his extramarital affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer_Supreme_Court-55"> <span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span> </a> The trial began in August 2007. Kilpatrick and his chief of staff, Christine Beatty, both testified under oath that they were not involved in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_affair">extramarital affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usatdy-56"> <span>[</span> 56 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-absurd-57"> <span>[</span> 57 <span>]</span> </a> In September 2007, after three hours of deliberation, the jury found in favor of Nelthrope and Brown, awarding $6.5 million in damages. After the verdict was read, Kilpatrick said that the racial composition of the jury—which was mostly white and suburban—had played a role in the outcome and vowed an appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer_Supreme_Court-55"> <span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michigan_Hall_of_Justice_Daytime.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Michigan_Hall_of_Justice_Daytime.jpg/220px-Michigan_Hall_of_Justice_Daytime.jpg"></img></a>Michigan Hall of Justice, home of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court">Michigan Supreme Court</a>
<p>In October, plaintiffs' attorney Mike Stefani received thousands of text messages he had been endeavoring to obtain via subpoena—the messages indicated an affair between Kilpatrick and Beatty.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58"> <span>[</span> 58 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Textmess-59"> <span>[</span> 59 <span>]</span> </a> A day after he presented the files to the city's attorneys, Kilpatrick announced that he had agreed to settle the case, and the city counsel approved the $8.4 million deal, which included a proviso that Stefani would turn the files over to the mayor.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer_Supreme_Court-55"> <span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-indark-60"> <span>[</span> 60 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-stefanimotion-61"> <span>[</span> 61 <span>]</span> </a> After the <i>Detroit Free Press</i> filed a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_the_United_States">Michigan Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) request, the proviso was removed from the main settlement document and put into a confidential supplement.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer_Supreme_Court-55"> <span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span> </a> But the <i>Detroit Free Press</i> and <i>The Detroit News</i> filed a FOIA suit, seeking all settlement-related documents,<a href="#cite_note-public-62"> <span>[</span> 62 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-joinsuit-63"> <span>[</span> 63 <span>]</span> </a> and, in February 2008, the Michigan Supreme Court ordered the settlement documents be turned over to the plaintiffs.<a href="#cite_note-64"> <span>[</span> 64 <span>]</span> </a> The bulk of the text messages were released in late October 2008 by Circuit Court Judge Timothy Kenny, who instructed that some portions be redacted.<a href="#cite_note-65"> <span>[</span> 65 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Granholm_speaking_to_troops,_Lansing,_1_Dec,_2005.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Granholm_speaking_to_troops%2C_Lansing%2C_1_Dec%2C_2005.jpg/170px-Granholm_speaking_to_troops%2C_Lansing%2C_1_Dec%2C_2005.jpg"></img></a>Michigan Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> began an inquiry that led to the removal of Kilpatrick from office.
<p>Beatty resigned from her position as Kilpatrick's chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-66"> <span>[</span> 66 <span>]</span> </a> The City Council requested that Kilpatrick resign as mayor and that Governor Granholm use her authority to remove him from office.<a href="#cite_note-granholm-67"> <span>[</span> 67 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-votedelay-68"> <span>[</span> 68 <span>]</span> </a> Granholm said the inquiry was like a trial and that her role would be "functioning in a manner similar to that of a judicial officer."<a href="#cite_note-granholm-67"> <span>[</span> 67 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick said he had paid back the $8.4Â million through "hard work for the city" and dismissed any intentions of removing himself from office as "political rhetoric".<a href="#cite_note-rhetoric-69"> <span>[</span> 69 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h5 >2008 State of the City address</h5> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>In March 2008, Kilpatrick delivered his seventh "State of the City" address to the city of Detroit. The speech marked a turning point in his career. The majority of the 70-minute speech focused on positive changes occurring throughout Detroit and future plans. Kilpatrick specifically noted increased police surveillance, new policing technologies, and initiatives to rebuild blighted neighborhoods. He received repeated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_ovation">standing ovations</a> from the invitation-only audience.
</p>
<p>Toward the end of the speech, Kilpatrick deviated from the transcript given to the media<a href="#cite_note-70"> <span>[</span> 70 <span>]</span> </a> and posted on his official website<a href="#cite_note-71"> <span>[</span> 71 <span>]</span> </a> to address the scandals and controversies surrounding his years in office, saying that the media had focused on those controversies only to increase their viewership, and that their focus had led to racist attacks against him and his family.
</p>
<p>Kilpatrick's comments generated many negative responses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan">Michigan Governor</a> and fellow Democrat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> issued a statement in which she condemned the use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger#The_N-word_euphemism">N-word</a> in any context.<a href="#cite_note-Granholm-72"> <span>[</span> 72 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Attorney_General">Michigan Attorney General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cox_(U.S._politician)">Mike Cox</a> stated on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJR">WJR</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio">talk radio</a> that he thought that using the N-word was "reprehensible", saying, "I thought his statements were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race-baiting">race-baiting</a> on par with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duke">David Duke</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace">George Wallace</a>, all to save his political career. I'm not a Detroiter, but last night crossed the line ... those statements not only hurt Detroit, [but] as long as the mayor is there, he will be a drag on the whole region." Cox said that whether Kilpatrick is criminally charged or not, he should resign as mayor. Former Kilpatrick political adviser Sam Riddle labeled the address a race-baiting speech. "It's an act of desperation to use the N-word," said Riddle. "He's attempting to regain his base of support by playing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_card">race card</a>. He's gone to that well one too many times." <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >dead link</span> </a></i>]</span>
</p>
<p>The Wayne County Election Committee approved a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_election">recall</a> petition to remove Kilpatrick as mayor based, in part, on the accusation that Kilpatrick misled the City Council into approving the settlement. The recall petition was filed by Douglas Johnson, a city council candidate.<a href="#cite_note-74"> <span>[</span> 74 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick appealed to the commission to reconsider its decision on the grounds that Johnson was not a resident of Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-75"> <span>[</span> 75 <span>]</span> </a> Johnson also requested that Jennifer Granholm use her power as Governor to remove Kilpatrick from office.
</p>
<p>On March 12, 2008, at the request of the Mayor's office, Wayne County Election Commission rescinded its earlier approval for the recall. The Mayor's office argued that there was not any evidence that the organizer, Douglas Johnson, actually resided within the city limits of Detroit. Johnson stated that his group would refile using another person whose residency would not be an issue.<a href="#cite_note-RecallStopped-76"> <span>[</span> 76 <span>]</span> </a> On March 27, 2008, a second recall petition was filed against Kilpatrick by Angelo Brown. Brown stated in his filing that Kilpatrick is too preoccupied with his legal problems to be effective. Kilpatrick's spokesman James Canning again dismissed this latest recall by saying: "It's Mr. Brown's right to file a petition, but it's just another effort by a political hopeful to grab headlines."<a href="#cite_note-Recall2-77"> <span>[</span> 77 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>On May 14 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_City_Council">Detroit City Council</a> voted to request that the governor of Michigan, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, remove Kilpatrick from office.<a href="#cite_note-78"> <span>[</span> 78 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h2 >Criminal charges and resignation</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>On March 24, 2008, Wayne County Prosecutor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kym_Worthy">Kym Worthy</a> announced a twelve-count criminal indictment against Kilpatrick and Beatty, charging Kilpatrick with eight <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony">felonies</a> and Beatty with seven. Charges for both included perjury, misconduct in office, and obstruction of justice. Worthy suggested that others in the Kilpatrick administration could also be charged.<a href="#cite_note-Indictment-79"> <span>[</span> 79 <span>]</span> </a>
The preliminary examination scheduled for September 22, 2008, was waived by both defendants, thereby allowing the case to proceed directly to trial.<a href="#cite_note-prelim-80"> <span>[</span> 80 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-waive-81"> <span>[</span> 81 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In July 2008, Kilpatrick violated the terms of his bail by briefly traveling to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>, where he met with Windsor mayor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Francis">Eddie Francis</a> concerning a deal to have the city of Windsor take over operational control of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit-Windsor_Tunnel">Detroit-Windsor Tunnel</a> in exchange for a $75 million loan.<a href="#cite_note-bail_breach_ott-82"> <span>[</span> 82 <span>]</span> </a> As a result, on August 7, 2008, Kilpatrick was remanded to spend a night in the Wayne County Jail. It was the first time in history that a sitting Detroit mayor had been ordered to jail. In issuing the order, Chief Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Giles">Ronald Giles</a> stated that he could not treat the mayor differently from "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_Joe">John Six-Pack</a>."<a href="#cite_note-83"> <span>[</span> 83 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-84"> <span>[</span> 84 <span>]</span> </a> On August 8, 2008, after arguments on Kilpatrick's behalf by attorneys <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Parkman">Jim Parkman</a> and Jim Thomas, Judge Thomas Jackson reversed the remand order and permitted Kilpatrick to be released on posting a $50,000 cash bond and the further condition that the mayor not travel, and wear an electronic tracking device.
</p>
<p>The same day Kilpatrick was released under the second bail agreement, Michigan Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cox_(U.S._politician)">Mike Cox</a> announced that two new felony counts had been filed against the mayor for assaulting or interfering with a law officer. The new charges arose out of allegations that Kilpatrick on July 24, 2008, shoved two Wayne County Sheriff's Deputies who were attempting to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_process">serve</a> a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena">subpoena</a> on Bobby Ferguson, a Kilpatrick ally, and a potential witness in the mayor's then-upcoming perjury trial.[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span >citation needed</span> </a></i>]
</p>
<p>On September 4, 2008, Kilpatrick announced his resignation as mayor,<a href="#cite_note-85"> <span>[</span> 85 <span>]</span> </a> effective September 18,<a href="#cite_note-plea_bargain-86"> <span>[</span> 86 <span>]</span> </a> and pleaded guilty to two felony counts of obstruction of justice and pleaded no contest to assaulting the deputy.<a href="#cite_note-plea_bargain-86"> <span>[</span> 86 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-87"> <span>[</span> 87 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick had agreed to resign as part of the plea agreement, in which he also agreed to serve four months in the Wayne County Jail, pay one million dollars of restitution to the city of Detroit, surrender his license to practice law, submit to five years probation and not run for public office during his probation period, and surrender his state pension from his six years' service in the Michigan House of Representatives before being elected mayor. In an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocution">allocution</a> given as part of his plea, Kilpatrick admitted that he lied under oath several times.[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><span >citation needed</span> </a></i>]
</p>
<p>In the separate assault case, he pleaded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_contendere">no contest</a> to one felony count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer in exchange for a second assault charge being dropped. This deal also required his resignation and 120 days in jail, to be served concurrently with his jail time for the perjury counts.<a href="#cite_note-88"> <span>[</span> 88 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was sentenced on October 28, 2008. The judge ordered that Kilpatrick not be given an opportunity for early release, but instead serve the entire 120 days in jail.<a href="#cite_note-89"> <span>[</span> 89 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Detroit City Council President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cockrel,_Jr.">Kenneth Cockrel, Jr.</a> replaced Kilpatrick as mayor at 12:01Â a.m. September 19, 2008.
</p>
<p>Judge David Groner sentenced Kilpatrick to four months in jail on October 28, 2008, calling him "arrogant and defiant" and questioning the sincerity of a guilty plea that ended his career at City Hall. The punishment was part of a plea agreement worked out a month earlier. "When someone gets 120 days in jail, they should get 120 days in jail," Groner said. Kilpatrick also was given a 120-day concurrent sentence for assaulting a sheriff's officer who was trying to deliver a subpoena in July.<a href="#cite_note-90"> <span>[</span> 90 <span>]</span> </a> He was seen smirking, laughing, and even calling the sentencing a "joke".<a href="#cite_note-91"> <span>[</span> 91 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Wayne County Sheriff Warren Evans said that they take 40,000 prisoners into the prison annually, but that Kilpatrick would be kept separate from the general population and "won't be treated any worse or any better than other prisoners."
He was housed in a secured, 15 feet by 10 feet cell with a bed, chair, toilet and a shower, spending approximately 23 hours a day there.<a href="#cite_note-92"> <span>[</span> 92 <span>]</span> </a> At 12:35Â a.m. on Tuesday, February 3, 2009, Kilpatrick left jail after serving 99 days. He boarded a privately chartered Lear jet and landed in Texas that evening.<a href="#cite_note-93"> <span>[</span> 93 <span>]</span> </a> He was supposed to join his family in a $3,000 per month rental house in Southlake, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-94"> <span>[</span> 94 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Within a couple of weeks, Kilpatrick was hired by Covisint, a Texas subsidiary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuware">Compuware</a>, headquartered in Detroit. CEO of Compuware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Karmanos,_Jr.">Peter Karmanos, Jr.</a> was one of the parties who loaned large sums of money to Kilpatrick in late 2008.<a href="#cite_note-95"> <span>[</span> 95 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was let go from Compuware in May 2010 after being sentenced to prison.<a href="#cite_note-96"> <span>[</span> 96 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h4 >Restitution hearing</h4> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>Kilpatrick claimed poverty to Judge David Groner. He said he only had $3,000 per month (later lowered to $6) for the restitution payments.<a href="#cite_note-97"> <span>[</span> 97 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Judge Groner requested detailed financial records for Kilpatrick, his wife, their children, etc. By November 2009, Kilpatrick was on the stand in Detroit to explain his apparent poverty. He claimed to have no knowledge about who paid for his million-dollar home, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade">Cadillac Escalades</a>, and other lavish expenses. The former mayor also denied any knowledge of his wife's finances, or even whether she was employed. During this hearing, it was revealed that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Karmanos_Jr.">Peter Karmanos Jr.</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penske">Roger Penske</a> and other business leaders had provided substantial monies to the Kilpatricks to convince the mayor to resign his office and plead guilty.<a href="#cite_note-98"> <span>[</span> 98 <span>]</span> </a> On January 20, 2010, Judge Groner ruled that Kilpatrick pay the sum of $300,000 to the city of Detroit within 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-99"> <span>[</span> 99 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-kilpatrick-usmarshals-mugshot.JPG"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2010-kilpatrick-usmarshals-mugshot.JPG/220px-2010-kilpatrick-usmarshals-mugshot.JPG"></img></a>July 2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugshot">mugshot</a> of Kilpatrick
<p>On February 19, 2010, Kilpatrick missed a required restitution payment of $79,000. The court received only $14,000 on February 19 and then only another $21,175 on February 22. On February 23, Judge Groner approved a warrant for Kilpatrick and ruled in April that he had violated the terms of his probation. On May 25, 2010, Kilpatrick was sentenced to one and a half to five years with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Corrections">Michigan Department of Corrections</a> (with credit for 120 days previously served) for violation of probation,<a href="#cite_note-ClickonDetroit2010-100"> <span>[</span> 100 <span>]</span> </a> and was afterwards taken back into correctional custody. He was housed for fourteen days in the hospital unit of the state prisoner reception center.<a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-101"> <span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was later housed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Correctional_Facility">Oaks Correctional Facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_in_Manistee_prison-102"> <span>[</span> 102 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>After he was indicted in federal court for additional crimes related to alleged misuse of his campaign funds, Kilpatrick lobbied for a transfer from the Oaks Correctional Facility.<a href="#cite_note-MDOCprofile-103"> <span>[</span> 103 <span>]</span> </a> On July 11, 2010, he was transferred into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> (BOP).<a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-101"> <span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was incarcerated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Milan">Milan Federal Prison</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Michigan">Milan, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104"> <span>[</span> 104 <span>]</span> </a> He was released from federal custody on April 6, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-105"> <span>[</span> 105 <span>]</span> </a> During his final 118 days of state imprisonment, Kilpatrick resided in the Cotton Correctional Facility.<a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-101"> <span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was released on parole on August 2, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-106"> <span>[</span> 106 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-freep2011-107"> <span>[</span> 107 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-108"> <span>[</span> 108 <span>]</span> </a> In August 2011 the court ordered Kilpatrick to pay for his incarceration costs.<a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-101"> <span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h2 >Second criminal trial and conviction</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>On December 14, 2010, Kilpatrick was again indicted on new corruption charges, in what a federal prosecutor called a "pattern of extortion, bribery and fraud" by some of the city's most prominent officials. His father, Bernard Kilpatrick, was also indicted, as was contractor Bobby Ferguson; Kilpatrick's aide, Derrick Miller; and Detroit water department chief Victor Mercado.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-4"> <span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-109"> <span>[</span> 109 <span>]</span> </a> The original 38-charge indictment listed allegations of 13 fraudulent schemes in awarding contracts in the city's Department of Water and Sewerage, with pocketed kickbacks of nearly $1,000,000. He was arraigned on January 10, 2011, on charges in the 89-page indictment. Federal prosecuting attorneys proposed a trial date in January 2012, but defense attorneys asked for a trial date in the summer of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-110"> <span>[</span> 110 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Opening statements in the trial began on September 21, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-111"> <span>[</span> 111 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-112"> <span>[</span> 112 <span>]</span> </a> Prosecutors soon brought forth a large number of witnesses who gave damaging testimony.<a href="#cite_note-113"> <span>[</span> 113 <span>]</span> </a> Mercado took a plea deal while the trial was in progress.<a href="#cite_note-114"> <span>[</span> 114 <span>]</span> </a> On March 11, 2013, in spite of a vigorous defense that cost taxpayers more than a million dollars,<a href="#cite_note-115"> <span>[</span> 115 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick was found guilty by a jury on two dozen counts including those for racketeering, extortion, mail fraud, and tax evasion, among others. Shortly after conviction, speaking about Kilpatrick, Judge Nancy Edmunds ruled in favor of remand saying "detention is required in his circumstance".<a href="#cite_note-116"> <span>[</span> 116 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>He was sentenced to 28 years in prison on October 10, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-fed_sentence-5"> <span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-117"> <span>[</span> 117 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> Register #44678-039, was serving his sentence at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Oakdale">Federal Correctional Institution, Oakdale</a>, a low-security prison in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakdale,_Louisiana">Oakdale, Louisiana</a>. There is no parole in the federal prison system. However, with time off for good behavior, his earliest possible release date was August 1, 2037—when he would be 67 years old.<a href="#cite_note-118"> <span>[</span> 118 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-119"> <span>[</span> 119 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Mercado pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy, Bobby Ferguson was sentenced to 21 years in prison,<a href="#cite_note-120"> <span>[</span> 120 <span>]</span> </a> Derrick Miller pleaded guilty to tax evasion and was sentenced to three years supervision, the first year in a halfway house.<a href="#cite_note-121"> <span>[</span> 121 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-122"> <span>[</span> 122 <span>]</span> </a> Bernard Kilpatrick was sentenced to 15 months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-123"> <span>[</span> 123 <span>]</span> </a> Emma Bell received two years probation and was fined $330,000 in back taxes as part of a plea deal where she testified that she frequently handed Kilpatrick large amounts of cash skimmed from campaign accounts.<a href="#cite_note-124"> <span>[</span> 124 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>First Independence Bank, used by Kilpatrick and Ferguson, was fined $250,000 for failing to follow anti-money-laundering regulations.<a href="#cite_note-125"> <span>[</span> 125 <span>]</span> </a> 14 companies were suspended from bidding on contracts with the water department in the wake of the scandal. Inland Waters Pollution Control Inc. paid $4.5 million in the settlement of a lawsuit over their involvement with Kilpatrick, Ferguson and the Detroit Water Board.<a href="#cite_note-126"> <span>[</span> 126 <span>]</span> </a> Lakeshore TolTest Corp. reached a $5 million settlement with the Water Board to avoid litigation.<a href="#cite_note-127"> <span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In August 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld his convictions but ordered that the amount of restitution be recalculated.<a href="#cite_note-128"> <span>[</span> 128 <span>]</span> </a> In June 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court denied his appeal.<a href="#cite_note-129"> <span>[</span> 129 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In June 2018 Kilpatrick began seeking a pardon from President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130"> <span>[</span> 130 <span>]</span> </a> His application was opposed by the U.S. Attorney's Office for southeast Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-131"> <span>[</span> 131 <span>]</span> </a> Restitution claims and other civil lawsuits accumulated claimed $10 million in debts, for which Kilpatrick is responsible. Kilpatrick has no assets to settle these claims.<a href="#cite_note-132"> <span>[</span> 132 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h3 >Commutation of sentence</h3> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>On January 20, 2021, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> commuted Kilpatrick's sentence with less than 12 hours remaining before he was due to leave office as president.<a href="#cite_note-Statement_from_the_Press_Secretary_(2021)-133"> <span>[</span> 133 <span>]</span> </a> The White House statement on the pardoning of Kilpatrick reads: "Mr. Kilpatrick has served approximately 7 years in prison for his role in a racketeering and bribery scheme while he held public office. During his incarceration, Mr. Kilpatrick has taught public speaking classes and has led Bible Study groups with his fellow inmates."<a href="#cite_note-Statement_from_the_Press_Secretary_(2021)-133"> <span>[</span> 133 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>President Trump's commutation allowed Kilpatrick to gain release 20 years early, though it did not vacate his conviction.<a href="#cite_note-Baldas-7"> <span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span> </a> The commutation left in place the almost $4.8 million in restitution and the three-year probation.<a href="#cite_note-134"> <span>[</span> 134 <span>]</span> </a> Kilpatrick will not be able to run for office in Michigan until 2033 as a felon is excluded from politics for 20 years after conviction under Michigan law.<a href="#cite_note-135"> <span>[</span> 135 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h2 >Other post-mayoral legal developments</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>In 2012, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> charged Kilpatrick and former city treasurer Jeffrey W. Beasley for having received $180,000 in travel, hotel rooms, and gifts from a company seeking investments from the city pension fund. Chauncey C. Mayfield and his company were also brought before administrative proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-136"> <span>[</span> 136 <span>]</span> </a> The company received a $117 million investment in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust">real estate investment trust</a> that it controlled.<a href="#cite_note-137"> <span>[</span> 137 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-138"> <span>[</span> 138 <span>]</span> </a> MayfieldGentry proceeded to misappropriate $3.1 million from the pension fund which was revealed during the influence peddling investigation.<a href="#cite_note-139"> <span>[</span> 139 <span>]</span> </a> Mayfield pleaded guilty in 2013. The case was scheduled for June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-140"> <span>[</span> 140 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>According to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News">The Detroit News</a></i> (June 24, 2010), Kilpatrick, his father Bernard, and the Kilpatrick Civic Fund may have been important figures in the sludge hauling contract that saw city council president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Conyers">Monica Conyers</a> (wife of Rep. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conyers">John Conyers</a>) and her chief of staff Sam Riddle convicted for conspiracy and bribery. "Kilpatrick and his father also figured, but have not been charged, in evidence surrounding a bribery-tainted, $1.2 billion sewage sludge contract the Detroit City Council awarded to Synagro Technologies Inc. in 2007. According to court documents and people familiar with the case, former Synagro official James Rosendall made large contributions to the Kilpatrick Civic Fund and gave Kilpatrick free flights to Las Vegas and Mackinac Island. Rosendall also told investigators he made cash payments to Bernard N. Kilpatrick, who told Rosendall he got him access to City Hall, records show."<a href="#cite_note-141"> <span>[</span> 141 <span>]</span> </a> Rosendall and a Synagro consultant Rayford Jackson were also convicted of bribery.
</p>
<p>Kilpatrick co-wrote a memoir about his life and political experiences titled <i>Surrendered: The Rise, Fall, &amp; Revelation of Kwame Kilpatrick</i>.<a href="#cite_note-kwamekilpatrickbook.com-142"> <span>[</span> 142 <span>]</span> </a> The book was originally scheduled for release on August 2, 2011, a date that would have just barely preceded his scheduled release from a Michigan prison.<a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_book_delayed-143"> <span>[</span> 143 <span>]</span> </a> However, the publisher delayed the release to August 9, almost a week after Kilpatrick was paroled. Kilpatrick appeared at public events in Michigan and elsewhere to promote his book.<a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_appears_at_EMU-144"> <span>[</span> 144 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The public prosecutor in Wayne County, Michigan has asked the state courts to order the book's publisher, Tennessee-based Creative Publishing Consultants Inc., to remit Kilpatrick's share on the book's proceeds for payment toward Kilpatrick's criminal restitution and his cost of incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-Court_seeks_book_profits-145"> <span>[</span> 145 <span>]</span> </a> On November 16, 2011, the publisher's attorney failed to appear at a hearing on the matter in Wayne County Circuit Court. A bench warrant was issued for the attorney, Jack Gritton, and was forwarded to authorities in Tennessee, where Gritton's practice is based.<a href="#cite_note-Lawyer_flouts_subpoena-146"> <span>[</span> 146 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<h2 >Post-release activities</h2> <span> <span>[</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Kilpatrick&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26"> <span>edit</span> </a> <span>]</span> </span>
<p>Since release, Kilpatrick has worked as an "ordained minister, motivational speaker, consultant, and certified character coach".<a href="#cite_note-147"> <span>[</span> 147 <span>]</span> </a> In April 2023, Kilpatrick was a guest speaker at the "Black Agenda Movement" conference, organized by YouTuber Michelle R. Kulczyk (Meechi X).<a href="#cite_note-148"> <span>[</span> 148 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>On June 15, 2024, Kilpatrick endorsed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election">2024 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149"> <span>[</span> 149 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<ul><li><b>2005 Race for Mayor (Detroit)</b>
<ul><li>Kwame Kilpatrick (D) (incumbent), 53%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freman_Hendrix">Freman Hendrix</a> (D), 47%</li></ul></li>
<li><b>2005 Race for Mayor (Detroit) (Primary Election)</b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freman_Hendrix">Freman Hendrix</a> (D), 45%</li>
<li>Kwame Kilpatrick (D) (incumbent), 34%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_McPhail">Sharon McPhail</a> (D), 12%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_Clarke">Hansen Clarke</a> (D), 8%</li></ul></li>
<li><b>2001 Race for Mayor (Detroit)</b>
<ul><li>Kwame Kilpatrick (D), 54%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Hill">Gil Hill</a> (D), 46%</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>As a politician, Kilpatrick was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-150"> <span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Kilpatrick was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns_Coalition">Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-partisan">bi-partisan</a> anti-gun group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition was co-chaired by Mayor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menino">Thomas Menino</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>. Following Kilpatrick's conviction in 2013 on federal charges, his membership status in the organization was initially not clear. As of September 2010, there had been no announcement of his resignation from Mayors Against Illegal Guns; however, by December 2012, he was no longer listed as a member.<a href="#cite_note-151"> <span>[</span> 151 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_L._McQuade">Barbara L. McQuade</a>, U.S. attorney who obtained a large number of indictments against Kilpatrick.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Miriani">Louis Miriani</a>, former mayor of Detroit</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reading">Richard Reading</a>, former mayor of Detroit</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2010s_American_state_and_local_politicians_convicted_of_crimes">List of 2010s American state and local politicians convicted of crimes</a></li></ul>
<ol>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kwame_Kilpatrick's_Son_1-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwame_Kilpatrick's_Son_1-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://www.audacy.com/wwjnewsradio/articles/kwame-kilpatricks-son-pleads-president-grant-my-father-mercy-commute-his-sentence">"Kwame Kilpatrick's Son Pleads To President: 'Grant My Father Mercy, Commute His Sentence' <span></span> "</a>. <i>www.audacy.com</i>. August 14, 2019.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-citymayors.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Stevens, Andrew (March 31, 2010). <a href="http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/detroit_mayor.html">"Kwame Kilpatrick: Former Mayor of Detroit"</a>. CityMayors.com.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span>Bunkley, Nick (May 25, 2010). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/us/26detroit.html">"Prison Term for Ex-Mayor of Detroit"</a>. <i>online and print</i>. The New York Times <span>. Retrieved <span>May 25,</span> 2010</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_4-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_4-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132093499/ex-detroit-mayor-faces-new-corruption-charges?ft=1&amp;f=">"Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio">National Public Radio</a></i>. December 15, 2010.<span ></span> <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >dead link</span> </a></i>]</span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-fed_sentence_5-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fed_sentence_5-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Baldas, Tresa; Shaefer, Jim; Damron, Gina (October 10, 2013). <a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20131010/NEWS0102/310100095/">" <span></span> 'Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>October 21,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/">"Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. January 20, 2021 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA">National Archives</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baldas_7-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldas_7-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Baldas, Tresa (January 20, 2021). <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2021/01/20/kwame-kilpatrick-pardoned-donald-trump-detroit-mayor/4217253001/">"Detroit: Donald Trump commutes sentence of former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_8-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_8-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_8-2"><i><b>c</b></i></a></span> <span>MacDonald, Christine (May 6, 2010). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214802/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20100506/METRO01/5060412">"Like his disgraced son, Bernard Kilpatrick lived large in Detroit"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_News">Detroit News</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20100506/METRO01/5060412">the original</a> on September 23, 2015.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span>Riley, Rochelle (March 10, 2002). <span ><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/361198991">"First Lady of Change"</a></span> . <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span>Schafer, Jim; Swickard, Joe; Schmitt, Ben. <a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20100525/NEWS01/100525031/1321/Kilpatrick-gets-1.5--to-5-years-loses-his-job">"Kilpatrick gets 1.5 to 5 years, loses his job"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>May 25,</span> 2010</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span>Klinefelter, Quinn (July 29, 2010). <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128807149">"Kwame Kilpatrick's Woes Tinge Mother's Campaign"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span>Montopoli, Brian (August 4, 2010). <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michigan-election-results-mean-end-of-kilpatrick-era/">"Michigan Election Results Mean End of Kilpatrick Era"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/02/kwame_kilpatrick_jury_to_deter.html">Kwame Kilpatrick jury to determine if ex-mayor's father acted as godfather of corruption</a>, Gus Burns, mlive.com, February 20, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span>Marks, Alexandra (August 7, 2002). <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0807/p01s03-uspo.htm">" <span></span> 'Hip hop mayor' aims to rev Motor City engine"</a>. <i>online and print</i>. The Christian Science Monitor <span>. Retrieved <span>February 19,</span> 2008</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018075131/http://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/feds-say-hes-a-crook-but-bernard-kilpatrick-insists-hes-just-paid-consultant">"Feds say he's a crook, but Bernard Kilpatrick insists he's just paid consultant"</a>. Wxyz.com. Archived from <a href="https://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/feds-say-hes-a-crook-but-bernard-kilpatrick-insists-hes-just-paid-consultant">the original</a> on October 18, 2012 <span>. Retrieved <span>March 13,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2021/01/21/key-people-in-kwame-kilpatricks-life-and-career-where-are-they-now/">"Key people in Kwame Kilpatrick's life and career: Where are they now?"</a>. <i>Click On Detroit</i>. January 20, 2021.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span>Amelia Benavides-Colón. <a href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2021/07/24/kwame-kilpatrick-marries-fiancee-little-rock-baptist-church/8077287002/">"Kwame Kilpatrick marries fiancée at Little Rock Baptist Church"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-begin_18-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begin_18-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://archive.today/20120731153024/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080128/NEWS01/80128035/0/NEWS06&amp;theme=KILPATRICK012008">"Beatty quits, says she regrets 'devastation' caused by scandal"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freep.com">freep.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett">Gannett</a>. January 28, 2008. Archived from <a href="http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080128/NEWS01/80128035/0/NEWS06&amp;theme=KILPATRICK012008">the original</a> on July 31, 2012 <span>. Retrieved <span>February 22,</span> 2008</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-procon_19-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-procon_19-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Stanton, Elizabeth (May 19, 2001). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/19/us/national-briefing-midwest-michigan-minority-leader-will-run-for-mayor.html">"Midwest: Michigan: Minority Leader Will Run For Mayor"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>February 25,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041831/http://www.bergmuirhead.com/clients_fulllist.shtml">"Berg Muirhead and Associates"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.bergmuirhead.com/clients_fulllist.shtml">the original</a> on March 4, 2016.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815071349/http://www.algore.com/gorenet/net_directors.html">"GoreNet State Co-Chairs"</a>. Gore 2000. August 15, 2000. Archived from <a href="http://www.algore.com/gorenet/net_directors.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2000 <span>. Retrieved <span>July 29,</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815054240/http://www.algore.com/gorenet/index.html">"GoreNet: A Network of Young Americans Dedicated to Al Gore President"</a>. Gore 2000. August 15, 2000. Archived from <a href="http://www.algore.com/gorenet/net_directors.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2000 <span>. Retrieved <span>July 29,</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grantmoney_23-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grantmoney_23-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Bell, Dawson; Schaefer, Jim; Elrick, M.L. (May 18, 2008). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519221306/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080518/NEWS01/805180596/0/NEWS01">"Kilpatrick helped friends get grants. Money also trickled down to the wife of the mayor"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freep.com">freep.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett">Gannett</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080518/NEWS01/805180596/0/NEWS01">the original</a> on May 19, 2008 <span>. Retrieved <span>May 27,</span> 2008</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
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</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418005329/http://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/region/detroit/kilpatrick-federal-corruption-trial-date-set-for-september-2012">"Kilpatrick federal corruption trial date set for September 2012"</a>. <i>Action News wxyz.com</i>. April 13, 2011. Archived from <a href="https://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/region/detroit/kilpatrick-federal-corruption-trial-date-set-for-september-2012">the original</a> on April 18, 2011 <span>. Retrieved <span>September 3,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20120921/NEWS0102/309210046/Venue-change-nixed-Kilpatrick-corruption-trial-gets-under-way">"Venue change nixed; Kilpatrick corruption trial gets under way"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press freep.com</i>. September 21, 2012 <span>. Retrieved <span>September 21,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/kwame-kilpatrick-trial-2012">"Kwame Kilpatrick Trial 2012"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>March 13,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20121106/NEWS0102/311060067/Victor-Mercado-plea-deal-a-boost-for-U-S-prosecutors-in-Kwame-Kilpatrick-trial">Victor Mercado plea deal a boost for U.S. prosecutors in Kwame Kilpatrick trial</a>, <i>Detroit Free Press</i>, November 6, 2012</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span>"Kwame Kilpatrick's legal bill to public". <i>Lansing State Journal</i>. February 13, 2014. p. 3A.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313053906/http://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/region/detroit/kwame-kilpatrick-and-bobby-ferguson-remanded-to-detention-facility-immediately">"Kwame Kilpatrick and Bobby Ferguson arrive at federal prison in Milan after guilty convictions"</a>. <i>WXYZ</i>. Scripps Media, Inc. March 9, 2013. Archived from <a href="https://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/region/detroit/kwame-kilpatrick-and-bobby-ferguson-remanded-to-detention-facility-immediately">the original</a> on March 13, 2013 <span>. Retrieved <span>March 9,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/11/17269402-ex-detroit-mayor-kilpatrick-convicted-of-range-of-corruption-charges?lite">Ex-Detroit mayor Kilpatrick convicted of range of corruption charges</a> NBC News, March 11, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/;jsessionid=993EEAA75869B74E04BE223544D423FE">"Inmate Locator"</a>. <i>www.bop.gov</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20131010/NEWS0102/310100095/Kwame-Kilpatrick-sentencing">" <span></span> 'Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20131011/NEWS0102/310110042/bobby-ferguson-sentencing-public-corruption-kwame-kilpatrick">Judge hits Bobby Ferguson with 21 years: 'Catalyst at the center' of Detroit corruption</a>, <i>Detroit Free Press</i>, October 11, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao/mie/news/2011/2011_9_12_dmiller.html">Former City of Detroit Administrative Officer Pleads Guilty to Corruption and Tax Offenses</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020044451/http://www.justice.gov/usao/mie/news/2011/2011_9_12_dmiller.html">Archived</a> October 20, 2013, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. attorney's Office, Eastern District of Michigan, September 12, 2011</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.wxyz.com/news/local-news/investigations/former-kilpatrick-friend-derrick-miller-dodges-prison-sentenced-to-1-year-in-halfway-house">Former Kilpatrick friend Derrick Miller dodges prison, sentenced to 1 year in halfway house</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606231314/http://www.wxyz.com/news/local-news/investigations/former-kilpatrick-friend-derrick-miller-dodges-prison-sentenced-to-1-year-in-halfway-house">Archived</a> June 6, 2014, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Heather Catallo, ABC News Detroit, May 29, 2014</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20131017/NEWS0102/310170087/Bernard-Kilpatrick-sentencing">Bernard Kilpatrick sentenced to 15 months in prison</a>, <i>Detroit Free Press</i>, October 17, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/investigations/emma-bell-gets-2-years-probation/-/1719314/24203486/-/1yjqf9z/-/index.html">Emma Bell gets 2 years probation</a>, Dave Bartkowiak Jr., WDIV, January 30, 2014</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/former-detroit-mayor-kwame-kilpatricks-bank-fined-250k">Former Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's bank fined $250K</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019080454/http://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/former-detroit-mayor-kwame-kilpatricks-bank-fined-250k">Archived</a> October 19, 2013, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WXYZ-TV News, October 18, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20130224/NEWS/302249982/#">Kilpatrick contractor</a>, Crain's Detroit Business, February 27, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span>[Lakeshore TolTest reaches $5M settlement to avert liability in Kilpatrick corruption case], <i>Crain's Detroit Business</i>, February 19, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://news.yahoo.com/ex-detroit-mayor-kilpatrick-loses-appeal-conviction-192614555.html">Ex-Detroit mayor Kilpatrick loses appeal of conviction</a>, Reuters, Jonathan Stempel, August 14, 2015</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/supreme-court-denies-former-detroit-mayor-kwame-kilpatricks-appeal">US Supreme Court denies appeal from former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Kilpatrick convicted of rigging contracts, taking bribes</a>, Halston Herrera, ClickOnDetroit, June 27, 2016</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/06/12/kwame-kilpatrick-doj-commutation-pardon-trump/696748002/">"Kwame Kilpatrick asks Donald Trump for pardon, clemency"</a>. <i>Detroit Free Press</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>August 23,</span> 2018</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span>Baldas, Tresa (February 19, 2020). <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/02/19/trump-pardon-kwame-kilpatrick-detroit-us-attorney/4811302002/">"US Attorney: Kwame Kilpatrick shouldn't get pardon. He got what he deserved"</a>. <i>The Detroit Free Press</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220180534/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/02/19/trump-pardon-kwame-kilpatrick-detroit-us-attorney/4811302002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2020.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span>Snell, Robert (April 30, 2018). <a href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/04/30/kwame-kilpatrick-debts/34426213/?from=new-cookie">"Kilpatrick faces $11M debt once he leaves prison"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502191839/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/04/30/kwame-kilpatrick-debts/34426213/?from=new-cookie">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2018.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statement_from_the_Press_Secretary_(2021)_133-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statement_from_the_Press_Secretary_(2021)_133-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/">"Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i> (Press release). January 20, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131173516/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2021 <span>. Retrieved <span>January 20,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA">National Archives</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.wxyz.com/news/kwame-kilpatrick-to-pay-nearly-5-million-in-restitution-serve-three-year-probation">Kwame Kilpatrick to pay nearly $5 million in restitution, serve three-year probation</a>, WXYZ, January 21, 2021</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/president-trump-pardons-former-detroit-mayor-kwame-kilpatrick">President Trump commutes sentence for former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick</a>, WXYZ, January 20, 2021</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2013/ia-3640.pdf">SEC Mayfield</a> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1365171488986#.UzWFPYWUOME">SEC Charges Former Detroit Officials and Investment Adviser to City Pension Funds in Influence Peddling Scheme</a>, SEC, May 9, 2012</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2012/comp-pr2012-88.pdf">2:12-cv-12109-VAR-RSW United States Securities and Exchange Commission v. Hon. Kwame M. Kilpatrick, Jeffrey W. Beasley, Chauncey C. Mayfield, and Mayfield Gentry Advisors, LLC</a>, SEC, May 9, 2012</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2013/lr22720.htm">SEC Charges Top Officials At Investment Adviser in Scheme to Hide Theft from Pension Fund of Detroit Police and Firefighters</a>, SEC, June 10, 2013</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://archive.today/20140329004952/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140226/METRO01/302260116">Pension funds settle class-action negligence suit for $7.9M</a>, Christine Ferretti, <i>The Detroit News</i>, February 26, 2014</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://detnews.com/article/20100624/METRO01/6240405/Feds-not-finished-with-Detroit-corruption-probe#ixzz0rlhxUpz9">"Feds Not Finished With Detroit Corruption Probe"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>. June 24, 2010.<span ></span> <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >dead link</span> </a></i>]</span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-kwamekilpatrickbook.com_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116045916/http://kwamekilpatrickbook.com/">"Surrendered: The Rise, Fall, &amp; Revelation of Kwame Kilpatrick"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://kwamekilpatrickbook.com/">the original</a> on November 16, 2011 <span>. Retrieved <span>November 29,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_book_delayed_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Jeff T. Wattrick (August 1, 2010). <a href="http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/08/felon_kwame_kilpatricks_book_i.html">"Felon Kwame Kilpatrick's book delayed as he's set to leave prison, and why his legacy matters"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLive.com">MLive.com</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>November 29,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_appears_at_EMU_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Kellie Woodhouse (November 28, 2010). <a href="http://www.annarbor.com/news/students-say-kwame-kilpatrick-has-something-to-offer-on-redemption/">"Students say Kwame Kilpatrick has something to offer on redemption"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnnArbor.com">AnnArbor.com</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>November 29,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Court_seeks_book_profits_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Doug Guthrie (November 5, 2011). <a href="http://detnews.com/article/20111105/METRO01/111050333/Court-seeks-Kwame-Kilpatrick-book-profits">"Court seeks Kwame Kilpatrick book profits"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News">The Detroit News</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>November 29,</span> 2011</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawyer_flouts_subpoena_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Joe Swickard (November 16, 2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221033240/http://www.freep.com/article/20111116/NEWS01/111116040/Lawyer-flouts-subpoena-Kwame-Kilpatrick-book-profits-case-judge-issues-arrest-warrant">"Lawyer flouts subpoena in Kwame Kilpatrick book-profits case; judge issues arrest warrant"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.freep.com/article/20111116/NEWS01/111116040/Lawyer-flouts-subpoena-Kwame-Kilpatrick-book-profits-case-judge-issues-arrest-warrant">the original</a> on December 21, 2011 <span>. Retrieved <span>April 18,</span> 2016</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.movementalministries.org/about">"Kwame Kilpatrick - About"</a>. <i>Movemental Ministries</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>April 26,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.theblackagendamovement.com">"Bio: Kwame Malik Kilpatrick, CEO, Movemental Ministry"</a>. <i>Black Agenda Conference</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>April 26,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/32015/ex-detroit_mayor_kwame_kilpatrick_endorses_donald_trump">"Ex-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Endorses Donald Trump"</a>. <i>Deadline Detroit</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>June 17,</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2431691120080324">"Detroit's mayor indicted in sex scandal"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. March 24, 2008.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183627/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml">"Coalition Members"</a>. Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Archived from <a href="http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/members/members.shtml">the original</a> on October 20, 2013 <span>. Retrieved <span>December 14,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span ><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png"></img></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kwame_Kilpatrick">Kwame Kilpatrick</a> at Wikimedia Commons
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?85365">Appearances</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul></description>
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<title>Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia</title>
<link>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution</link>
<description><p>1865 Reconstruction amendment</p>
<p>The <b>Thirteenth Amendment</b> (<b>Amendment XIII</b>) to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution">United States Constitution</a> abolished <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States">slavery</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_servitude">involuntary servitude</a>, except <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States">as punishment for a crime</a>. The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state">states</a> on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> adopted following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil War</a>.
</p>
<p>President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, effective on January 1, 1863, declared that the enslaved in Confederate-controlled areas (and thus almost all slaves) were free. When they escaped to Union lines or federal forces (including now-former slaves) advanced south, emancipation occurred without any compensation to the former owners. Texas was the last Confederate-slave territory, where enforcement of the proclamation was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth">declared on June 19, 1865</a>. In the slave-owning areas controlled by Union forces on January 1, 1863, state action was used to abolish slavery. The exceptions were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a>, and to a limited extent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey">New Jersey</a>, where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattel_slavery">chattel slavery</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude">indentured servitude</a> were finally ended by the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.
</p>
<p>In contrast to the other Reconstruction Amendments, the Thirteenth Amendment has rarely been cited in case law, but it has been used to strike down <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peon">peonage</a> and some race-based discrimination as "badges and incidents of slavery". The Thirteenth Amendment has also been invoked to empower Congress to make laws against modern forms of slavery, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking">sex trafficking</a>.
</p>
<p>From its inception in 1776, the United States was divided into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states">states that allowed slavery and states that prohibited it</a>. Slavery was implicitly recognized in the original Constitution in provisions such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a> (Article I, Section 2, Clause 3), which provided that three-fifths of each state's enslaved population ("other persons") was to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes">added to its free population</a> for the purposes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)">apportioning</a> seats in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, its number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College">Electoral</a> votes, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_tax#U.S._constitutional_law_sense">direct taxes</a> among the states. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a> (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3) provided that slaves held under the laws of one state who escaped to another state did not become free, but remained slaves.
</p>
<p>Though three million Confederate slaves were eventually freed as a result of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, their postwar status was uncertain. To ensure that abolition was beyond legal challenge, an amendment to the Constitution to that effect was drafted. On April 8, 1864, the Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery. After one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration, the House followed suit on January 31, 1865. The measure was swiftly ratified by nearly all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)">Northern states</a>, along with a sufficient number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)">border states</a> up to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Lincoln">assassination of President Lincoln</a>. However, the approval came via his successor, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, who encouraged the "reconstructed" Southern states of Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia to agree, which brought the count to 27 states, leading to its adoption before the end of 1865.
</p>
<p>Though the Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States, some black Americans, particularly in the South, were subjected to other forms of involuntary labor, such as under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)">Black Codes</a>, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes, as well as other disabilities. Many such abuses were given cover by the Amendment's penal labor exclusion, discussed below.
</p>
<p><h2 >Text</h2></p>
<blockquote>
<p><b>Section 1.</b> Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
</p>
<p><b>Section 2.</b> Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<a href="#cite_note-1"> <span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p><h2 >Slavery in the United States</h2></p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver,_1863,_retouched.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg/220px-Scourged_back_by_McPherson_%26_Oliver%2C_1863%2C_retouched.jpg"></img></a>Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves.<a href="#cite_note-2"> <span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span> </a> (Photo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(enslaved_man)">Peter</a>, 1863.)
<p>Slavery existed and was legal in the United States of America upon its founding in 1776. It was established by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas">European colonization</a> in all of the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_American_colonies">thirteen American colonies</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America">British America</a>. Prior to the Thirteenth Amendment, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution">United States Constitution</a> did not expressly use the words <i>slave</i> or <i>slavery</i> but included several provisions about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfree_labor">unfree persons</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a>, Article I, Section 2, Clause <span> </span> 3 of the Constitution, allocated Congressional representation based "on the whole Number of free Persons" and "three-fifths of all other Persons". This clause was a compromise between Southern politicians who wished for enslaved African-Americans to be counted as 'persons' for congressional representation and Northern politicians rejecting these out of concern of too much power for the South, because representation in the new Congress would be based on population in contrast to the one-vote-for-one-state principle in the earlier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3"> <span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span> </a> Under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a>, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Congress">Article I, Section 9, Clause 1</a> allowed Congress to pass legislation outlawing the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade">Importation of Persons</a>", which would not be passed until 1808. However, for purposes of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>—which states that "No person shall <span> </span> ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"—slaves were understood as property.<a href="#cite_note-4"> <span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span> </a> Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery, it became part of the legal basis in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857) for treating slaves as property.<a href="#cite_note-5"> <span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Stimulated by the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, between 1777 and 1804 every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery. (Slavery was never legal in Vermont; it was prohibited in the 1777 constitution creating Vermont, to become the fourteenth state.) Most of the slaves who were emancipated by such legislation were household servants. No Southern state did so, and the enslaved population of the South continued to grow, peaking at almost four million in 1861. An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States">abolitionist movement</a>, headed by such figures as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld">Theodore Dwight Weld</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9">Angelina Grimké</a>, grew in strength in the North, calling for the immediate end of slavery nationwide and exacerbating tensions between North and South. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society">American Colonization Society</a>, an alliance between abolitionists who felt the "races" should be kept separated and slaveholders who feared the presence of freed blacks would encourage slave rebellions, called for the emigration of both free blacks and slaves to Africa, where they would establish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia">independent colonies</a>. Its views were endorsed by politicians such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay">Henry Clay</a>, who feared that the American abolitionist movement would provoke a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——20&amp;ndash;22-6"> <span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span> </a> Proposals to eliminate slavery by constitutional amendment were introduced by Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Livermore">Arthur Livermore</a> in 1818 and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> in 1839, but failed to gain significant traction.<a href="#cite_note-Vile-7"> <span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>As the country continued to expand, the issue of slavery in its new territories became the dominant national issue. The senatorial votes of new states could break the deadlock in the Senate over slavery. The Southern position was that slaves were property and therefore could be moved to the territories like all other forms of property.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——123-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a> The 1820 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the Senate's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states">equality between the regions</a>. In 1846, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> was introduced to a war appropriations bill to ban slavery in all territories acquired in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War">Mexican–American War</a>; the Proviso repeatedly passed the House, but not the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——123-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850">Compromise of 1850</a> temporarily defused the issue by admitting California as a free state, instituting a stronger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, banning the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and allowing New Mexico and Utah self-determination on the slavery issue.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——59-9"> <span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Despite the compromise, tensions between North and South continued to rise over the subsequent decade, inflamed by, among other things, the publication of the 1852 anti-slavery novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas">fighting between pro-slavery and abolitionist forces</a> in Kansas, beginning in 1854; the 1857 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"><i>Dred Scott</i></a> decision, which struck down provisions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850">Compromise of 1850</a>; abolitionist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)">John Brown's</a> 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a>, and the 1860 election of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery">slavery critic Abraham Lincoln</a> to the presidency. The Southern states seceded from the Union in the months following Lincoln's election, forming the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America">Confederate States of America</a>, and beginning the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10"> <span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Proposal and ratification</h2></p>
<p><h3 >Crafting the amendment</h3></p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg"></img></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>
<p>Acting under presidential war powers, Lincoln issued the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> on September 22, 1862, with effect on January 1, 1863, which proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-11"> <span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span> </a> In his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union">State of the Union</a> message to Congress on December 1, 1862, Lincoln also presented a plan for "gradual emancipation and deportation" of slaves. This plan envisioned three amendments to the Constitution. The first would have required the states to abolish slavery by January 1, 1900.<a href="#cite_note-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a> Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation then proceeded immediately freeing slaves in January 1863 but did not affect the status of slaves in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)">border states</a> that had remained loyal to the Union.<a href="#cite_note-McPherson—1988——558-13"> <span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span> </a> By December 1863, Lincoln again used his war powers and issued a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_percent_plan">Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction</a>", which offered Southern states a chance to peacefully rejoin the Union if they immediately abolished slavery and collected loyalty oaths from 10% of their voting population.<a href="#cite_note-14"> <span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span> </a> Southern states did not readily accept the deal, and the status of slavery remained uncertain.
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Mitchell_Ashley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/James_Mitchell_Ashley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-James_Mitchell_Ashley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"></img></a>Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a> proposed an amendment abolishing slavery in 1863.
<p>In the final years of the Civil War, Union lawmakers debated various proposals for Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-15"> <span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span> </a> Some of these called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery nationally and permanently. On December 14, 1863, a bill proposing such an amendment was introduced by Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a> of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-16"> <span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-17"> <span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span> </a> Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Wilson">James F. Wilson</a> of Iowa soon followed with a similar proposal. On January 11, 1864, Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Henderson">John B. Henderson</a> of Missouri submitted a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution">joint resolution</a> for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>, chaired by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a> of Illinois, became involved in merging different proposals for an amendment.
</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> led by Massachusetts Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> and Pennsylvania Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> sought a more expansive version of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-18"> <span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span> </a> On February 8, 1864, Sumner submitted a constitutional amendment stating:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>All persons are equal before the law, so that no person can hold another as a slave; and the Congress shall have power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry this declaration into effect everywhere in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-19"> <span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-SocietyCommission1901-20"> <span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>Sumner tried to have his amendment sent to his committee, rather than the Judiciary Committee, controlled by Trumbull, but the Senate refused.<a href="#cite_note-21"> <span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span> </a> On February 10, the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal based on drafts of Ashley, Wilson and Henderson.<a href="#cite_note-22"> <span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-23"> <span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The committee's version used text from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, which stipulates, "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory">territory</a>, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."<a href="#cite_note-24"> <span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-McAward_McCulloch-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a><span >: 1786 </span> Though using Henderson's proposed amendment as the basis for its new draft, the Judiciary Committee removed language that would have allowed a constitutional amendment to be adopted with only a majority vote in each House of Congress and ratification by two-thirds of the states (instead of two-thirds and three-fourths, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-26"> <span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Passage by Congress</h3></p>
<p>The Senate passed the amendment on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6; two Democrats, Oregon Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Harding">Benjamin F Harding</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nesmith">James Nesmith</a> voted for the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-27"> <span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span> </a> However, just over two months later on June 15, the House failed to do so, with 93 in favor and 65 against, thirteen votes short of the two-thirds vote needed for passage; the vote split largely along party lines, with Republicans supporting and Democrats opposing.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——686-28"> <span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span> </a> In the 1864 presidential race, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party">Free Soil Party</a> candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont">John C. Frémont</a> threatened a third-party run opposing Lincoln, this time on a platform endorsing an anti-slavery amendment. The Republican Party platform had, as yet, failed to include a similar plank, though Lincoln endorsed the amendment in a letter accepting his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——624&amp;ndash;25-29"> <span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——299-30"> <span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span> </a> Frémont withdrew from the race on September 22, 1864, and endorsed Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——639-31"> <span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>With no Southern states represented, few members of Congress pushed moral and religious arguments in favor of slavery. Democrats who opposed the amendment generally made arguments based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights">states' rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32"> <span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span> </a> Some argued that the proposed change so violated the spirit of the Constitution it would not be a valid "amendment" but would instead constitute "revolution".<a href="#cite_note-33"> <span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span> </a> Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton_A._White">Chilton A. White</a>, among other opponents, warned that the amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks.<a href="#cite_note-Colbert,_1995_p._10-34"> <span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized and argued for abolition as a necessary step in national progress.<a href="#cite_note-35"> <span>[</span> 35 <span>]</span> </a> Amendment supporters also argued that the slave system had negative effects on white people. These included the lower wages resulting from competition with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor">forced labor</a>, as well as repression of abolitionist whites in the South. Advocates said ending slavery would restore the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment">First Amendment</a> and other constitutional rights violated by censorship and intimidation in slave states.<a href="#cite_note-Colbert,_1995_p._10-34"> <span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-36"> <span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>White, Northern Republicans and some Democrats became excited about an abolition amendment, holding meetings and issuing resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-37"> <span>[</span> 37 <span>]</span> </a> Many blacks though, particularly in the South, focused more on land ownership and education as the key to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-TreleaseXvii-38"> <span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span> </a> As slavery began to seem politically untenable, an array of Northern Democrats successively announced their support for the amendment, including Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brooks_(politician)">James Brooks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39"> <span>[</span> 39 <span>]</span> </a> Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40"> <span>[</span> 40 <span>]</span> </a> and the powerful New York <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine">political machine</a> known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall">Tammany Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41"> <span>[</span> 41 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdoptionOf13thAmendment.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AdoptionOf13thAmendment.jpg/220px-AdoptionOf13thAmendment.jpg"></img></a>Celebration erupts after the Thirteenth Amendment is passed by the House of Representatives.
<p>President Lincoln had had concerns that the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 might be reversed or found invalid by the judiciary after the war.<a href="#cite_note-42"> <span>[</span> 42 <span>]</span> </a> He saw constitutional amendment as a more permanent solution.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;14-43"> <span>[</span> 43 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Donald—1996——396-44"> <span>[</span> 44 <span>]</span> </a> He had remained outwardly neutral on the amendment because he considered it politically too dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-45"> <span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span> </a> Nonetheless, Lincoln's 1864 election platform resolved to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-46"> <span>[</span> 46 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-47"> <span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span> </a> After winning reelection in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election">election of 1864</a>, Lincoln made the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment his top legislative priority. He began with his efforts in Congress during its "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)">lame duck</a>" session, in which many members of Congress had already seen their successors elected; most would be concerned about unemployment and lack of income, and none needed to fear the electoral consequences of cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——686&amp;ndash;87-48"> <span>[</span> 48 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-49"> <span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span> </a> Popular support for the amendment mounted and Lincoln urged Congress on in his December 6, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a>: "there is only a question of <i>time</i> as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action. And as it is to so go, at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better?"<a href="#cite_note-50"> <span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Lincoln instructed Secretary of State William H. Seward, Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Alley">John B. Alley</a> and others to procure votes by any means necessary, and they promised government posts and campaign contributions to outgoing Democrats willing to switch sides.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;13-51"> <span>[</span> 51 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——687-52"> <span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span> </a> Seward had a large fund for direct bribes. Ashley, who reintroduced the measure into the House, also lobbied several Democrats to vote in favor of the measure.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——687&amp;ndash;689-53"> <span>[</span> 53 <span>]</span> </a> Representative Thaddeus Stevens later commented that "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption aided and abetted by the purest man in America"; however, Lincoln's precise role in making deals for votes remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Donald—1996——554-54"> <span>[</span> 54 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Republicans in Congress claimed a mandate for abolition, having gained in the elections for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1864">Senate</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1864">House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55"> <span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span> </a> The 1864 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, led opposition to the measure.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin—2005——688-56"> <span>[</span> 56 <span>]</span> </a> Republicans toned down their language of radical equality in order to broaden the amendment's coalition of supporters.<a href="#cite_note-57"> <span>[</span> 57 <span>]</span> </a> In order to reassure critics worried that the amendment would tear apart the social fabric, some Republicans explicitly promised the amendment would leave broader American society's patriarchal traditions intact.<a href="#cite_note-58"> <span>[</span> 58 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In mid-January 1865, Speaker of the House <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> estimated the amendment to be five votes short of passage. Ashley postponed the vote.<a href="#cite_note-59"> <span>[</span> 59 <span>]</span> </a> At this point, Lincoln intensified his push for the amendment, making direct emotional appeals to particular members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-60"> <span>[</span> 60 <span>]</span> </a> On January 31, 1865, the House called another vote on the amendment, with neither side being certain of the outcome. With a total of 183 House members (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_31st_congressional_district">one seat</a> was vacant after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a> was elected governor), 122 would have to vote "aye" to secure passage of the resolution; however, eight Democrats abstained, reducing the number to 117. Every Republican (84), Independent Republican (2), and Unconditional Unionist (16) supported the measure, as well as fourteen Democrats, almost all of them lame ducks, and three Unionists. The amendment finally passed by a vote of 119 to 56,<a href="#cite_note-61"> <span>[</span> 61 <span>]</span> </a> narrowly reaching the required two-thirds majority.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——313-62"> <span>[</span> 62 <span>]</span> </a> The House exploded into celebration, with some members openly weeping.<a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——314-63"> <span>[</span> 63 <span>]</span> </a> Black onlookers, who had only been allowed to attend Congressional sessions since the previous year, cheered from the galleries.<a href="#cite_note-McPherson—1988——840-64"> <span>[</span> 64 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>While the Constitution does not provide the President any formal role in the amendment process, the joint resolution was sent to Lincoln for his signature.<a href="#cite_note-65"> <span>[</span> 65 <span>]</span> </a> Under the usual signatures of the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate, President Lincoln wrote the word "Approved" and added his signature to the joint resolution on February 1, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-66"> <span>[</span> 66 <span>]</span> </a> On February 7, Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-67"> <span>[</span> 67 <span>]</span> </a> The Thirteenth Amendment is the only ratified amendment signed by a President, although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> had signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Congress">36th Congress</a> had adopted and sent to the states in March 1861.<a href="#cite_note-68"> <span>[</span> 68 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-69"> <span>[</span> 69 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Ratification by the states</h3></p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13th_amendment_ratification.svg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/13th_amendment_ratification.svg/400px-13th_amendment_ratification.svg.png"></img></a>
<p> <span>Â </span> Â Ratified amendment, 1865</p>
<p> <span> </span>  Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865–1870</p>
<p> <span> </span>  Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866–1995</p>
<p>On February 1, 1865, when the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for ratification, there were 36 states in the U.S., including those that had been in rebellion; at least 27 states had to ratify the amendment for it to come into force. By the end of February, 18 states had ratified the amendment. Among them were the ex-Confederate states of Virginia and Louisiana, where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments. These, along with subsequent ratifications from Arkansas and Tennessee raised the issues of how many seceded states had legally valid legislatures; and if there were fewer legislatures than states, if Article V required ratification by three-fourths of the states or three-fourths of the legally valid state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-70"> <span>[</span> 70 <span>]</span> </a> President Lincoln in his last speech, on April 11, 1865, called the question about whether the Southern states were in or out of the Union a "pernicious abstraction". He declared they were not "in their proper practical relation with the Union"; whence everyone's object should be to restore that relation.<a href="#cite_note-71"> <span>[</span> 71 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_was_assassinated">Lincoln was assassinated</a> three days later.
</p>
<p>With Congress out of session, the new president, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, began a period known as "Presidential Reconstruction", in which he personally oversaw the creation of new state governments throughout the South. He oversaw the convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal. Three leading issues came before the conventions: secession itself, the abolition of slavery, and the Confederate war debt. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina held conventions in 1865, while Texas' convention did not organize until March 1866.<a href="#cite_note-72"> <span>[</span> 72 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-73"> <span>[</span> 73 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-74"> <span>[</span> 74 <span>]</span> </a> Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit the Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened in December. He believed he could silence those who wished to deny the Southern states their place in the Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to the successful ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-75"> <span>[</span> 75 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Direct negotiations between state governments and the Johnson administration ensued. As the summer wore on, administration officials began giving assurances of the measure's limited scope with their demands for ratification. Johnson himself suggested directly to the governors of Mississippi and North Carolina that they could proactively control the allocation of rights to freedmen. Though Johnson obviously expected the freed people to enjoy at least some civil rights, including, as he specified, the right to testify in court, he wanted state lawmakers to know that the power to confer such rights would remain with the states.<a href="#cite_note-Vorenberg,_2001_p._229-76"> <span>[</span> 76 <span>]</span> </a> When South Carolina provisional governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Perry">Benjamin Franklin Perry</a> objected to the scope of the amendment's enforcement clause, Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph that in fact the second clause "is really restraining in its effect, instead of enlarging the powers of Congress".<a href="#cite_note-Vorenberg,_2001_p._229-76"> <span>[</span> 76 <span>]</span> </a> Politicians throughout the South were concerned that Congress might cite the amendment's enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-77"> <span>[</span> 77 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>When South Carolina ratified the Amendment in November 1865, it issued its own interpretive declaration that "any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-McAward_McCulloch-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a><span >: 1786–1787 </span> <a href="#cite_note-78"> <span>[</span> 78 <span>]</span> </a> Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on the status of former slaves.<a href="#cite_note-McAward_McCulloch-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a><span >: 1787 </span> <a href="#cite_note-79"> <span>[</span> 79 <span>]</span> </a> During the first week of December, North Carolina and Georgia gave the amendment the final votes needed for it to become part of the Constitution.
</p>
<p>The first 27 states to ratify the Amendment were:<a href="#cite_note-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30-80"> <span>[</span> 80 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<ol><li>Illinois: February 1, 1865</li>
<li>Rhode Island: February 2, 1865</li>
<li>Michigan: February 3, 1865</li>
<li>Maryland: February 3, 1865</li>
<li>New York: February 3, 1865</li>
<li>Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865</li>
<li>West Virginia: February 3, 1865</li>
<li>Missouri: February 6, 1865</li>
<li>Maine: February 7, 1865</li>
<li>Kansas: February 7, 1865</li>
<li>Massachusetts: February 7, 1865</li>
<li>Virginia: February 9, 1865</li>
<li>Ohio: February 10, 1865</li>
<li>Indiana: February 13, 1865</li>
<li>Nevada: February 16, 1865</li>
<li>Louisiana: February 17, 1865</li>
<li>Minnesota: February 23, 1865</li>
<li>Wisconsin: February 24, 1865</li>
<li>Vermont: March 9, 1865</li>
<li>Tennessee: April 7, 1865</li>
<li>Arkansas: April 14, 1865</li>
<li>Connecticut: May 4, 1865</li>
<li>New Hampshire: July 1, 1865</li>
<li>South Carolina: November 13, 1865</li>
<li>Alabama: December 2, 1865</li>
<li>North Carolina: December 4, 1865</li>
<li>Georgia: December 6, 1865</li></ol>
<p>Having been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states (27 of the 36 states, including those that had been in rebellion), Secretary of State Seward, on December 18, 1865, certified that the Thirteenth Amendment had become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-81"> <span>[</span> 81 <span>]</span> </a> Included on the enrolled list of ratifying states were the three ex-Confederate states that had given their assent, but with strings attached. Seward accepted their affirmative votes and brushed aside their interpretive declarations without comment, challenge or acknowledgment.<a href="#cite_note-V32-82"> <span>[</span> 82 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The Thirteenth Amendment was subsequently ratified by the other states, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30-80"> <span>[</span> 80 <span>]</span> </a><span >: 30 </span>
</p>
<ol ><li>Oregon: December 8, 1865</li><li>California: December 19, 1865</li><li>Florida: December 28, 1865 (reaffirmed June 9, 1868)</li><li>Iowa: January 15, 1866</li><li>New Jersey: January 23, 1866 (after rejection March 16, 1865)</li><li>Texas: February 18, 1870</li><li>Delaware: February 12, 1901 (after rejection February 8, 1865)</li><li>Kentucky: March 18, 1976<a href="#cite_note-83"> <span>[</span> 83 <span>]</span> </a> (after rejection February 24, 1865)</li><li>Mississippi: March 16, 1995 (after rejection December 5, 1865; not certified until February 7, 2013)<a href="#cite_note-Mississippi13thAmendmentABCNews-84"> <span>[</span> 84 <span>]</span> </a></li></ol>
<p>With the ratification by Mississippi in 1995, and certification thereof in 2013, the amendment was finally ratified by all states having existed at the time of its adoption in 1865.
</p>
<p><h2 >Effects</h2></p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/13th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/190px-13th_Amendment_Pg1of1_AC.jpg"></img></a>Amendment XIII in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration">National Archives</a>, bearing the signature of Abraham Lincoln
<p><h3 >Freeing slaves</h3></p>
<p>The immediate impact of the amendment was to make the entire pre-war system of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattel_slavery">chattel slavery</a> in the U.S. illegal.<a href="#cite_note-85"> <span>[</span> 85 <span>]</span> </a> The impact of the abolition of slavery was felt quickly. When the Thirteenth Amendment became operational, the scope of Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation was widened to include the entire nation. Although the majority of Kentucky's slaves had been emancipated, 65,000–100,000 people remained to be legally freed when the amendment went into effect on December 18.<a href="#cite_note-86"> <span>[</span> 86 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Forehand82-87"> <span>[</span> 87 <span>]</span> </a> In Delaware, where a large number of slaves had escaped during the war, nine hundred people became legally free.<a href="#cite_note-Forehand82-87"> <span>[</span> 87 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-88"> <span>[</span> 88 <span>]</span> </a>
With slavery abolished, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a> remained in place but became largely moot.
</p>
<p><h3 >Native American territory</h3></p>
<p>Despite being rendered unconstitutional, slavery continued in areas under the jurisdiction of Native American tribes beyond ratification. The federal government negotiated new treaties with the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>" in 1866, in which they agreed to end slavery.<a href="#cite_note-89"> <span>[</span> 89 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Electoral changes</h3></p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a> in the original Constitution counted, for purposes of allocating taxes and seats in the House of Representatives, all "free persons", three-fifths of "other persons" (i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave">slaves</a>) and excluded untaxed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States">Native Americans</a>. The freeing of all slaves made the three-fifths clause moot. Compared to the pre-war system, it also had the effect of increasing the political power of former slave-holding states by increasing their share of seats in the House of Representatives, and consequently their share in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College">Electoral College</a> (where the number of a state's electoral votes, under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_II_of_the_United_States_Constitution">Article II of the United States Constitution</a>, is tied to the size of its congressional delegation).<a href="#cite_note-90"> <span>[</span> 90 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-91"> <span>[</span> 91 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Even as the Thirteenth Amendment was working its way through the ratification process, Republicans in Congress grew increasingly concerned about the potential for there to be a large increase in the congressional representation of the Democratic-dominated Southern states. Because the full population of freed slaves would be counted rather than three-fifths, the Southern states would dramatically increase their power in the population-based House of Representatives. Republicans hoped to offset this advantage by attracting and protecting votes of the newly enfranchised black population.<a href="#cite_note-93"> <span>[</span> 93 <span>]</span> </a> They would eventually attempt to address this issue in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Apportionment_of_representation_in_House_of_Representatives">section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>.
</p>
<p><h3 >Political and economic change in the South</h3></p>
<p>Southern culture remained deeply racist, and those blacks who remained faced a dangerous situation. J. J. Gries reported to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction">Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a>: "There is a kind of innate feeling, a lingering hope among many in the South that slavery will be regalvanized in some shape or other. They tried by their laws to make a worse slavery than there was before, for the freedman has not the protection which the master from interest gave him before."<a href="#cite_note-Gries-94"> <span>[</span> 94 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> wrote in 1935:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war. Moreover, they were getting about the same wages and apparently were going to be subject to slave codes modified only in name. There were among them thousands of fugitives in the camps of the soldiers or on the streets of the cities, homeless, sick, and impoverished. They had been freed practically with no land nor money, and, save in exceptional cases, without legal status, and without protection.<a href="#cite_note-95"> <span>[</span> 95 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-96"> <span>[</span> 96 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>Official emancipation did not substantially alter the economic situation of most blacks who remained in the south.<a href="#cite_note-97"> <span>[</span> 97 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>As the amendment still permitted labor as punishment for convicted criminals, Southern states responded with what historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Blackmon">Douglas A. Blackmon</a> called "an array of interlocking laws essentially intended to criminalize black life". These laws, passed or updated after emancipation, were known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)">Black Codes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stromberg111-99"> <span>[</span> 99 <span>]</span> </a> Mississippi was the first state to pass such codes, with an 1865 law titled "An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen".<a href="#cite_note-Novak2-100"> <span>[</span> 100 <span>]</span> </a> The Mississippi law required black workers to contract with white farmers by January <span>Â </span> 1 of each year or face punishment for vagrancy. Blacks could be sentenced to forced labor for crimes including petty theft, using obscene language, or selling cotton after sunset. States passed new, strict <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy">vagrancy</a> laws that were selectively enforced against blacks without white protectors.<a href="#cite_note-102"> <span>[</span> 102 <span>]</span> </a> The labor of these convicts was then sold to farms, factories, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_camp">lumber camps</a>, quarries, and mines.
</p>
<p>After its ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in November 1865, the South Carolina legislature immediately began to legislate Black Codes.<a href="#cite_note-104"> <span>[</span> 104 <span>]</span> </a> The Black Codes created a separate set of laws, punishments, and acceptable behaviors for anyone with more than one black great-grandparent. Under these Codes, Blacks could only work as farmers or servants and had few Constitutional rights.<a href="#cite_note-105"> <span>[</span> 105 <span>]</span> </a> Restrictions on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule">black land ownership</a> threatened to make economic subservience permanent.<a href="#cite_note-TreleaseXvii-38"> <span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Some states mandated indefinitely long periods of child "apprenticeship".<a href="#cite_note-106"> <span>[</span> 106 <span>]</span> </a> Some laws did not target blacks specifically, but instead affected farm workers, most of whom were black. At the same time, many states passed laws to actively prevent blacks from acquiring property.<a href="#cite_note-107"> <span>[</span> 107 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Congressional and executive enforcement</h2></p>
<p>As its first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement">enforcement legislation</a>, Congress passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a>, guaranteeing black Americans citizenship and equal protection of the law, though not the right to vote. The amendment was also used as authorizing several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a>. President Andrew Johnson vetoed these bills, but Congress overrode his vetoes to pass the Civil Rights Act and the Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill.<a href="#cite_note-108"> <span>[</span> 108 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-109"> <span>[</span> 109 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Proponents of the Act, including Trumbull and Wilson, argued that Section <span> </span> 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment authorized the federal government to legislate civil rights for the States. Others disagreed, maintaining that inequality conditions were distinct from slavery.<a href="#cite_note-McAward_McCulloch-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a><span >: 1788–1790 </span> Seeking more substantial justification, and fearing that future opponents would again seek to overturn the legislation, Congress and the states added additional protections to the Constitution: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> (1868) defining citizenship and mandating equal protection under the law, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> (1870) banning racial voting restrictions.
</p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> enforced the amendment locally, providing a degree of support for people subject to the Black Codes.<a href="#cite_note-111"> <span>[</span> 111 <span>]</span> </a> Reciprocally, the Thirteenth Amendment established the Bureau's legal basis to operate in Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-112"> <span>[</span> 112 <span>]</span> </a> The Civil Rights Act circumvented racism in local jurisdictions by allowing blacks access to the federal courts. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement_Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> of 1870–1871 and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a>, in combating the violence and intimidation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy">white supremacy</a>, were also part of the effort to end slave conditions for Southern blacks.<a href="#cite_note-Tsesis66-113"> <span>[</span> 113 <span>]</span> </a> However, the effect of these laws waned as political will diminished and the federal government lost authority in the South, particularly after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877">Compromise of 1877</a> ended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era">Reconstruction</a> in exchange for a Republican presidency.<a href="#cite_note-114"> <span>[</span> 114 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Peonage law</h3></p>
<p>Southern business owners sought to reproduce the profitable arrangement of slavery with a system called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonage">peonage</a>, in which disproportionately black workers were entrapped by loans and compelled to work indefinitely due to the resulting debt.<a href="#cite_note-115"> <span>[</span> 115 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Wolff982b-116"> <span>[</span> 116 <span>]</span> </a> Peonage continued well through Reconstruction and ensnared a large proportion of black workers in the South.<a href="#cite_note-117"> <span>[</span> 117 <span>]</span> </a> These workers remained destitute and persecuted, forced to work dangerous jobs and further confined legally by the racist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that governed the South.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff982b-116"> <span>[</span> 116 <span>]</span> </a> Peonage differed from chattel slavery because it was not strictly hereditary and did not allow the sale of people in exactly the same fashion. However, a person's debt—and by extension a person—could still be sold, and the system resembled antebellum slavery in many ways.<a href="#cite_note-118"> <span>[</span> 118 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Mexico">Slavery in New Mexico</a> also continued <i>de facto</i> in the form of peonage, which became a Spanish colonial tradition to work around the prohibition of hereditary slavery by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Laws">New Laws</a> of 1542. Though this practice was rendered unconstitutional by the Thirteenth Amendment, enforcement was lax. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a> specifically mentioned New Mexico and increased enforcement by banning nationwide "the holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage",<a href="#cite_note-119"> <span>[</span> 119 <span>]</span> </a> specifically banning "the voluntary or involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise."<a href="#cite_note-120"> <span>[</span> 120 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In 1939, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> created the Civil Rights Section, which focused primarily on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment">First Amendment</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights">labor rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121"> <span>[</span> 121 <span>]</span> </a> The increasing scrutiny of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> in the lead-up to World War II brought increased attention to issues of slavery and involuntary servitude, abroad and at home.<a href="#cite_note-122"> <span>[</span> 122 <span>]</span> </a> The U.S. sought to counter foreign propaganda and increase its credibility on the race issue by combatting the Southern peonage system.<a href="#cite_note-123"> <span>[</span> 123 <span>]</span> </a> Under the leadership of Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle">Francis Biddle</a>, the Civil Rights Section invoked the constitutional amendments and legislation of the Reconstruction Era as the basis for its actions.<a href="#cite_note-124"> <span>[</span> 124 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In 1947, the DOJ successfully prosecuted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Ingalls">Elizabeth Ingalls for keeping domestic servant Dora L. Jones in conditions of slavery</a>. The court found that Jones "was a person wholly subject to the will of defendant; that she was one who had no freedom of action and whose person and services were wholly under the control of defendant and who was in a state of enforced compulsory service to the defendant."<a href="#cite_note-125"> <span>[</span> 125 <span>]</span> </a> The Thirteenth Amendment enjoyed a swell of attention during this period, but from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) until <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i> (1968) it was again eclipsed by the Fourteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-126"> <span>[</span> 126 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Penal labor exemption</h2></p>
<p>The Thirteenth Amendment exempts penal labor from its prohibition of forced labor. This allows prisoners who have been convicted of crimes (not those merely awaiting trial) to be required to perform labor or else face punishment while in custody.<a href="#cite_note-howe-127"> <span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/220px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png"></img></a>Map of states where obligatory <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States">prison labor</a> is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022<a href="#cite_note-128"> <span>[</span> 128 <span>]</span> </a>
<p> <span>Â </span> Â permitted</p>
<p> <span>Â </span> Â forbidden</p>
<p> <span>Â </span> Â no mention in constitution</p>
<p>Few records of the committee's deliberations during the drafting of the Thirteenth Amendment survive, and the debate that followed both in Congress and in the state legislatures featured almost no discussion of this provision. It was apparently considered noncontroversial at the time, or at least legislators gave it little thought.<a href="#cite_note-howe-127"> <span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span> </a> The drafters based the amendment's phrasing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance_of_1787">Northwest Ordinance of 1787</a>, which features an identical exception.<a href="#cite_note-howe-127"> <span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> authored an early version of that ordinance's anti-slavery clause, including the exception of punishment for a crime, and also sought to prohibit slavery in general after 1800. Jefferson was an admirer of the works of Italian criminologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-howe-127"> <span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span> </a> Beccaria's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments">On Crimes and Punishments</a></i> suggested that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty">death penalty</a> should be abolished and replaced with a lifetime of enslavement for the worst criminals; Jefferson likely included the clause due to his agreement with Beccaria. Beccaria, while attempting to reduce "legal barbarism" of the 1700s, considered forced labor one of the few harsh punishments acceptable; for example, he advocated slave labor as a just punishment for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery">robbery</a>, so that the thief's labor could be used to pay recompense to their victims and to society.<a href="#cite_note-129"> <span>[</span> 129 <span>]</span> </a> Penal "hard labor" has ancient origins, and was adopted early in American history (as in Europe) often as a substitute for capital or corporal punishment.<a href="#cite_note-130"> <span>[</span> 130 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>Various commentators have accused states of abusing this provision to re-establish systems similar to slavery,<a href="#cite_note-131"> <span>[</span> 131 <span>]</span> </a> or of otherwise exploiting such labor in a manner unfair to local labor. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)">Black Codes</a> in the South criminalized "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy">vagrancy</a>", which was largely enforced against freed slaves. Later, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_lease">convict lease</a> programs in the South allowed local plantations to rent inexpensive prisoner labor.<a href="#cite_note-132"> <span>[</span> 132 <span>]</span> </a> While many of these programs have been phased out (leasing of convicts was forbidden by President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> in 1941), prison labor continues in the U.S. under a variety of justifications. Prison labor programs vary widely; some are uncompensated prison maintenance tasks, some are for local government maintenance tasks, some are for local businesses, and others are closer to internships. Modern rationales for prison labor programs often include reduction of recidivism and re-acclimation to society; the idea is that such labor programs will make it easier for the prisoner upon release to find gainful employment rather than relapse to criminality. However, this topic is not well-studied, and much of the work offered is so menial as to be unlikely to improve employment prospects.<a href="#cite_note-econprison-133"> <span>[</span> 133 <span>]</span> </a> As of 2017, most prison labor programs do compensate prisoners, but generally with very low wages. What wages they do earn are often heavily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnishment">garnished</a>, with as much as 80% of a prisoner's paycheck withheld in the harshest cases.<a href="#cite_note-134"> <span>[</span> 134 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In 2018, artist and entertainer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West">Kanye West</a> advocated for repealing the Thirteenth Amendment's exception for penal labor in a meeting with President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>, calling the exception a "trap door".<a href="#cite_note-135"> <span>[</span> 135 <span>]</span> </a> In late 2020, Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a> (D-OR) and Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacy_Clay">William Lacy Clay</a> (D-MO) introduced a resolution to create a new amendment to close this loophole.<a href="#cite_note-136"> <span>[</span> 136 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-137"> <span>[</span> 137 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Judicial interpretation</h2></p>
<p>In contrast to the other "Reconstruction Amendments", the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law. As historian Amy Dru Stanley summarizes, "beyond a handful of landmark rulings striking down debt peonage, flagrant involuntary servitude, and some instances of race-based violence and discrimination, the Thirteenth Amendment has never been a potent source of rights claims."<a href="#cite_note-138"> <span>[</span> 138 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-139"> <span>[</span> 139 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Black slaves and their descendants</h3></p>
<p><i>United States v. Rhodes</i> (1866),<a href="#cite_note-140"> <span>[</span> 140 <span>]</span> </a> one of the first Thirteenth Amendment cases, tested the constitutionality of provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that granted blacks redress in the federal courts. Kentucky law prohibited blacks from testifying against whites—an arrangement which compromised the ability of Nancy Talbot ("a citizen of the United States of the African race") to reach justice against a white person accused of robbing her. After Talbot attempted to try the case in federal court, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled this federal option unconstitutional. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Swayne">Noah Swayne</a> (a Supreme Court justice sitting on the Kentucky Circuit Court) overturned the Kentucky decision, holding that without the material enforcement provided by the Civil Rights Act, slavery would not truly be abolished.<a href="#cite_note-141"> <span>[</span> 141 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-142"> <span>[</span> 142 <span>]</span> </a> With <i>In Re Turner</i> (1867), Chief Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> ordered freedom for Elizabeth Turner, a former slave in Maryland who became indentured to her former master.<a href="#cite_note-143"> <span>[</span> 143 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyew_v._United_States">Blyew v. United States</a></i>, (1872)<a href="#cite_note-144"> <span>[</span> 144 <span>]</span> </a> the Supreme Court heard another Civil Rights Act case relating to federal courts in Kentucky. John Blyew and George Kennard were white men visiting the cabin of a black family, the Fosters. Blyew apparently became angry with sixteen-year-old Richard Foster and hit him twice in the head with an ax. Blyew and Kennard killed Richard's parents, Sallie and Jack Foster, and his blind grandmother, Lucy Armstrong. They severely wounded the Fosters' two young daughters. Kentucky courts would not allow the Foster children to testify against Blyew and Kennard. Federal courts, authorized by the Civil Rights Act, found Blyew and Kennard guilty of murder. The Supreme Court ruled that the Foster children did not have standing in federal courts because only living people could take advantage of the Act. In doing so, the Courts effectively ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not permit a federal remedy in murder cases. Swayne and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a> dissented, maintaining that in order to have meaningful effects, the Thirteenth Amendment would have to address systemic racial oppression.<a href="#cite_note-145"> <span>[</span> 145 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The <i>Blyew</i> case set a precedent in state and federal courts that led to the erosion of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment powers. The Supreme Court continued along this path in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> (1873), which upheld a state-sanctioned monopoly of white butchers. In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876), the Court ignored Thirteenth Amendment dicta from a circuit court decision to exonerate perpetrators of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_massacre">Colfax massacre</a> and invalidate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tsesis66-113"> <span>[</span> 113 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JudgeJMHarlan.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JudgeJMHarlan.jpg/220px-JudgeJMHarlan.jpg"></img></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> became known as "The Great Dissenter" for his minority opinions favoring powerful Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.<a href="#cite_note-146"> <span>[</span> 146 <span>]</span> </a>
<p>The Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery; it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations.<a href="#cite_note-OntiverosDrexler20130721-147"> <span>[</span> 147 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-20200719NCCGreeneMcAward-148"> <span>[</span> 148 <span>]</span> </a> As the U.S. Supreme Court explicated in the Slaughter-House Cases with respect to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fifteenth</a> Amendment, and the Thirteenth Amendment in particular:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Undoubtedly while negro slavery alone was in the mind of the Congress which proposed the thirteenth article, it forbids any other kind of slavery, now or hereafter. If Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie labor system shall develop slavery of the Mexican or Chinese race within our territory, this amendment may safely be trusted to make it void. And so if other rights are assailed by the States which properly and necessarily fall within the protection of these articles, that protection will apply, though the party interested may not be of African descent. But what we do say, and what we wish to be understood is, that in any fair and just construction of any section or phrase of these amendments, it is necessary to look to the purpose which we have said was the pervading spirit of them all, the evil which they were designed to remedy, and the process of continued addition to the Constitution, until that purpose was supposed to be accomplished, as far as constitutional law can accomplish it.<a href="#cite_note-149"> <span>[</span> 149 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>In the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883),<a href="#cite_note-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883-150"> <span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span> </a> the Supreme Court reviewed five consolidated cases dealing with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a>, which outlawed racial discrimination at "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement". The Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not ban most forms of racial discrimination by non-government actors. In the majority decision, Bradley wrote (again in non-binding dicta) that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to attack "badges and incidents of slavery". However, he distinguished between "fundamental rights" of citizenship, protected by the Thirteenth Amendment, and the "social rights of men and races in the community".<a href="#cite_note-152"> <span>[</span> 152 <span>]</span> </a> The majority opinion held that "it would be running the slavery argument into the ground to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to guests he will entertain, or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car; or admit to his concert or theatre, or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business."<a href="#cite_note-153"> <span>[</span> 153 <span>]</span> </a> In his solitary dissent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> (a Kentucky lawyer who changed his mind about civil rights law after witnessing organized racist violence) argued that "such discrimination practiced by corporations and individuals in the exercise of their public or quasi-public functions is a badge of servitude, the imposition of which congress may prevent under its power."<a href="#cite_note-154"> <span>[</span> 154 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The Court in the <i>Civil Rights Cases</i> also held that appropriate legislation under the amendment could go beyond nullifying state laws establishing or upholding slavery, because the amendment "has a reflex character also, establishing and decreeing universal civil and political freedom throughout the United States" and thus Congress was empowered "to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883-150"> <span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span> </a> The Court stated about the amendment's scope:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This amendment, as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Fourteenth</a>, is undoubtedly self-executing, without any ancillary legislation, so far as its terms are applicable to any existing state of circumstances. By its own unaided force and effect, it abolished slavery and established universal freedom. Still, legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it, and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit. And such legislation may be primary and direct in its character, for the amendment is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883-150"> <span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>Attorneys in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)<a href="#cite_note-155"> <span>[</span> 155 <span>]</span> </a> argued that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation">racial segregation</a> involved "observances of a servile character coincident with the incidents of slavery", in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment. In their brief to the Supreme Court, Plessy's lawyers wrote that "distinction of race and caste" was inherently unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-156"> <span>[</span> 156 <span>]</span> </a> The Supreme Court rejected this reasoning and upheld state laws enforcing segregation under the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_but_equal">separate but equal</a>" doctrine. In the (7–1) majority decision, the Court found that "a statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races—a distinction which is founded on the color of the two races and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color—has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races, or reestablish a state of involuntary servitude." Harlan dissented, writing: "The thin disguise of 'equal' accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, nor, atone for the wrong this day done."<a href="#cite_note-158"> <span>[</span> 158 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>
In <i>Robertson v. Baldwin</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_165">165</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/165/275/">275</a> (1897) the Court laid out the scope and exceptions of the Thirteenth Amendment: </p><blockquote>
<p>The prohibition of slavery in the Thirteenth Amendment is well known to have been adopted with reference to a state of affairs which had existed in certain states of the Union since the foundation of the government, while the addition of the words "involuntary servitude" were said, in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i>, 16 Wall. 36, to have been intended to cover the system of Mexican peonage and the Chinese coolie trade, the practical operation of which might have been a revival of the institution of slavery under a different and less offensive name. It is clear, however, that the amendment was not intended to introduce any novel doctrine with respect to certain descriptions of service which have always been treated as exceptional, such as military and naval enlistments, or to disturb the right of parents and guardians to the custody of their minor children or wards. The amendment, however, makes no distinction between a public and a private service. To say that persons engaged in a public service are not within the amendment is to admit that there are exceptions to its general language, and the further question is at once presented, where shall the line be drawn? We know of no better answer to make than to say that services which have from time immemorial been treated as exceptional shall not be regarded as within its purview.<a href="#cite_note-159"> <span>[</span> 159 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges_v._United_States">Hodges v. United States</a></i> (1906),<a href="#cite_note-160"> <span>[</span> 160 <span>]</span> </a> the Court struck down a federal statute providing for the punishment of two or more people who "conspire to injure, oppress, threaten or intimidate any citizen in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States". A group of white men in Arkansas conspired to violently prevent eight black workers from performing their jobs at a lumber mill; the group was convicted by a federal grand jury. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal statute, which outlawed conspiracies to deprive citizens of their liberty, was not authorized by the Thirteenth Amendment. It held that "no mere personal assault or trespass or appropriation operates to reduce the individual to a condition of slavery." Harlan dissented, maintaining his opinion that the Thirteenth Amendment should protect freedom beyond "physical restraint".<a href="#cite_note-161"> <span>[</span> 161 <span>]</span> </a> <i>Corrigan v. Buckley</i> (1922) reaffirmed the interpretation from <i>Hodges</i>, finding that the amendment does not apply to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_covenant">restrictive covenants</a>.
</p>
<p>Enforcement of federal civil rights law in the South created numerous peonage cases, which slowly traveled up through the judiciary. The Supreme Court ruled in <i>Clyatt v. United States</i> (1905) that peonage was involuntary servitude. It held that although employers sometimes described their workers' entry into contract as voluntary, the servitude of peonage was always (by definition) involuntary.<a href="#cite_note-162"> <span>[</span> 162 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_v._Alabama">Bailey v. Alabama</a></i> the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding that the Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery, it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations.<a href="#cite_note-OntiverosDrexler20130721-147"> <span>[</span> 147 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-20200719NCCGreeneMcAward-148"> <span>[</span> 148 <span>]</span> </a> In addition to the aforesaid the Court also ruled on Congress enforcement power under the Thirteenth Amendment. The Court said:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The plain intention [of the amendment] was to abolish slavery of whatever name and form and all its badges and incidents; to render impossible any state of bondage; to make labor free, by prohibiting that control by which the personal service of one man is disposed of or coerced for another's benefit, which is the essence of involuntary servitude. While the Amendment was self-executing, so far as its terms were applicable to any existing condition, Congress was authorized to secure its complete enforcement by appropriate legislation.<a href="#cite_note-163"> <span>[</span> 163 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p><h4 ><i>Jones</i> and beyond</h4></p>
<p>Legal histories cite <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i> (1968) as a turning point of Thirteen Amendment jurisprudence.<a href="#cite_note-Tsesis3-164"> <span>[</span> 164 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-165"> <span>[</span> 165 <span>]</span> </a> The Supreme Court confirmed in <i>Jones</i> that Congress may act "rationally" to prevent private actors from imposing "badges and incidents of servitude".<a href="#cite_note-Tsesis3-164"> <span>[</span> 164 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell20151022-166"> <span>[</span> 166 <span>]</span> </a> The Joneses were a black couple in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri">St. Louis County, Missouri</a>, who sued a real estate company for refusing to sell them a house. The Court held:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Congress has the power under the Thirteenth Amendment rationally to determine what are the badges and the incidents of slavery, and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation. ... this Court recognized long ago that, whatever else they may have encompassed, the badges and incidents of slavery—its "burdens and disabilities"—included restraints upon "those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right ... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a>, 109 U. S. 3, 109 U. S. 22.<a href="#cite_note-167"> <span>[</span> 167 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Just as the Black Codes, enacted after the Civil War to restrict the free exercise of those rights, were substitutes for the slave system, so the exclusion of Negroes from white communities became a substitute for the Black Codes. And when racial discrimination herds men into ghettos and makes their ability to buy property turn on the color of their skin, then it too is a relic of slavery.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Negro citizens, North and South, who saw in the Thirteenth Amendment a promise of freedom—freedom to "go and come at pleasure" and to "buy and sell when they please"—would be left with "a mere paper guarantee" if Congress were powerless to assure that a dollar in the hands of a Negro will purchase the same thing as a dollar in the hands of a white man. At the very least, the freedom that Congress is empowered to secure under the Thirteenth Amendment includes the freedom to buy whatever a white man can buy, the right to live wherever a white man can live. If Congress cannot say that being a free man means at least this much, then the Thirteenth Amendment made a promise the Nation cannot keep.<a href="#cite_note-168"> <span>[</span> 168 <span>]</span> </a></p></blockquote>
<p>The Court in <i>Jones</i> reopened the issue of linking racism in contemporary society to the history of slavery in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-169"> <span>[</span> 169 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The <i>Jones</i> precedent has been used to justify Congressional action to protect migrant workers and target sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-170"> <span>[</span> 170 <span>]</span> </a> The direct enforcement power found in the Thirteenth Amendment contrasts with that of the Fourteenth, which allows only responses to institutional discrimination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_actor">state actors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171"> <span>[</span> 171 <span>]</span> </a> The Supreme Court in <i>Jones</i> stated with respect to the reach of the Thirteenth Amendment: "The Thirteenth Amendment "is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States." <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i>, 109 U. S. 3, 109 U. S. 20. It has never been doubted, therefore, "that the power vested in Congress to enforce the article by appropriate legislation," <i>ibid.</i>, includes the power to enact laws "direct and primary, operating upon the acts of individuals, whether sanctioned by State legislation or not." <i>Id.</i> at 109 U. S. 23."<a href="#cite_note-172"> <span>[</span> 172 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h3 >Other cases of involuntary servitude</h3></p>
<p>The Supreme Court has taken an especially narrow view of involuntary servitude claims made by people not descended from black (African) slaves. In <i>Robertson v. Baldwin</i> (1897), a group of merchant seamen challenged federal statutes which criminalized a seaman's failure to complete their contractual term of service. The Court ruled that seamen's contracts had been considered unique from time immemorial, and that "the amendment was not intended to introduce any novel doctrine with respect to certain descriptions of service which have always been treated as exceptional." In this case, as in numerous "badges and incidents" cases, Justice Harlan authored a dissent favoring broader Thirteenth Amendment protections.<a href="#cite_note-173"> <span>[</span> 173 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Draft_Law_Cases">Selective Draft Law Cases</a></i>,<a href="#cite_note-174"> <span>[</span> 174 <span>]</span> </a> the Supreme Court ruled that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States">military draft</a> was not "involuntary servitude". In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Kozminski">United States v. Kozminski</a></i>,<a href="#cite_note-Koz-175"> <span>[</span> 175 <span>]</span> </a> the Supreme Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not prohibit compulsion of servitude through psychological coercion.<a href="#cite_note-176"> <span>[</span> 176 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-177"> <span>[</span> 177 <span>]</span> </a> <i>Kozminski</i> defined involuntary servitude for purposes of criminal prosecution as "a condition of servitude in which the victim is forced to work for the defendant by the use or threat of physical restraint or physical injury or by the use or threat of coercion through law or the legal process. This definition encompasses cases in which the defendant holds the victim in servitude by placing him or her in fear of such physical restraint or injury or legal coercion."<a href="#cite_note-Koz-175"> <span>[</span> 175 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Courts_of_Appeals">U.S. Courts of Appeals</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediato_v._Rye_Neck_School_District">Immediato v. Rye Neck School District</a></i>, <i>Herndon v. Chapel Hill</i>, and <i>Steirer v. Bethlehem School District</i>, have ruled that the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service">community service</a> as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-178"> <span>[</span> 178 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Prior proposed Thirteenth Amendments</h2></p>
<p>During the six decades following the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment two proposals to amend the Constitution were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Neither has been ratified by the number of states necessary to become part of the Constitution. Each is referred to as <i>Article Thirteen</i>, as was the successful Thirteenth Amendment, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution">joint resolution</a> passed by Congress.
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment">Titles of Nobility Amendment</a> (pending before the states since May 1, 1810) would, if ratified, strip <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States">citizenship</a> from any United States citizen who accepts a title of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility">nobility</a> or honor from a foreign country without the consent of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-179"> <span>[</span> 179 <span>]</span> </a></li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> (pending before the states since March 2, 1861) would, if ratified, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenched_clause">shield</a> "domestic institutions" of the states (in 1861 this was a common euphemism for slavery) from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution">constitutional amendment process</a> and from abolition or interference by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-AmendmentsNotRatified-180"> <span>[</span> 180 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-Foner—2010——158-181"> <span>[</span> 181 <span>]</span> </a></li></ul>
<p><h2 >See also</h2></p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_unfree_labor_in_the_United_States">History of unfree labor in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state">History of slavery in the United States by state</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution">List of amendments to the United States Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)">Marriage of enslaved people (United States)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Freedom_Day">National Freedom Day</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> in the United Kingdom</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law">United States labor law</a></li></ul>
<p><h3 >Films</h3></p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_(film)"><i>13th</i></a>, a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth Amendment</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(film)">Lincoln</a></i>, 2012 film</li></ul>
<p><h2 >References</h2></p>
<p><h3 >Citations</h3></p>
<ol>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html">"13th Amendment"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell University Law School. November 20, 2012 <span>. Retrieved <span>November 30,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span>Kenneth M. Stampp (1980). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6I87GxnOBEC&amp;pg=PA85"><i>The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199878529">9780199878529</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#Allain2012">Allain, 2012</a>, pp. 116-117</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#Allain2012">Allain, 2012</a>, pp. 119-120</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 14.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——20&amp;ndash;22_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, pp. 20–22</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vile_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Vile, John R., ed. (2003). "Thirteenth Amendment". <i>Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 449–52.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——123_8-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——123_8-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, p. 123</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——59_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, p. 59</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gathering-storm-secession-crisis">"The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. April 4, 2017 <span>. Retrieved <span>July 4,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/">"The Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration <span>. Retrieved <span>June 27,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span>Lind, Michael, <i>What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President</i> (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-3073-0">1-4000-3073-0</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3073-6">978-1-4000-3073-6</a>. Chapter Six <i>Race and Restoration</i>, pp. 205-212.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPherson—1988——558_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson, 1988</a>, p. 558</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 48–51.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span>Leonard L. Richards, <i>Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment</i> (2015) <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/">excerpt</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=129">"James Ashley"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i>. Ohio Historical Society.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span>Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-SocietyCommission1901_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Michigan State Historical Society (1901). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx0zAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA582"><i>Historical collections</i></a>. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 582 <span>. Retrieved <span>December 5,</span> 2012</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://13thamendment.harpweek.com/hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05ProposalPassage">"Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage"</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107164011/http://13thamendment.harpweek.com/hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05ProposalPassage">Archived</a> November 7, 2006, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Harpers Weekly</i>, <i>The Creation of the 13th Amendment</i>, Retrieved Feb 15, 2007</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nworder.asp">"Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787"</a>. <i>Avalon Project</i>. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School <span>. Retrieved <span>February 17,</span> 2014</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAward_McCulloch_25-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAward_McCulloch_25-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAward_McCulloch_25-2"><i><b>c</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAward_McCulloch_25-3"><i><b>d</b></i></a></span> <span>McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">"<i>McCulloch</i> and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1769–1809. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708164">41708164</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf">Pdf.</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0380134">"Voteview | Plot Vote: 38th Congress &gt; Senate &gt; 134"</a>. <i>voteview.com</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>January 7,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——686_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, p. 686</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——624&amp;ndash;25_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, pp. 624–25</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——299_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, p. 299</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——639_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, p. 639</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179–180. Benedict quotes Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Davis">Garrett Davis</a>: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in <i><a href="https://archive.org/stream/greatdebatesina17millgoog/greatdebatesina17millgoog_djvu.txt">Great Debates in American History</a></i> (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colbert,_1995_p._10_34-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colbert,_1995_p._10_34-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10–11.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span>tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). <a href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol39/iss2/1">"Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 180. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3478033">10.2307/3478033</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a>Â <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478033">3478033</a>. <i>It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state". It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly</i><span ></span> <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >permanent dead link</span> </a></i>]</span> <a href="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3446&amp;context=californialawreview">Preview.</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-TreleaseXvii_38-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TreleaseXvii_38-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Trelease, <i>White Terror</i> (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 203.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?298113-1/reputation-abraham-lincoln">"The Reputation of Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i>C-SPAN.org</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;14_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, pp. 312–14</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donald—1996——396_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald, 1996</a>, p. 396</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span>Willis, John C. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329015755/http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html">"Republican Party Platform, 1864"</a>. University of the South. Archived from <a href="http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2013 <span>. Retrieved <span>June 28,</span> 2013</span> . Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html">"1864: The Civil War Election"</a>. <i>Get Out the Vote</i>. Cornell University. 2004 <span>. Retrieved <span>June 28,</span> 2013</span> . Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——686&amp;ndash;87_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, pp. 686–87</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 176–177, 180.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 178.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;13_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, pp. 312–13</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——687_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, p. 687</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——687&amp;ndash;689_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, pp. 687–689</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donald—1996——554_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald, 1996</a>, p. 554</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict <span>Â </span> ... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin—2005——688_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin, 2005</a>, p. 688</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), pp. 191–192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or <i>any</i> textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Kasson">John A. Kasson</a> denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), pp. 197–198.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery. <span>'</span> "</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/38-2/h480">"TO PASS S.J. RES. 16. (P. 531-2)"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——313_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, p. 313</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——314_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, p. 314</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPherson—1988——840_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1988">McPherson, 1988</a>, p. 840</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208175447/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&amp;fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&amp;recNum=0">"Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress"</a>. <i>The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress</i>. Series 3. General Correspondence. 1837–1897. February 1, 1865. Archived from <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&amp;fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&amp;recNum=0">the original</a> on February 8, 2022.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span>Thorpe, <i>Constitutional History</i> (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution. <span>'</span> "</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span>Thorpe, <i>Constitutional History</i> (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span>Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(film)">Lincoln</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span>Harrison (2001), <i>Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments</i>, p. 390.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> (1965). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori"><i>The Oxford History of the American People</i></a></span> . Oxford University Press. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori/page/710">710</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394–397.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span>Eric L. McKitrick (1960). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqL8lmT74HEC&amp;pg=PA178"><i>Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction</i></a>. U. Chicago Press. p. 178. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195057072">9780195057072</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span>Clara Mildred Thompson (1915). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ"><i>Reconstruction in Georgia: economic, social, political, 1865–1872</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ/page/n162">156</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg (2001), <i>Final Freedom</i>, pp. 227–228.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vorenberg,_2001_p._229_76-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vorenberg,_2001_p._229_76-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Vorenberg (2001), <i>Final Freedom</i>, p. 229.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span>Du Bois (1935), <i>Black Reconstruction</i>, p. 208.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span>Thorpe (1901), <i>Constitutional History</i>, p. 210.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis (2004), <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30_80-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30_80-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>U.S. Government Printing Office, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, SENATE DOCUMENT No. 112–9 (2013). <a href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf">"The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s"</a> <span>(PDF)</span> . p. 30 <span>. Retrieved <span>February 17,</span> 2014</span> .<span ></span> <span>{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web">cite web</a>}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list">link</a>)</span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=013/llsl013.db&amp;recNum=803">Seward certificate</a> proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-V32_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg (2001), <i>Final Freedom</i>, p. 232.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span>Kocher, Greg (February 23, 2013). <a href="https://archive.today/20140220035343/http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html">"Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery—111 years late"</a>. <i>Lexington Herald-Leader</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2014 <span>. Retrieved <span>February 17,</span> 2014</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mississippi13thAmendmentABCNews_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Ben Waldron (February 18, 2013). <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/">"Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment"</a>. ABC News. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2013 <span>. Retrieved <span>April 23,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span>Greene, Jamal; Mason McAward, Jennifer. <a href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137#:~:text=The%201865%20ratification%20of%20the,in%20the%20southern%20United%20States.">"Constitutional Law. Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>National Constitution Center</i>. <b>55</b>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1071811">10.2307/1071811</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a>Â <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1071811">1071811</a> <span>. Retrieved <span>July 4,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span>Lowell Harrison &amp; James C. Klotter, <i>A New History of Kentucky</i>, University Press of Kentucky, 1997; p. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&amp;pg=PA180">180</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813126210">9780813126210</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forehand82_87-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forehand82_87-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Forehand, "Striking Resemblance" (1996), p. 82.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span>Hornsby, Alan, ed. (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB3rQefP8wQC&amp;q=%22thirteenth+amendment%22+Delaware+hundred&amp;pg=PA139">"Delaware"</a>. <i>Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573569767">9781573569767</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span>Neil P. Chatelain (July 10, 2018). <a href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2018/07/10/beyond-the-13th-amendment-ending-slavery-in-the-indian-territory/">"Beyond the 13th Amendment: Ending Slavery in the Indian Territory"</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 17 &amp; 34.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">"The Thirteenth Amendment"</a>, <i>Primary Documents in American History</i>, Library of Congress. Retrieved Feb 15, 2007</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span>Nelson, William E. (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMCXjRyyKTQC&amp;q=thirteenth+amendment+%22three+fifths%22&amp;pg=PA46"><i>The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 47. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674041424">9780674041424</a> <span>. Retrieved <span>June 6,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gries_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span>J. J. Gries to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction">Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a>, quoted in Du Bois, <i>Black Reconstruction</i> (1935), p. 140.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span>Du Bois, <i>Black Reconstruction</i> (1935), p. 188.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span>Quoted in Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), p. 244.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span>Trelease, <i>White Terror</i> (1971), p. xviii. "The truth seems to be that, after a brief exulation with the idea of freedom, Negroes realized that their position was hardly changed; they continued to live and work much as they had before."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stromberg111_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Stromberg, "A Plain Folk Perspective" (2002), p. 111.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novak2_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Novak, <i>Wheel of Servitude</i> (1978), p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 51–52.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), pp. 230–231. "The black codes were a violation of freedom of contract, one of the civil rights that Republicans expected to flow from the amendment. Because South Carolina and other states anticipated that congressional Republicans would try to use the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw the codes, they made the preemptive strike of declaring in their ratification resolutions that Congress could not use the amendment's second clause to legislate on freed people's civil rights."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span>Benjamin Ginsberg, <i>Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag during Radical Reconstruction</i>; Johns Hopkins Press, 2010; pp. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44uF943aw18C&amp;pg=PA44">44</a>–46.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 51.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span>Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom</i> (2001), pp. 233–234.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, "<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/01mar/dubois2.htm">The Freedmen's Bureau</a>", <i>The Atlantic</i>, March 1901.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 50–51. "Blacks applied to local provost marshalls and Freedmen's Bureau for help against these child abductions, particularly in those cases where children were taken from living parents. Jack Prince asked for help when a woman bound his maternal niece. Sally Hunter requested assistance to obtain the release of her two nieces. Bureau officials finally put an end to the system of indenture in 1867."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span>Forehand, "Striking Resemblance" (1996), p. 99–100, 105.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsesis66_113-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsesis66_113-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 66–67.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 56–57, 60–61. "If the Republicans had hoped to gradually use Section <span> </span> 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment to pass Reconstruction legislation, they would soon learn that President Johnson, using his veto power, would make increasingly more difficult the passage of any measure augmenting the power of the national government. Further, with time, even leading antislavery Republicans would become less adamant and more willing to reconcile with the South than protect the rights of the newly freed. This was clear by the time Horace Greely accepted the Democratic nomination for president in 1872 and even more when President Rutherford B. Hayes entered the Compromise of 1877, agreeing to withdraw federal troops from the South."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span>Tobias Barrington Wolff (May 2002). <a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&amp;context=faculty_scholarship">"Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>102</b> (4). p. 981 in 973-1050. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123649">10.2307/1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a>Â <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123649">1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a>Â <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155279033">155279033</a>. Peonage was a system of forced labor that depended upon the indebtedness of a worker, rather than an actual property right in a slave, as the means of compelling work. A prospective employer would offer a laborer a "loan" or "advance" on his wages, typically as a condition of employment, and then use the newly created debt to compel the worker to remain on the job for as long as the employer wished.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff982b_116-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff982b_116-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Wolff (2002). <a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&amp;context=faculty_scholarship">"The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>102</b> (4). p. 982(?). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123649">10.2307/1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a>Â <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123649">1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a>Â <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155279033">155279033</a>. Not surprisingly, employers used peonage arrangements primarily in industries that involved hazardous working conditions and very low pay. While black workers were not the exclusive victims of peonage arrangements in America, they suffered under its yoke in vastly disproportionate numbers. Along with Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation and public facilities, these laws helped to restrict the movement of freed black workers and thereby keep them in a state of poverty and vulnerability.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span>Wolff (May 2002). <a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&amp;context=faculty_scholarship">"The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>102</b> (4). p. 982. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123649">10.2307/1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a>Â <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123649">1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a>Â <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155279033">155279033</a>. Legally sanctioned peonage arrangements blossomed in the South following the Civil War and continued into the twentieth century. According to the Professor Jacqueline Jones, 'perhaps as many as one-third of all [sharecropping farmers] in Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia were being held against their will in 1900.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span>Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (May 2002), p. 982. "It did not recognize a property right in a human being (a peon could not be sold in the manner of a slave); and the condition of peonage did not work 'corruption of blood' and travel to the children of the worker. Peonage, in short, was not chattel slavery. Yet the practice unquestionably reproduced many of the immediate practical realities of slavery—a vast underclass of laborers, held to their jobs by force of law and threat of imprisonment, with few if any opportunities for escape."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1638.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span>Soifer, "Prohibition of Voluntary Peonage" (2012), p. 1617.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1616.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1619–1621.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1626–1628.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1629, 1635.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1668.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span>Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights", pp. 1680–1683.</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-howe_127-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howe_127-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howe_127-2"><i><b>c</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howe_127-3"><i><b>d</b></i></a></span> <span>Howe, Scott (2009). <a href="http://arizonalawreview.org/howe/">"Slavery as Punishment: Original Public Meaning, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, and the Neglected Clause in the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Law_Review">Arizona Law Review</a></i>. <b>51</b> (4): 983 <span>. Retrieved <span>December 28,</span> 2017</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span>Radde, Kaitlyn (November 17, 2022). <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137398039/louisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate">"Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a></i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria">Beccaria, Cesare</a> (1764). <a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/beccaria-an-essay-on-crimes-and-punishments"><i>On Crimes and Punishments</i></a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span>Weiss, Robert P. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMmlCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=history%2520of%2520hard%2520labor&amp;pg=PT565">"Hard Labor"</a>. In Bosworth, Mary (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities</i>. SAGE Publications. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506320397">9781506320397</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeoma_Ajunwa">Ajunwa, Ifeoma</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Onwuachi-Willig">Onwuachi-Willig, Angela</a> (2018). <a href="https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1291&amp;context=faculty_scholarship">"Combating Discrimination Against the Formerly Incarcerated in the Labor Market"</a>. <i>Northwestern University Law Review</i>. <b>112</b> (6): 1407 <span>. Retrieved <span>February 24,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span>Benns, Whitney (September 21, 2015). <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/">"American Slavery, Reinvented"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-econprison_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21718897-idaho-prisoners-roast-potatoes-kentucky-they-sell-cattle-prison-labour">"Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span>Chandra Bozelko (January 11, 2017). <a href="https://archive.today/20230306155743/https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/01/prison-labor-laws-wages/">"Give Working Prisoners Dignity—and Decent Wages"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review">National Review</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/443747/prison-labor-laws-wages-make-it-close-slavery">the original</a> on March 6, 2023.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span>Nilsen, Ella (October 11, 2018). <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/10/11/17964558/kanye-west-donald-trump-white-house-13th-amendment">"Kanye West's meeting with President Trump turned into an extended rant on mental health and the 13th Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>October 27,</span> 2018</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span>Axelrod, Tal (December 2, 2020). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914012602/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/528448-democrats-introduce-legislation-to-close-slavery-loophole-in-13th-amendment/">"Democrats introduce legislation to strike slavery exception in 13th Amendment"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. Archived from <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/528448-democrats-introduce-legislation-to-close-slavery-loophole-in-13th-amendment">the original</a> on September 14, 2022 <span>. Retrieved <span>December 4,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span>Jeff Merkley and William Lacy Clay Lacy. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920015858/https://www.merkley.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/The%20Abolition%20Amendment%20Text.pdf">"116th Congress 2nd Session Joint Resolution The Abolition Amendment by Senator Jeff Merkley (D-Oregon) and Representative William Lacy Clay Lacy Clay (D-Missouri)"</a> <span>(PDF)</span> . <i>www.merkley.senate.gov</i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.merkley.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/The%20Abolition%20Amendment%20Text.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on September 20, 2022 <span>. Retrieved <span>March 6,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span>Amy Dru Stanley (June 2010). "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>115</b> (3): 735.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_L._Karst">Kenneth L. Karst</a> (January 1, 2000). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328142003/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002519.html">"Thirteenth Amendment (Judicial Interpretation)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the American Constitution</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002519.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2015 <span>. Retrieved <span>June 16,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819124410/http://www.scribd.com/doc/20825887/United-States-v-Rhodes-27-f-Cas-785-1866">"United States v Rhodes, 27 f Cas 785 (1866)"</a>. August 19, 2011. Archived from <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/20825887/United-States-v-Rhodes-27-f-Cas-785-1866">the original</a> on August 19, 2011.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 62–63.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span>Seth P. Waxman (2000). <a href="http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/287/">"Twins at Birth: Civil Rights and the Role of the Solicitor General"</a>. <i>Indiana Law Journal</i>. <b>75</b>: 1302–1303.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 63–64.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span>80 U.S. 581 (1871)</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 64–66.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span>Waskey, Andrew J. (December 6, 2011). "John Marshall Harlan". In Wilson, Steven Harmon (ed.). <i>The U.S. Justice System: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 547. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-305-7">978-1-59884-305-7</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-OntiverosDrexler20130721_147-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OntiverosDrexler20130721_147-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="http://lawblog.usfca.edu/lawreview/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/A52.pdf">Maria L. Ontiveros, Professor of Law, University of San Francisco School of Law, and Joshua R. Drexler, J.D. Candidate, May 2008, University of San Francisco School of Law (July 21, 2008), <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and Access to Education for Children of Undocumented Workers: A New Look at Plyler v. Doe'</i>; Publisher: University of San Francisco Law Review, Volume 42, Spring 2008, Pages 1045–1076; here page 1058-1059. The article was developed from a working paper prepared for the roundtable, "The Education of All Our Children: The 25th Anniversary of Plyler v. Doe", sponsored by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity &amp; Diversity (University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law), held on May 7, 2007.</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003732/http://lawblog.usfca.edu/lawreview/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/A52.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-20200719NCCGreeneMcAward_148-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20200719NCCGreeneMcAward_148-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Jamal Greene (Dwight Professor of Law at Columbia Law School); ennifer Mason McAward (Associate Professor of Law and Director of Klau Center for Civil and Human Rights at the University of Notre Dame Law School). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715203156/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137">"Common Interpretation: The Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constitution_Center">National Constitution Center</a>. Archived from <a href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137">the original</a> on July 15, 2020 <span>. Retrieved <span>July 19,</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span>The Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (36 Wall.), at 72 (1873)</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883_150-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883_150-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_Rights_Cases_1883_150-2"><i><b>c</b></i></a></span> <span>Text of <i>Civil Rights Cases</i>, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) is available from: <span>Â </span> <a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&amp;court=US&amp;vol=109&amp;page=3">Findlaw</a> <span>Â </span> <span>Â </span> <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/109/3/case.html">Justia</a> <span>Â </span> <span>Â </span> <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?109+3">LII</a> <span>Â </span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 70.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZ5RAAAAYAAJ"><i>Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year ...</i></a> D. Appleton &amp; Company. 1888. p. 132 <span>. Retrieved <span>June 11,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_163">163</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/163/537/">537</a> (1896)</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 76.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span><i>Robertson v. Baldwin</i>, 165 U.S. 275 (1897), at 282.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span>203 U.S. <span>Â </span> 1 (1906)</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 79–80.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span>Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (2002), p. 983.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span>Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219, 241 (1910).</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsesis3_164-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsesis3_164-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 3. "After Reconstruction, however, a series of Supreme Court decisions substantially diminished the amendment's significance in achieving genuine liberation. The Court did not revisit the amendment's meaning until 1968, during the heyday of the Civil Rights Movement. In <i>Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer</i>, the Court found that the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended unrecompensed, forced labor but that its second section also empowered Congress to develop legislation that is 'rationally' related to ending any remaining 'badges and incidents of servitude'."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span>Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell20151022_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/392/409">"Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 (1968)"</a>. Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School <span>. Retrieved <span>October 22,</span> 2015</span> . Syllabus: "[T]he badges and incidents of slavery that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to eliminate included restraints upon those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right ... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i>, 09 U.S. 3, 22. Insofar as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges_v._United_States">Hodges v. United States</a></i>, 203 U.S. 1, suggests a contrary holding, it is overruled." Footnote 78: "[W]e note that the entire Court [in the Civil Rights Cases; content added] agreed upon at least one proposition: the Thirteenth Amendment authorizes Congress not only to outlaw all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, but also to eradicate the last vestiges and incidents of a society half slave and half free by securing to all citizens, of every race and color, the same right to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens. ... The conclusion of the majority in <i>Hodges</i> rested upon a concept of congressional power under the Thirteenth Amendment irreconcilable with the position taken by every member of this Court in the Civil Rights Cases and incompatible with the history and purpose of the Amendment itself. Insofar as Hodges is inconsistent with our holding today, it is hereby overruled." <span></span> <span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span>'<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a><i>, 392 U.S. 409 (1968)</i></span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span>Shay, Alison (June 17, 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013303/https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/06/17/remembering-jones-v-alfred-h-mayer-co/">"Remembering Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co"</a>. <i>Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement</i>. Archived from <a href="https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/06/17/remembering-jones-v-alfred-h-mayer-co/">the original</a> on September 28, 2013.<span ></span> "</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span>Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 3–4.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), p. 3. "The Court's holding in <i>Jones</i> enables Congress to pass statutes against present-day human rights violations, such as the trafficking of foreign workers as sex slaves and the exploitation of migrant agricultural workers as peons."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span>Tsesis, <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom</i> (2004), pp. 112–113. "... <span> </span> the Thirteenth Amendment remains the principal constitutional source requiring the federal government to protect individual liberties against arbitrary private and public infringements that resemble the incidents of involuntary servitude. Moreover, the Thirteenth Amendment is a positive injunction requiring Congress to pass laws to that end, while the Fourteenth Amendment is 'responsive' to 'unconstitutional behavior'."</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520172457/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/409/">"Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), at 438"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justia">Justia US Supreme Court Center</a>. Archived from <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/409/">the original</a> on May 20, 2023 <span>. Retrieved <span>May 20,</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span>Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (2002), p. 977.</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_245">245</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/245/366/">366</a> (1918)</span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koz_175-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koz_175-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487">487</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/931/">931</a> (1988)</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/html/amdt13.html">"Thirteenth Amendment—Slavery and Involuntary Servitude"</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211032034/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/html/amdt13.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2007, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GPO Access, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1557</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span>Risa Goluboff (2001), "The 13th Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights", <i>Duke Law Journal</i>, Vol 50, no. 228, p. 1609</span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span>Loupe, Diane (August 2000). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515145925/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JSD/is_7_57/ai_77204744/pg_8/">"Community Service: Mandatory or Voluntary?—Industry Overview"</a>. <i>School Administrator</i>: 8. Archived from <a href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JSD/is_7_57/ai_77204744/pg_8/">the original</a> on May 15, 2011.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span>Mark W. Podvia (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&amp;q=%22Titles+of+Nobility%22+1810&amp;pg=PA739">"Titles of Nobility"</a>. In David Andrew Schultz (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution</i>. Infobase. pp. 738–39. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126777">9781438126777</a>.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmendmentsNotRatified_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702135703/http://www.house.gov/house/Amendnotrat.shtml">"Constitutional Amendments Not Ratified"</a>. United States House of Representatives. Archived from <a href="http://www.house.gov/house/Amendnotrat.shtml">the original</a> on July 2, 2012 <span>. Retrieved <span>November 21,</span> 2013</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner—2010——158_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner, 2010</a>, p. 158</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p><h3 >Bibliography</h3></p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Allain">Allain, Jean</a>, ed. (2012). <a href="https://archive.org/details/legalunderstandi0000unse/mode/2up"><i>The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199660469">978-0199660469</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Belz, Herman (1978). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/emancipationequa0000belz"><i>Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era</i></a></span> . New York: W. W. Norton.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Benedict, Michael L. (2011). <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol71/iss1/9/">"Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>Maryland Law Review</i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 163–188.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Blackmon, Douglas A. (March 25, 2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/slaverybyanother00blac_0"><i>Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385506250">9780385506250</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://archive.org/details/slaverybyanother00blac_0">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Colbert, Douglas L. (Winter 1995). <a href="http://harvardcrcl.org/archive/">"Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights-Civil_Liberties_Law_Review">Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>: 1–55.<span ></span> <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >permanent dead link</span> </a></i>]</span> </li>
<li>Cramer, Clayton E. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/blackdemographic00clay"><i>Black Demographic Data, 1790–1860: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313302435">9780313302435</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Donald, David Herbert (1996). <i>Lincoln</i>. Simon &amp; Schuster. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684825359">9780684825359</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC">Preview.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois">Du Bois, W.E.B.</a> (1935). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct0000dubo"><i>Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880' <span></span> </i></a></span> . New York: Russell &amp; Russell. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317424">317424</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2010). <i>The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery</i>. W. W. Norton. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393066180">9780393066180</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=earytjxi6pEC">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Forehand, Beverly (1996). <a href="http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/868/"><i>Striking Resemblance: Kentucky, Tennessee, Black Codes and Readjustment, 1865–1866</i></a> (Masters thesis). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University">Western Kentucky University</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_L._Goluboff">Goluboff, Risa L.</a> (April 2001). <a href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&amp;context=dlj">"The Thirteenth Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Law_Journal">Duke Law Journal</a></i>. <b>50</b> (6). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law">Duke University School of Law</a>: 1609–1685. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1373044">10.2307/1373044</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373044">1373044</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&amp;context=dlj">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Goldstone, Lawrence (2011). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/inherentlyunequa0000gold"><i>Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865–1903</i></a></span> . Walker &amp; Company. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802717924">9780802717924</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3CTEefvbQUC">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good"><i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i></a></span> . Simon &amp; Schuster. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743270755">9780743270755</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONhhui9SRsMC">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Harrison, John (Spring 2001). <a href="http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5087&amp;context=uclrev">"The Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i>. <b>68</b> (2). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a>: 375–462. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1600377">10.2307/1600377</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600377">1600377</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Heriot, Gail &amp; Somin, Alison, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2891118">Sleeping Giant?: Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment, Hate Crimes Legislation, and Academia's Favorite New Vehicle for the Expansion of Federal Power</a>, 13 Engage 31 (October 2012).</li>
<li>Kachun, Mitch (2003). <i>Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915</i>.<span ></span> <a href="https://archive.org/details/festivalsoffreed0000kach">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Maltz, Earl M. (2009). <i>Slavery and the Supreme Court, 1825-1861</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700-61666-4">978-0700-61666-4</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://archive.org/details/slaverysupremeco0000malt">Preview.</a></li>
<li>McAward, Jennifer Mason (2010). <a href="http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol88/iss1/2/">"The scope of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment enforcement power after <i>City of Boerne v. Flores</i>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_Law_Review">Washington University Law Review</a></i>. <b>88</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Law">Washington University School of Law</a>: 77–147.<span ></span> <a href="http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&amp;context=law_lawreview">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Response to McAward:</i> Tsesis, Alexander (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=7&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>Maryland Law Review</i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 40–59. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1753224">1753224</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>Response to Tsesis:</i> McAward, Jennifer Mason (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=8&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis"</a>. <i>Maryland Law Review</i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 60–82. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2271791">2271791</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>McConnell, Joyce E. (Spring 1992). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem4&amp;div=23&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Beyond metaphor: battered women, involuntary servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Law_and_Feminism">Yale Journal of Law and Feminism</a></i>. <b>4</b> (2). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School">Yale Law School</a>: 207–253.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&amp;context=yjlf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>McPherson, James M. (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00mcph"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195038637">9780195038637</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Novak, Daniel A. (1978). <a href="https://archive.org/details/wheelofservitude00dani"><i>The Wheel of Servitude: Black Forced Labor after Slavery</i></a>. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813113717">0813113717</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Richards, Leonard L. (2015). <i>Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment</i>.<span ></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/">Excerpt.</a> Emphasis on the role of Congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley">James Ashley</a>.</li>
<li>Samito, Christian G., <i>Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment</i> (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Dru_Stanley">Stanley, Amy Dru</a> (June 2010). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.3.732">"Instead of waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: the war power, slave marriage, and inviolate human rights"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>115</b> (3). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Journals">Oxford Journals</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association">American Historical Association</a>: 732–765. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<span ><a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.3.732">10.1086/ahr.115.3.732</a></span> . <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.115.3.732">10.1086/ahr.115.3.732</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190412042254/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/115/3/732/41294?redirectedFrom=PDF">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). <a href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol39/iss2/1">"Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>39</b> (2). California Law Review, Inc. via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: 171–203. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3478033">10.2307/3478033</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478033">3478033</a>.<span ></span> <span>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><span >permanent dead link</span> </a></i>]</span> <a href="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3446&amp;context=californialawreview">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Newton_Thorpe">Thorpe, Francis Newton</a> (1901). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/constitutionalh00thorgoog">"The Constitutional History of the United States, vol. 3: 1861–1895"</a>. Chicago.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Trelease, Allen W. (1971). <span ><a href="https://archive.org/details/whiteterrorkuklu0000trel/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction</i></a></span> . New York: Harper &amp; Row. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807119532">9780807119532</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tsesis">Tsesis, Alexander</a> (2004). <i>The Thirteenth Amendment and American freedom: a legal history</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814782760">0814782760</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Vicino, Thomas J.; Hanlon, Bernadette (2014). <i>Global Migration The Basics</i>. Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134696871">9781134696871</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Vorenberg, Michael (2001). <i>Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i>. Cambridge: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a>Â <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428002">9781139428002</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore/page/n7/mode/2up">Preview.</a></li>
<li>Barrington Wolff, Tobias (May 2002). <a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&amp;context=faculty_scholarship">"The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>102</b> (4). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 973–1050. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123649">10.2307/1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123649">1123649</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155279033">155279033</a>.<span ></span> </li>
<li>Wood, Gordon S (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood"><i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195039146">9780195039146</a>.<span ></span> , <a href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood">Book</a></li></ul>
<p><b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>, special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Garber, Mark A. (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=5&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Foreword: Plus or minus one: the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 12–20.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3530&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Carter, William M. Jr. (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=6&amp;id=&amp;page=">"The Thirteenth Amendment, interest convergence, and the badges and incidents of slavery"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 21–39. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1932762">1932762</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3531&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Tsesis, Alexander (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=7&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 40–59. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1753224">1753224</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>McAward, Jennifer Mason (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=8&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 60–82. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2271791">2271791</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>McClain, Linda C. (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=9&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Involuntary servitude, public accommodations laws, and the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 83–162. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2188939">2188939</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3534&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Les_Benedict">Benedict, Michael Les</a> (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=10&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Constitutional politics, constitutional law, and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 163–188.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Pope, James Gray (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=11&amp;id=&amp;page=">"What's different about the Thirteenth Amendment, and why does it matter?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 189–202. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1894965">1894965</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3536&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Novkov">Novkov, Julie</a> (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=12&amp;id=&amp;page=">"The Thirteenth Amendment and the meaning of familial bonds"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 203–228.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3537&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Kersch, Ken I. (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=13&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Beyond originalism: conservative declarationism and constitutional redemption"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 229–282.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Zietlow, Rebecca E. I. (2011). <a href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&amp;div=14&amp;id=&amp;page=">"Conclusion: the political Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law#Publications">Maryland Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b> (1). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>: 283–294. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2000929">2000929</a>.<span ></span> <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3539&amp;context=mlr">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<p><b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>, special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>INTRODUCTION</i></li></ul>
<ul><li>Tsesis, Alexander (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024639/http://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/">"Into the light of day: relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment to contemporary law"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1447–1458. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708155">41708155</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015649/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1447-1458.pdf">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>PANEL I: THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT IN CONTEXT</i></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Levinson">Balkin, Jack M.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Balkin">Levinson, Sanford</a> (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030325/http://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/">"The dangerous Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1459–1499. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708156">41708156</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030331/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1459-1500.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Graber, Mark A. (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/">"Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1501–1549. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708157">41708157</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203113/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1501-1550.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Rutherglen, George (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063232/http://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/">"The Thirteenth Amendment, the power of Congress, and the shifting sources of civil rights law"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1551–1584. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708158">41708158</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021725/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1551-1584.pdf">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>PANEL II: RECONSTRUCTION REVISITED</i></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015834/http://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/">"The Supreme Court and the history of reconstruction—and vice-versa"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1585–1606. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708159">41708159</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015028/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1585-1606.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviam_Soifer">Soifer, Aviam</a> (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/">"Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1607–1639. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708160">41708160</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183615/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1607-1640.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Tsesis, Alexander (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128003532/http://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">"Gender discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1641–1695. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708161">41708161</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on November 28, 2014.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023921/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1641-1696.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>Zietlow, Rebecca E. (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023749/http://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/">"James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1697–1731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708162">41708162</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030329/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1697-1732.pdf">Pdf.</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i>PANEL III: THE LIMITS OF AUTHORITY</i></li></ul>
<ul><li>Greene, Jamal (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107063310/http://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism">"Thirteenth Amendment optimism"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). Columbia Law School: 1733–1768. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708163">41708163</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism/">the original</a> on January 7, 2015.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023919/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1733-1768.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li>McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">"<i>McCulloch</i> and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1769–1809. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708164">41708164</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> (link: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf">Pdf</a>)</li>
<li>Miller, Darrell A.H. (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063516/http://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom">"The Thirteenth Amendment and the regulation of custom"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1811–1854. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708165">41708165</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom/">the original</a> on November 17, 2015.<span ></span> (link: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063353/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Miller-D.A.H..pdf">Pdf</a>)</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>PANEL IV: CONTEMPORARY IMPLICATIONS</i></li></ul>
<ul><li>Carter, William M. Jr. (November 2012). "The Thirteenth Amendment and pro-equality speech". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1855–1881. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708166">41708166</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2166859">2166859</a>.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021729/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Carter-W.M..pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Delgado">Delgado, Richard</a> (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115164847/http://www.columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/">"Four reservations on civil rights reasoning by analogy: the case of Latinos and other Nonblack groups"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1883–1915. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708167">41708167</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/">the original</a> on January 15, 2013.<span ></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024114/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1883-1916.pdf">Pdf.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Koppelman">Koppelman, Andrew</a> (November 2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115140706/http://www.columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment">"Originalism, abortion, and the Thirteenth Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>112</b> (7). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School">Columbia Law School</a>: 1917–1945. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708168">41708168</a>. Archived from <a href="https://columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/">the original</a> on January 15, 2013.<span ></span> (link: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130128/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1917-1946.pdf">Pdf</a>)</li></ul>
<p><h2 >Further reading</h2></p>
<ul><li>Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. <i>Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation</i> (1993) <a href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=37435583">online</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816095051/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=37435583">Archived</a> August 16, 2011, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
<p><h2 >External links</h2></p>
<span > <span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png"></img></span> </span>
<span > <span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png"></img></span> </span>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt13toc_user.html">CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346710">Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040723201255/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/model_state_law.pdf">Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute—U.S. Dept of Justice</a></li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.sethkaller.com/freedomdocuments/13th-amendment/">Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln</a>"; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment.</li>
<li><a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&amp;fileName=013/llsl013.db&amp;recNum=803">Seward certificate</a> announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States</li>
<li><a href="http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/">When Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified?</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312092343/http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/">Archived</a> March 12, 2021, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2024 17:27:07 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Nigger Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster</title>
<link>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nigger</link>
<description><span ></span>
<span ></span>
<p>1</p>
<span></span>
<span> <span>offensive</span> ; <span>see usage paragraph below</span> </span>
<span>
<span>
<span> <span>—</span> <span>used as an insulting and contemptuous term for a Black person</span> </span> </span>
</span>
<p>2</p>
<span></span>
<span> <span>offensive</span> ; <span>see usage paragraph below</span> </span>
<span>
<span>
<span> <span>—</span> <span>used as an insulting and contemptuous term for a member of any dark-skinned race (see <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/race#h1"> <span>race</span> <span>entry</span> 1 <span>sense 1a</span> </a>)</span> </span> </span>
</span>
<p>3</p>
<span></span>
<span> <span>now often offensive</span> ; <span>see usage paragraph below</span> </span>
<span>
<span><strong>: </strong>a member of a class or group of people who are systematically subjected to discrimination and unfair treatment</span>
<span>it's time for somebody to lead all of America's <span>niggers</span> … all the people who feel left out of the political process</span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span>—</span> <img src="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dist-cross-dungarees/2024-09-11--13-43-44-ynhkf/images/svg/redesign/vi-mdash.svg"></img></span> Ron Dellums</span> </span> </span>
</span>
<span ></span>
<p>Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!</p>
<a href="https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/register/p1?refc=INLINE_DEF_MWU">Merriam-Webster unabridged</a></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2024 17:26:44 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>What it’s really like take a train across America, a visual diary - Washington Post</title>
<link>https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/interactive/2024/amtrak-train-travel-diary/</link>
<description><p>This summer, I was determined to<b> </b>take a train across the United States.</p>
<p>I started in Northern California, and over the course of 80 hours, 12 states and 3,397 miles, I meandered my way alongside deserts, forests, mountains, rivers; through coal plants, suburban backyards, vast cornfields, and the occasional Big American City — and ended in the very Biggest of them all, New York City.</p>
<p>Story continues below advertisement</p>
<p>This idea was not well-received among most of my friends.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/HHSO3UAT7NFMPGXAOHUTBLGM4I.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>Kind of. A truly transcontinental, coast-to-coast train does not exist. It requires at least two legs.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XQLS5VCRZJAHZAOOX5BLXD46BM.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>True. A sleeper car ticket across the country will set you back at least $1,000. And Amtrak’s labyrinthine dynamic pricing model can easily bump that up to a cool $2,000.</p>
<p>And most of all ...</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/AM3Q4K5B6JEV3G6ZVJF2QNEU5U.gif&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>But on a warm day in June, I stepped onto the California Zephyr, one of Amtrak’s long-haul Superliners, and began my voyage east.</p>
<p>Before I even made it to my roomette, I overheard a conversation that more or less answered that question: Why?</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/JEKHP3U2ANFXPNP6SCGIOJDJBI.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/HELGHRD2BVCTJAF3555BRPURVY.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/SA7EAAW2SNF7DGSMZ3XMUUMGEE.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>For my first leg from California to Chicago, I splurged on a roomette, the smaller of the two sleeper options.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/5KCAUEJERBAK5OQDO6KWP2GA7M.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>I did not spend much time in my roomette, aside from sleeping and an ill-fated attempt at yoga.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/QTGDWKJV2NDT3JW577QGI2BMC4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>That’s because the social hub of long-distance train travel was three cars down in the dining and observation cars.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/ZFLIIF3NTFDATHXWBYKGIF2HI4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/H22WPBSMEBG7LNGOJGETPPLWWE.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>When you book a sleeper room on an Amtrak train, you technically become a first-class passenger. And in true first-class fashion, you are served three meals a day in the dining car.</p>
<p>In the heyday of train travel, first-class dining served up some of the best food in the country. Menus from the mid-20th century boast dishes like Russian caviar, charbroiled steak and aged bourbon, all served on fine china with shiny silverware.</p>
<p>Today, the dining car is more utilitarian, offering entrees a few steps above airplane food. The china has been replaced with fancily molded plastic plates, but we did eat with real silverware. In a charming touch harking back to the golden days, each table is set with a white tablecloth and a vase of real roses.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/76EB65OUE5DMFLPKBEHC5XNVF4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>Dining is communal, and passengers are grouped in tables of four. Within hours of boarding the train, a friendly retired couple more or less adopted me, and over the next two days, we ate most of our meals together.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2PTMYYLHV5EVJBMFPTYYU5VXY4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>Toan and Maria had never been on a sleeper train before and were excited for a chance to see the country en route to Chicago.</p>
<p>They had come to the United States as refugees from Vietnam at age 30. Upon arrival, they quickly realized their work experience back home didn’t mean much to their new countrymen. So they moonlighted as dishwashers and collected odd jobs while getting their requisite degrees.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/TIK5PJQCLZF37NES4RGHULWUFA.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>The pair were now enjoying their well-deserved retirement, which included sampling Amtrak’s dessert menu.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/PZBNJY7ZFBFF7FR2KRYFCZWAUI.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
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<p>The observation car is where the magic happens.</p>
<p>Over the course of my time on the California Zephyr, I became acquainted with a cast of regulars. Among them were:</p>
<p>Robin, a teacher from Georgia who made it her goal to start and finish knitting a beanie on the train. (She succeeded!) At the end of the trip, she gave me a lifetime top-five hug.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MKFLGES2MFC3VEM6L6TYA4NEUM.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>Victor and David, an indefatigably friendly couple from D.C., who liked to refer to me as “fabulous†and “ah-MAY-zing.†Naturally, I enjoyed their company.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XXOLRHKALBDCPHFCPMVLZUCBCU.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>Doug, a Texan missionary with a slight hippie flair, who gave me fist bumps every morning.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/7ZOSSIQ7K5FFVE76D7IDDOADF4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>I also did my fair share of eavesdropping.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/BPWCD5OWBZBSVGSAAQARGVA5HU.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/A54XCBSTXBE7BLI7HBTLVLQRGQ.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/O6Z3PVTRX5AGNE4ZVJA7DXO7FA.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>But of course, the primary purpose of the observation car is to, well, observe.</p>
<p>Which I did.</p>
<p>At night, I fell asleep to the gentle rocking and muted whistles of the train.</p>
<p>Sometime in the middle of my first night on the Zephyr, we passed through the center of Utah.</p>
<p>It was here, 155 years ago, where the famed Golden Spike was driven into the earth by Leland Stanford, marking the completion of the country’s first transcontinental railroad (which technically did not run coast-to-coast, but from Omaha to Sacramento).</p>
<p>The railroad, lauded as one of the greatest achievements in U.S. history, also set the stage for an era of aggressive westward expansion, empire-building and the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2024/07/30/indian-boarding-schools-native-americans/?itid=lk_inline_enhanced-template">subjugation of Indigenous people</a>.</p>
<p>Our conductor, when providing a brief history of rail travel, recounted a railroad operator who would pause the train when it encountered a bison herd, encouraging passengers to disembark to shoot the animals (“kill the buffalo, kill the Indian†as the mantra went).</p>
<p>The famed first transcontinental railroad — that slow serpent winding through the middle of America — fell out of operation by 1904. Today, parts of those old rail tracks are used for freight.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/VCV5X52DRJDIVHTRZDTKEFY2QQ.jpg&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img> <img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/Q22J5W27URCFDDCJNJLE6FLFZ4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>The Colorado River is long. Somewhere in Utah, we sidle up against one of its tributaries, and then we follow it to the source. We then trace it up and up, into the Rocky Mountains.</p>
<p>To appreciate the true immensity of the Colorado River, its power, beauty and significance, you have to sit with it.</p>
<p>To ride alongside it for an entire day.</p>
<p>To follow the river as it slices and swells and shrinks.</p>
<p>The people in the Colorado River know that you, as a train-rider, are watching the scenery with rapt attention. And they like to have some fun at your expense.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NLVKTEPT7ZGTJNAQACEBFJX7RI.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/WJFHVP3QTNE7JBIFZEY5TMKOY4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>The California Zephyr terminates in Chicago, and I get off unsteadily, finding my land legs. Fifty-two hours after my journey began, I say my goodbyes to my new train friends and embark on the home stretch of my journey aboard the Lake Shore Limited.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XJLI3PQDGFHQTLW6MNPRDOAUW4.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>The remaining 20 hours to New York City take me through the old Great Lakes industrial corridor, along the Erie Canal and down the Hudson River.</p>
<p>This leg of my trip is decidedly less luxurious. For one, I’ve opted to ride in coach, which means no flat surface to overnight on — and, as I later find out, no access to the dining car. In addition, the Lake Shore Limited, like most trains on the East Coast, lacked an observation car.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/NH422FO4ZRD5PHFIHLNNPLUN4Y.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>Most train enthusiasts will recommend traveling across the country from east to west. I quickly understood why. Taking the California Zephyr before the Lake Shore Limited was like eating a scrumptious dessert before a much blander dinner.</p>
<p>I boarded the train at night and immediately tried to get some shut-eye. As it turns out, a coach seat is not very conducive to sleep. It is, however, quite conducive to overhearing your neighbor’s conversations … at <i>all</i> hours of the night.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/OUP764OINVDEJPLDBRFJKRQBOA.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/FMQ24AVELJEO7A4SRWCMU7NUNI.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/OS2CF7SBIBBPHLER5BKRROHD7I.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
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<p>The next day, after three or so hours of non-REM sleep, I headed to the cafe car (not to be confused with the vastly superior dining and observation cars). There, I spent the bulk of the day observing my fellow passengers and striking up various conversations.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/LEPMAOCVAVEQPM4RNXP2HRZXSE.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>By the time we pulled into Manhattan, the sun was setting. Warm orange light glanced off the Hudson River.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/YDOHUUAXCZB2VFVMCM7MSGXAWE.jpg&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=2048"></img>
<p>The buildings grew taller. The trees fewer.</p>
<p>Then, darkness.</p>
<p>Soon after, without fanfare, we pulled into the bowels of Penn Station.</p><img src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amazonaws.com/public/Y4PSLAHGERH73CZNQNDO5J6WMA.png&amp;high_res=true&amp;w=1920"></img>
<p>And with that, I gathered my things, and, having completed my three-and-a-half day journey from sea to shining sea, entered the warm New York night.</p>
<p>Story continues below advertisement</p><h5>About this story</h5>
<p>Editing and art direction by Hannah Good. Additional editing by Gabe Hiatt. Design, animations and development by Katty Huertas with support from Carson TerBush. Design editing by Christine Ashack. Copy editing by Jordan Melendrez.</p></description>
<pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 17:58:22 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/interactive/2024/amtrak-train-travel-diary/</guid>
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<title>Robert F. Kennedy Jr. tries to meet with Kamala Harris to discuss Cabinet job - The Washington Post</title>
<link>https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/08/14/rfk-jr-kamala-harris-cabinet-trump/</link>
<description><p>Independent presidential candidate <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/candidates/robert-kennedy-jr-2024/?itid=lk_inline_manual_2">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> sought a meeting last week with Democratic nominee <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/candidates/kamala-harris-2024/?itid=lk_inline_manual_2">Kamala Harris</a> to discuss the possibility of serving in her administration, perhaps as a Cabinet secretary, if he throws his support behind her campaign and she wins, according to Kennedy campaign officials.</p>
<p>Harris and her advisers have not responded with an offer to meet or shown interest in the proposal, say people familiar with the conversations.</p>
<p>The Kennedy outreach, made through intermediaries, follows <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/22/rfk-jr-floated-job-trump-white-house-he-weighed-endorsing-trump/?itid=lk_inline_manual_5">a meeting in Milwaukee last month</a> between Kennedy and Republican nominee <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/donald-trump/?itid=lk_inline_manual_5">Donald Trump</a> to discuss a similar policy role and endorsement that resulted in no agreement. In those discussions, Kennedy spoke about advising Trump in a second term on health and medical issues.</p>
<p>The independent candidate and namesake of the most famous American political dynasty is exploring multiple options for the future of his presidential effort, which has seen a decline in national polling since President <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/candidates/joe-biden-2024/?itid=lk_inline_manual_7">Joe Biden</a> dropped out of the race. His campaign has produced polling, which it has tried to share with Democrats, that it claims shows both Harris and Trump would get a boost in their public support across 31 states if either candidate announced publicly that Kennedy would have a Cabinet role in their administration.</p>
<p>At the moment, Kennedy says he is continuing to campaign with the expectation that he will defeat both Trump and Harris, making regular interview appearances, releasing an “<a href="https://www.kennedy24.com/kennedy_launches_vision_heal_america">America Strong†plan for bipartisan governance</a> and planning upcoming rallies in states such as Arizona and Nebraska. But he has also left open the possibility of bowing out of the race if he finds another way to bring about the change he seeks in the country, his advisers say.</p>
<p>“From the beginning of this campaign, we were saying people should be talking to each other,†Kennedy said Wednesday in an interview. “That is the only way of unifying the country.â€</p>
<p>Kennedy said he hopes Harris reconsiders his offer of a meeting. “I think it is a strategic mistake for them. That’s my perspective,†Kennedy said. “I think they ought to be looking at every opportunity. I think it is going to be a very close race.â€</p>
<p>After the initial publication of this story late Wednesday, Kennedy and his campaign confirmed the outreach to Harris to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/14/us/politics/rfk-jr-kamala-harris-cabinet-meeting.html">other</a> <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/14/politics/rfk-jr-harris-administration-role/index.html">news</a> <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rfk-jr-attempted-to-arrange-meeting-with-kamala-harris-sources-say/">organizations</a>. On Thursday morning, however, he dismissed the idea of endorsing Harris in a <a href="https://x.com/RobertKennedyJr/status/1824053188799889650">social media post</a>.</p>
<p>“VP Harris’s Democratic Party would be unrecognizable to my father and uncle and I cannot reconcile it with my values," he wrote, referring to former president John F. Kennedy and former New York Sen. Robert F. Kennedy. “I have no plans to endorse Kamala Harris for President. I do have a plan to defeat her.â€</p>
<p>The latest round of outreach follows earlier efforts to convince Democrats that Kennedy would make a better candidate on their ticket than Biden. Even after Kennedy left the Democratic nomination fight to pursue an independent campaign for president last November, his advisers continued to press the case privately that he could replace Biden as the Democratic nominee.</p>
<p>Amaryllis Fox Kennedy, the campaign manager and daughter-in-law to the candidate, argued in an April email to Democrats, obtained by The Washington Post, that Biden could not win the race. “As things are, Biden is going to lose. If Bobby were to drop out, Trump would win by an additional two states,†she wrote. “If Biden were to drop out, Trump would lose. Only Bobby can win this.â€</p>
<p>She argued that Democrats had to make sure a president is elected who could handle the responsibility of managing the nuclear arsenal. “I don’t want a president obsessed with the size of his crowds to be given that sacred charge. My bomb is bigger than your bomb is no path to peace,†she wrote. “Nor do I want to entrust my children’s lives to the alertness of a president who, despite honorable service and due to the natural toll of age, I wouldn’t leave babysitting my two-year-old while I went to the movies.â€</p>
<p>Democrats have for months attacked Kennedy because Timothy Mellon, a scion of a Pittsburgh banking family, is a top donor to both an independent group supporting Kennedy and a separate group supporting Trump.</p>
<p>“No one has any intention of negotiating with a MAGA-funded fringe candidate who has sought out a job with Donald Trump in exchange for an endorsement,†said Lis Smith, an adviser to the Democratic National Committee.</p>
<p>Kennedy’s campaign reached out this summer to Democratic intermediaries, including Hollywood talent agent Ari Emanuel and director Rob Reiner, in hopes of starting a dialogue with Democratic officials, according to people familiar with the effort who spoke on the condition of anonymity to describe private conversations. No meetings resulted. Representatives for Emanuel and Reiner did not respond to requests for comment.</p>
<p>One day after Biden had a disastrous performance in a June debate with Trump, Kennedy campaign staff contacted a relative of Airbnb founder Joe Gebbia in an effort to get a message to Ron Klain, a longtime Biden adviser who had recently been hired by Airbnb as chief legal adviser.</p>
<p>“The Dems should nominate Kennedy. He is the only candidate under consideration who can beat Trump,†the message read, according to a copy obtained by The Post. “Please give it some thought. Kennedy would win, the Dems would keep the White House, and Americans would avoid the Trump reprise that so many across this nation dread.â€</p>
<p>Klain said in a text message Wednesday that he heard secondhand that the Kennedy campaign was trying to reach him, but that he did not respond to the request.</p>
<p>A person who spoke on the condition of anonymity to describe the interaction spotted Kennedy at a hotel this week in West Palm Beach, Fla., not far from Trump campaign headquarters and Trump’s Florida home. Kennedy, in the interview Wednesday, declined to comment on whether he was in West Palm Beach or whether he has continued conversations with the Trump campaign.</p>
<p>Trump campaign advisers, who also spoke on the condition of anonymity to describe private conversations, said they are still in touch with Kennedy and his senior team, and some of the advisers are expecting Kennedy to drop out and endorse Trump. In his pitch to Trump in Milwaukee, he also discussed a Cabinet-level job.</p>
<p>Since Biden exited the race in July, Kennedy’s standing in national polls appears to have declined, suggesting that Harris has been able to attract some of his previous supporters. A Post average of national polls in July when Biden was still in the race showed Kennedy polling at about 9 percent. Since Biden dropped out of the race, the same average shows Kennedy polling at about 5 percent nationally.</p>
<p>Kennedy campaign officials believe that overall he is pulling support disproportionately from Trump at this point in the race, though there are state-by-state variations. Even if Kennedy did withdraw from the race and endorse one of the two candidates, his campaign believes there are states where he would not be able to remove his name from the ballot. Early voting in some states begins next month.</p>
<p>Kennedy said Wednesday that he had not had any contact with the Democratic Party since launching his campaign. The Democratic National Committee has launched an aggressive legal and political effort to diminish the appeal of Kennedy and other third-party contenders.</p>
<p>“The only contact I have with the DNC is them suing me through intermediaries,†Kennedy said.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 18 Aug 2024 15:59:23 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/08/14/rfk-jr-kamala-harris-cabinet-trump/</guid>
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<title>Russia–Ukraine War Takes New Shape as Surprise of Kursk Blitz Fades | The Epoch Times</title>
<link>https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/russia-ukraine-war-takes-new-shape-as-surprise-of-kursk-blitz-fades-5706403?&amp;src_src=goodeveningnoe&amp;src_cmp=gv-2024-08-16&amp;est=AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcukycRoazNPb77waqkVWHqB2xEwFaSoB2GCsO2xWzYN1E3q1%2F51AgDE%3D</link>
<description><p>Nine days into their surprise Kursk attack, Ukraine has claimed a 444-square mile swathe of Russian borderland.</p>
<p>Throughout history, military commanders and observers have tried to see through the hazy layers of imperfect or outright false information and deception in the chaos of the battlefield—to see through the fog of war.</p>
<p>When Ukrainian forces launched their foray into Russia’s western Kursk region last week, they brought the fog of war with them. That fog still surrounds many questions as the cross-border assault stretches into its second week, but the haze is starting to clear.</p>
<p>The initial Ukrainian attack, by many indicators, caught Russia by surprise. As those Ukrainian troops blitzed across the border on Aug. 6, they swept up large swathes of territory relative to the last two years of the war.</p>
<p>Responding to the Ukrainian assault, the defenders struggled at first to find their bearings. At least one early Russian attempt to stem the Ukrainian assault appears to have ended in disaster, with </p><a href="https://x.com/nexta_tv/status/1821816522320281947">reports</a>
<p> indicating a convoy of as many as 14 soft-skinned Russian troop transports drove into a nighttime ambush, sustaining heavy casualties.</p>
<p>Russian military leaders have suggested they are now regaining their composure. Speaking with the Russian state-owned TASS news agency on Wednesday, Major General Apti Alaudinov said the Ukrainian forces are no longer taking offensive actions in the Kursk front and are instead starting to dig in.</p><img src="https://www.theepochtimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.theepochtimes.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F08%2F08%2Fid5702378-2024-08-07T115600Z_1_LYNXMPEK760I6_RTROPTP_4_UKRAINE-CRISIS-RUSSIA-BORDER-LSedit-1200x900.jpg&amp;w=1200&amp;q=75"></img>A damaged house following what local authorities called a Ukrainian military strike in the town of Sudzha in the Kursk Region, Russia, in this image released on Aug. 6, 2024. (Acting Governor of Kursk Region Alexei Smirnov via Telegram/Reuters)
<p>The Epoch Times cannot independently verify battlefield claims made by either side.</p>
<p>Related Stories</p><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/us/blumenthal-graham-urge-more-us-and-nato-support-for-ukraine-5704806?ea_src=author_manual&amp;ea_med=related_stories"><img src="https://www.theepochtimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.theepochtimes.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F08%2F13%2Fid5705127-GettyImages-1423670436-LSedit-300x180.jpg&amp;w=3840&amp;q=75"></img></a><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/ukraine-can-use-canadian-military-equipment-inside-russia-ottawa-says-5706664?ea_src=author_manual&amp;ea_med=related_stories"><img src="https://www.theepochtimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.theepochtimes.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F08%2F15%2Fid5706666-Unknown-11-300x180.jpg&amp;w=3840&amp;q=75"></img></a>
<p>Six days into the offensive, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy </p><a href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/cilkom-spravedlivo-znishuvati-rosijskih-teroristiv-tam-de-vo-92585">reported</a>
<p> his forces had captured around 386 square miles inside the Kursk region. As of Thursday, Aug. 15, the Ukrainian military </p><a href="https://x.com/DefenceU/status/1824058815966232601">reported</a>
<p> they control about 444 miles of Kursk territory. If those Ukrainian claims are accurate, it suggests their initial momentum could indeed be fading.</p><h2>A Break From The Quagmire</h2>
<p>The early moments of the Kursk assault marked a tonal shift from how both sides have been fighting since late 2022.</p>
<p>Russian forces nearly reached the capital of Kyiv in north-central Ukraine as they launched a multi-pronged assault in the early weeks of their invasion. By April 2022, that initial Russian charge faltered. By June 2022, Russia’s northernmost forces had fallen back to the northeastern Ukrainian region of Kharkiv. Ukrainian forces then </p><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/russia-announces-troop-pullback-from-ukraines-kharkiv-area-4722813">retook hundreds of miles</a>
<p> of territory in Kharkiv in a month-long push beginning in September 2022.</p>
<p>This 2022 Kharkiv offensive marked the last major territorial swing of the first 2 1/2 years of the war. Ever since, the conflict largely shifted from a series of large-scale maneuvers to a grinding battle, in which Russian forces have had to mass large numbers of troops and resources to dislodge Ukrainian defenders a few city blocks or a few football fields at a time. While costly, this style of warfare has favored Russia, with more manpower and equipment to spare.</p><img src="https://www.theepochtimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.theepochtimes.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F03%2F04%2Fukrainian-service-member-1200x841.jpg&amp;w=1200&amp;q=75"></img>A Ukrainian service member is seen in a trench at a position outside the frontline town of Horlivka, in Donetsk region, Ukraine, on March 3, 2023. (Anna Kudriavtseva/Reuters)
<p>Ukrainian forces tried to regain momentum with a second major offensive in the summer of 2023 but </p><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/ukraine-liberates-key-town-of-robotyne-in-russia-occupied-east-5481861">failed to replicate the type of territorial swings</a>
<p> they accomplished the year prior in Kharkiv. Rather than continue to match force with force in an attritional battle, the Ukrainian decision last week to exploit Russia’s weakness in the Kursk region demonstrated that they can still wrest large swathes of territory from Russian control if they have an element of surprise.</p>
<p>On Thursday, deputy Pentagon press secretary Sabrina Singh </p><a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/3875565/deputy-pentagon-press-secretary-sabrina-singh-holds-a-press-briefing/">said</a>
<p> Russia appears to have diverted some of its troops from the frontline quagmire in eastern Ukraine. If accurate, it could give Ukraine some respite along the main front.</p>
<p>Since the initial Aug. 6 charge, Russian authorities have also chosen to </p><a href="https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/russias-belgorod-declares-federal-emergency-as-battles-rage-in-next-door-kursk-5706357">evacuate thousands of their civilians</a>
<p> from Kursk as well as Bryansk and Belgorod, getting those civilians out of the cross-fire of a potentially expanding Ukrainian cross-border campaign.</p>
<p>Retired U.S. Army Gen. Ben Hodges this week </p><a href="https://x.com/general_ben/status/1823742848560517478">praised</a>
<p> the Ukrainian operation and concluded Russia’s response has been “chaotic, panicked,†and “slow.â€</p>
<p>Debra Cagan, a senior adviser for the Atlantic Council’s Eurasia Center, said the Kursk offensive demonstrated Russia’s overconfidence in its intelligence and battlespace awareness.</p>
<p>“There’s this view that in the modern battlespace now, no one can do anything in secret anymore,†Cagan said during an Aug. 15 Atlantic Council panel discussion.</p>
<p>Cagan said the reported ambush on the convoy of Russian reinforcements heading to the Kursk border was emblematic of their hubris.</p>
<p>Still, Cagan warned pro-Ukraine observers not to fall into the same trap of underestimating their opponent.</p>
<p>“Not saying they’re almighty, but I don’t think anyone should be sucked into this chasm of thinking that all of a sudden the Russians are incredibly incompetent and they’re not going to be able to fight back at all,†Cagan warned.</p><h2>Ukraine’s Kursk Goal Remains a Mystery</h2>
<p>Ukraine’s moment of rapid advance in Kursk has led many to speculate on what it hopes to achieve. Zelenskyy and Ukraine’s military leadership have remained relatively aloof about their goals. The Ukrainian president didn’t formally </p><a href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/mi-znovu-doveli-sho-v-bud-yakij-situaciyi-ukrayinci-zdatni-d-92601">acknowledge</a>
<p> the cross-border attack until several days into the battle.</p>
<p>During the Thursday Atlantic Council panel discussion former Ukrainian Defense Minister Andriy Zagorodnyuk said the Kursk operation might’ve begun as a “raid,†implying a short foray into enemy territory and then a planned withdrawal. But, Zagorodnyuk said Ukrainian forces may have changed their plans and decided to hold ground in the Kursk region while they size up the Russian response.</p>
<p>The former Ukrainian defense minister, who held the position from August 2019 to March 2020, said the objective appears to be to force Russia to divert as many troops as possible from the main front to finally drive Ukrainian forces back to their side of the border. But this could change.</p>
<p>“If Russian generals decide not to divert the troops from the Ukrainian Front, then Ukraine will proceed further with the occupation. And of course, that occupation, politically and operationally, creates a massive problem for Russia,†Zagorodnyuk said.</p>
<p>Ukrainian presidential adviser Mykhailo Podolyak has suggested Ukraine may intend to hold onto parts of the Kursk region, to use as a bargaining chip in exchange for Ukrainian territory captured by Russia so far in the war.</p>
<p>“When will it be possible to conduct a negotiation process in a way that we can push [Russia] or get something from them? Only when the war is not going on according to their scenarios,†Podolyak said last week.</p>
<p>Michael DiMino, a public policy manager and fellow at Defense Priorities, was more skeptical of the idea Ukraine could hold land in Kursk long enough to trade it back to Russia in an eventual negotiation. If Ukrainian forces hope to keep their foothold inside Russia, DiMino said they’re going to need to open up a supply route to sustain their frontline troops.</p>
<p>“Ukraine is so, so short on manpower that most of the people that they’re adding to the military, they need to send them into fighting roles at the front,†DiMino continued. “There’s not a lot of bandwidth for a large support function right now in Ukrainian armed forces, and that is a huge problem if you’re going to go on the offensive.â€</p>
<p>Moreover, DiMino warned that the Ukrainians may have hurt themselves in the long run with the Kursk offensive.</p>
<p>“If these units get overextended and they get cut off, you know, potentially hundreds of kilometers behind enemy lines, that takes away a whole year’s worth of force generation that the Ukrainians tried to build by expanding the draft and getting more U.S. aid and, you know, trying to build some new brigades and divisions and things like that,†he said. “So they’re squandering that capability. And I think that, to me, is the big risk here.â€</p><img src="https://www.theepochtimes.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.theepochtimes.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F08%2F13%2Fid5704874-2024-08-08T073828Z_1_LYNXMPEK770A2_RTROPTP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-RUSSIA-BORDER-1-Enhanced-SR-OP-1200x675.jpg&amp;w=1200&amp;q=75"></img>A view shows what is said to be a Russian army strike on Ukrainian military hardware in the area bordering Ukraine in the Kursk Region, Russia, in this still image from video released on Aug. 7, 2024. (Russian Defence Ministry/Handout via Reuters)
<p>Whether they’re trying to maintain Ukraine’s element of surprise, or they’re struggling to see through the fog, the U.S. military has offered few additional insights into Ukraine’s plans in the Kursk region.</p>
<p>“It’s still too early to tell,†Singh </p><a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/3875565/deputy-pentagon-press-secretary-sabrina-singh-holds-a-press-briefing/">said</a>
<p> Thursday, as reporters asked how this Kursk operation would change the war.</p>
<p>“Throughout the department, we are engaging with the Ukrainians trying to get a better understanding of their objectives,†the Pentagon spokeswoman added.</p>
<p>“We’re going to continue to monitor, but I’m just going to have to leave it at that right now.â€</p>
<p><em>The Associated Press contributed to this article.</em></p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 17 Aug 2024 14:15:42 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Harris Energizes Democrats in Transformed Presidential Race | Pew Research Center</title>
<link>https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/08/14/harris-energizes-democrats-in-transformed-presidential-race/</link>
<description><h2 >Strong support for Harris is nearly 20 points higher than for Biden last month</h2>
<img src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/PP_24.08.13_W151_feature.jpg?w=640"></img>Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump at campaign rallies in late July. (Elijah Nouvelage/AFP and Brandon Bell, both via Getty images)
<p>Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ views of the 2024 presidential race and the candidates running.</p>
<p>For this analysis, we surveyed 9,201 adults – including 7,569 registered voters – from Aug. 5 to 11, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), a group of people recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses who have agreed to take surveys regularly. This kind of recruitment gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection. Surveys were conducted either online or by telephone with a live interviewer. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other factors. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/our-methods/u-s-surveys/the-american-trends-panel/">Read more about the ATP’s methodology</a>.</p>
<p>Here are the <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/PP_2024.8.14_harris-trump_questionnaire.pdf">questions used</a> for this report, the <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/PP_2024.8.14_harris-trump_TOPLINE.pdf">topline</a> and the <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/08/14/harris-trump-methodology/">survey methodology</a>.</p>
<p>Buoyed by growing Democratic enthusiasm, Vice President Kamala Harris is now in a virtual tie with former President Donald Trump in the presidential race.</p>
<a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/?attachment_id=184806"><img src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/PP_2024.8.14_harris-trump_0-01.png?w=310"></img></a>
<p>Among registered voters nationally, 46% say if the election were held today, they would support Harris, while 45% favor Trump and 7% back Robert F. Kennedy Jr. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/07/11/amid-doubts-about-bidens-mental-sharpness-trump-leads-presidential-race/">A month ago</a>, Trump held a 4 percentage point lead over Joe Biden (44% vs. 40%), who <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/07/23/joe-biden-public-opinion-and-his-withdrawal-from-the-2024-race/">withdrew from the presidential race</a> on July 21.</p>
<p>Most of Harris’ gains have come at the expense of Kennedy, whose support has declined by roughly half in the past month, from 15% to 7%. Yet there are clear signs that Harris has energized Democratic voters, according to a new Pew Research Center survey conducted Aug. 5-11 among 9,201 U.S. adults, including 7,569 registered voters.</p>
<p><strong>Harris’ strong support is on par with Trump’s. </strong>Among Harris’ supporters, 62% say they support her <em>strongly</em>, while 64% of Trump’s supporters back him strongly. Last month, just 43% of Biden supporters backed him strongly, compared with 63% of Trump supporters who supported the former president strongly.</p>
<p><strong>Both candidates’ supporters are motivated to vote this fall.</strong> Following the stunning events of the past month – including Biden’s withdrawal and the assassination attempt against Trump – supporters of both candidates are increasingly motivated to cast ballots this fall:</p>
<a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/?attachment_id=184807"><img src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/PP_2024.8.14_harris-trump_0-02.png?w=310"></img></a>
<ul>
<li>70% of Harris supporters say they are “extremely motivated†to vote. That compares with 63% of Biden supporters who were extremely motivated in early July, when he was still in the race.</li>
<li>72% of Trump supporters say they are extremely motivated, up from 63% last month.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Jump to <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/08/14/the-presidential-matchup-harris-trump-kennedy/">Chapter 1</a> for more on voters’ views of the presidential race.</em></p>
<p><strong>Harris performs better than Biden did across most demographic groups.</strong> While many of the demographic patterns in vote preferences echo the Biden-Trump matchup from July, Harris’ gains have been particularly pronounced among some traditionally Democratic-leaning groups. Among voters under 50, Harris’ support is 9 percentage points higher than Biden’s was in July. And among Black, Asian and Hispanic voters, Harris’ support is up at least 10 points compared with Biden’s.</p>
<p><em>For more on voting preferences among demographic groups, visit the </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1_xi4o9SgywkaUt_k7dbUFb0tw1YdWkh7UeLlz6nQMVM/edit?usp=sharing"><em>detailed tables</em></a><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong>Most Democrats are “happy†Harris is the Democratic candidate. </strong>Nearly nine-in-ten Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters (88%) say they are happy that Harris is the Democratic candidate for president in November. Close to half (48%) say they are <em>very</em> happy that Harris is the party’s candidate.</p>
<h3 >Other findings: Both Harris and Trump are viewed more favorably than a few months ago</h3>
<h4 >Harris’ favorability rises sharply among Democrats</h4>
<p>Both Harris and Trump are viewed more favorably than they were in May, with virtually all of the gains coming from members of their own party. Since then, Harris’ favorable rating has increased 8 points among all adults (from 36% to 44%), with an 18-point rise among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (from 65% to 83%).</p>
<p>Trump’s favorability is up more modestly overall, from 39% to 42%. About eight-in-ten Republicans and Republican leaners (79%) now view him favorably, up 5 points since May.</p>
<h4 >‘Double negatives’ decline</h4>
<p>In May, with Biden still in the race, a quarter of Americans had unfavorable opinions of both him and Trump. That was the highest share expressing negative views of both candidates <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/06/14/biden-trump-are-least-liked-pair-of-major-party-presidential-candidates-in-at-least-3-decades/">in surveys dating back to the 1988 presidential election</a>. Today, however, the share of these “double negatives†has fallen to 14%.</p>
<p><em>Jump to <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/08/14/how-americans-view-harris-trump-and-biden/">Chapter 2</a> for more on favorability ratings.</em></p></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Aug 2024 13:30:58 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Psalm 121 NASB - The LORD, the Keeper of Israel. - A - Bible Gateway</title>
<link>https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20121&amp;version=NASB</link>
<description><p>
New American Standard Bible (NASB)
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<p>Version
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<h3><span >The <span>Lord</span> , the Keeper of Israel.</span> </h3><h4> <span>A Song of Ascents.</span> </h4>
<p> <span> <span> <span>121Â </span> I will (<a href="#cen-NASB-16083A">A</a>)raise my eyes to (<a href="#cen-NASB-16083B">B</a>)the mountains;</span> </span>
<p> <span>From where will my help come?</span> <span >2Â My (<a href="#cen-NASB-16084C">C</a>)help <i>comes</i> from the <span>Lord</span> ,</span> <span>Who (<a href="#cen-NASB-16084D">D</a>)made heaven and earth.</span> <span >3Â He will not (<a href="#cen-NASB-16085E">E</a>)allow your foot to slip;</span> <span>He who (<a href="#cen-NASB-16085F">F</a>)watches over you will not slumber.</span> <span >4Â Behold, He who watches over Israel</span> <span>Will neither slumber nor sleep.</span> </p></p>
<p><span >5Â The <span>Lord</span> is your [<a href="#fen-NASB-16087a">a</a>](<a href="#cen-NASB-16087G">G</a>)protector;</span>
<p> <span>The <span>Lord</span> is your (<a href="#cen-NASB-16087H">H</a>)shade on your right hand.</span> <span >6Â The (<a href="#cen-NASB-16088I">I</a>)sun will not [<a href="#fen-NASB-16088b">b</a>]beat down on you by day,</span> <span>Nor the moon by night.</span> <span >7Â The <span>Lord</span> will [<a href="#fen-NASB-16089c">c</a>](<a href="#cen-NASB-16089J">J</a>)protect you from all evil;</span> <span>He will keep your soul.</span> <span >8Â The <span>Lord</span> will [<a href="#fen-NASB-16090d">d</a>](<a href="#cen-NASB-16090K">K</a>)guard your going out and your coming in</span> <span>(<a href="#cen-NASB-16090L">L</a>)From this time and forever.</span> </p></p>
<p>dropdown
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<p><h4>Bible Gateway Recommends</h4></p></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Aug 2024 01:39:29 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Heavy Metals, Including Lead, Found in Many Dark Chocolate Products - The New York Times</title>
<link>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/well/eat/dark-chocolate-heavy-metals.html</link>
<description><span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/well/eat">Eat</a></span> <span>|</span> <span>Scientists Keep Finding Heavy Metals in Dark Chocolate. Should You Worry?</span> <span>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/well/eat/dark-chocolate-heavy-metals.html</span>
<p>New research adds to the evidence that certain cocoa products contain lead and cadmium.</p><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/07/31/well/WELL-DARK-CHOCOLATE1/WELL-DARK-CHOCOLATE1-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale"></img> <span> <span>Credit...</span> <span><span >Getty Images</span> </span> </span>
<p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1366231/full">New research published Wednesday</a> found heavy metals in dark chocolate, the latest in a string of studies to raise concerns about toxins in cocoa products.</p>
<p>The researchers tested 72 dark chocolate bars, cocoa powders and nibs to see if they were contaminated with heavy metals in concentrations higher than those deemed safe by California’s Proposition 65, one of the nation’s strictest chemical regulations.</p>
<p>Among the products tested, 43 percent contained higher levels of lead than the law considers safe, and 35 percent had higher concentrations of cadmium. Both metals are considered toxic and have been associated with a range of health issues. The study did not name specific brands, but found that organic products were more likely to have higher concentrations. Products certified as “fair trade†did not have lower levels of heavy metals.</p>
<p>But on the whole, the levels were not so high that the average consumer should be concerned about eating dark chocolate in moderation, said Jacob Hands, the lead author on the paper and a medical student at George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences.</p>
<p>Nearly all of the chocolates contained less than the Food and Drug Administration’s reference limits for lead, which are less stringent than the California requirement. And while both cadmium and lead can carry significant health risks, it’s not clear at this point that eating a few squares of dark chocolate poses a risk to most healthy adults.</p>
<p>“Just the fact that it exists doesn’t necessarily mean immediately there’s going to be some terrible health consequence,†said Laura Corlin, an associate professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine who was not involved in the study.</p>
<p>But eating a lot of dark chocolate alongside other products known to contain heavy metals, like some seafoods, teas and spices, might add up to concerning levels.</p>
<p>“I wouldn’t be worried about someone who goes on a little bit of a dark chocolate craze and for a couple of weeks they’re adding dark chocolate to their shopping cart and eating it every night,†said Melissa Melough, an assistant professor of nutrition at the University of Delaware. “But if it’s truly a core part of your routine or you eat it in larger quantities, that’s what I’d worry about.â€</p>
<p>Pregnant women and very young children, who are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of heavy metals, should limit how much dark chocolate they consume, said Tewodros Rango Godebo, an assistant professor at the Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine who also <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38763644/">published a study on heavy metals in chocolates this month</a>. His research found that eating an ounce of dark chocolate each day poses no risks to healthy adults who are not pregnant.</p>
<p>The process of producing dark chocolate makes it particularly susceptible to contamination with these metals, because it contains more cocoa than milk chocolate does. Cocoa can become contaminated with cadmium and lead depending on where it’s grown and how it is handled and processed. The new study found that concentrations of heavy metals can vary widely from brand to brand, and even from bar to bar, Mr. Hands said.</p>
<p>While most of the bars had relatively low levels of lead, he said, two surpassed the F.D.A.’s limits for the metal.</p>
<p>Dr. Melough added that it’s possible that there are more products on the market with these high levels than the data suggest. </p>
<p>If you are concerned about the levels in a specific brand, As You Sow, a corporate responsibility nonprofit, <a href="https://www.asyousow.org/environmental-health/toxic-enforcement/toxic-chocolate#chocolate-tables">maintains a list</a> of cadmium and lead levels in many chocolate products. People who want to avoid heavy metals as much as possible may want to think about which bar they consume, Mr. Hands said, but they do not need to cut out the sweet altogether.</p>
<p>“It would be tragic for me if anybody stopped consuming dark chocolate on the basis of this,†he said.</p></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2024 14:23:04 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>MI5 could scrutinise Tommy Robinson funding and checks ‘may extend to Farage’</title>
<link>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/mi5-scrutinise-tommy-robinson-funding-nigel-farage-hffj9drjl</link>
<description><p>The security services will be looking “very carefully†at who has funded the far-right leader Tommy Robinson, a former MI6 officer has said, after fears were raised that Russia had stoked the riots in the UK.</p>
<p>Christopher Steele, a former head of the Russia desk, said organisations such as MI5 would be looking into the background of people seen to encourage rioting to check whether they had links to the Putin regime.</p>
<p>He said this could extend to elected politicians like Nigel Farage, who queried whether the Southport knife attacker might have been “known to the security servicesâ€.</p>
<p>“I think the security service will be looking very carefully at the instigators of these activities, including people like Tommy Robinson, even conceivably Nigel Farage, who incidentally <span> said that we were being misinformed by the government about Southport,†he told Times Radio.</span> </p>
<p>
<p>“They’ll be looking at things like their travel movements, who they’ve been in touch with, monetary transfers and so on, because that will reveal or not, as the case may be, a pattern of behaviour which can lead to some conclusions about the degree to which Russia has been interfering in this situation.â€</p>
<p>Steele, a counterintelligence specialist who worked for MI6 between 1987 and 2009, said it was “clear†that there had been some Russian involvement in stoking the riots, including <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/david-lammy-if-anyone-needs-to-integrate-its-the-far-right-xwcbq8lrx">false claims made on social media</a>. </p><img src="https://www.thetimes.com/imageserver/image/%2Fmethode%2Ftimes%2Fprod%2Fweb%2Fbin%2F0d05d2c7-72db-4cfd-854a-0fbf1513f397.jpg?crop=2500%2C1667%2C0%2C0"></img>
<p>People take part in a protest march through London, organised by Tommy Robinson</p>
<p>DAVID PARRY/PA</p>
<p>“The degree to which that’s happened and the effectiveness I think is still out for question,†he said.</p>
<p>“When you look at the original disinformation that surrounded the Southport killings, that does seem to have come from a Russian-linked website.â€</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/tommy-robinson-business-operations-rbxpvp3q2">The Sunday Times has reported that Robinson</a>, whose real name is Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, and his associates created a web of secretive companies which have made profits of more than £1.6 million without paying tax before filing for insolvency.</p>
<p>Robinson’s spokesman has complained about a “…false narrative perpetuated by mainstream media and politicians…†and referred to “inaccuracies†in reporting without specifying what they are. </p>
<p>Over the period in which the companies were formed, Robinson has become ever more prominent and well resourced and has used Twitter/X and <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/finnish-neo-nazi-shared-arson-manual-on-telegram-ahead-of-uk-riots-hkvdj5wn3">Telegraph, a Russia-founded messaging app</a> based in Dubai, to engage with supporters and raise donations in cash and cryptocurrency. </p>
<p>He has repeatedly been accused of stoking the <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/sir-keir-starmer-quelled-riots-hard-part-society-mwvplx035">far-right violence</a> of the past fortnight, with Yvette Cooper, the home secretary, calling him an “armchair thugâ€. </p>
<p> Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, said far-right groups were “unchristian†and their use of Christian imagery in the riots was an “outrageâ€.</p>
<p>Writing in The Guardian, Welby said the riots had been “<a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/i-went-home-to-middlesbrough-to-find-out-why-the-riots-happened-tvghpwxlq">detonated by lies</a> and fuelled by deliberate misinformation, spread quickly online by bad actors with malignant motivationsâ€. </p>
<p>“Let me say clearly now to Christians that they should not be associated with any far-right group — because those groups are unchristian,†he wrote.</p>
<p>“Let me say clearly now to other faiths, especially Muslims, that we denounce people misusing such imagery as fundamentally anti-Christian.â€</p></p></description>
<pubDate>Mon, 12 Aug 2024 11:38:45 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Real Pic of Crowd at Rally for Harris and Walz? | Snopes.com</title>
<link>https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/harris-walz-crowd/</link>
<description><h2>One X user commented, "You can tell it's photoshopped." </h2>
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<span>Claim:</span>
<p>
A photo authentically shows a crowd greeting Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris and vice presidential candidate Tim Walz at an Aug. 7, 2024, rally at Detroit Metro Airport.</p>
<span>Context</span>
<p>The image's origins are unknown. While other photos and videos depicted a similar scene and tools designed to detect artificial-intelligence (AI) software said the image was likely a real photo, there was no conclusive evidence to confirm the photo's authenticity. If it was real, it's possible that its lightening, shadows or filtering was digitally manipulated.</p>
<p>In early August, Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris and her running mate, Tim Walz, campaigned in several battleground states, including Michigan. Shortly after they landed for a rally in Detroit, many social media users <a href="https://x.com/RachelBitecofer/status/1821376403348017643">posted</a> what they claimed to be a photo from the event — an image that purportedly depicted a large crowd with Air Force 2 in the background.</p>
<p>In addition to X, the photo circulated on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/share/p/7SkXVpawsaFDRtxC/">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/millenials/comments/1en995i/harriswalz_2024_big_turn_out_blue_wave_incoming/">Reddit</a>. Several users seemed to believe the image was digitally altered (that is, someone took a real photo of the event and added or changed elements using software like Photoshop) or the product of <a href="https://www.snopes.com/articles/464595/artificial-intelligence-media-literacy/">artificial-intelligence (AI) software</a> (in other words, AI software created the image entirely). One user commented under an X post, "You can tell it's photoshopped."Â </p>
<p>The image's origins are unknown. In other words, we were unable to identify who first posted the image online. Without that source, there's no evidence to determine whether the photo is genuine, the product of digital software, or a combination of the two (an authentic photo with some editing to change brightness or add a filter, for instance).</p>
<p>Other photos and videos of the event depicted a similar scene — rows of Harris-Walz supporters gathered in front of Air Force 2.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, tools designed to detect artificial-intelligence (AI) software said it was likely a real photo. </p>
<p>However, if that was indeed the case, its possible that its brightness, shadows or coloring was digitally manipulated. </p>
<p>We will update this report when, or if, new information surfaces to confirm or deny the image's authenticity.</p>
<h2>What We Know About the Image</h2>
<p>In many AI-generated images, people appear to have nonhuman characteristics, such as extra or too-few fingers, or unrecognizable facial features. We didn't see that in the photo.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, we scanned the image through two online AI-detection tools. The first, <a href="https://app.gowinston.ai/image-detection">Winston AI Image Detector</a>, determined the image was "96% human" — or, that it was likely photographed by someone and not created using an AI-generation tool. The results were as follows: </p>
<img src="https://media-proxy.snopes.com/width/600?url=https://media.snopes.com/2024/08/ai_harris_plane.jpg"></img>
<p><strong>(Winston AI)</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://isitai.com/ai-image-detector/">Isitai.com</a>, another detection tool, described the image as "somewhat likely human generated," estimating a 58% chance that it's not AI. </p>
<img src="https://media-proxy.snopes.com/width/600?url=https://media.snopes.com/2024/08/ai_harris_plane_isitai.jpg"></img>
<p><strong>(isitai.com)</strong></p>
<p>To find the image's origin, we did a <a href="https://www.snopes.com/articles/400681/how-to-perform-reverse-image-searches/">reverse-image search</a>. Rachel Bitecofer, a political strategist, appeared to be one of the first social media accounts to share the image. She told Snopes she did not attend the event and she was "not sure" where she got the photo online.</p>
<p>We found photos that depicted a similar scene at the Detroit Metro Airport in The Associated Press' image archive. For example, an <a href="https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/search?query=Air%20Force%20Two%20with%20Democratic%20presidential%20nominee%20Vice%20President%20Kamala%20Harris%20and%20her%20running%20mate%20Minnesota%20Gov.%20Tim%20Walz%20aboard%20arrive%20for%20a%20campaign%20rally%20Wednesday,%20Aug.%207,%202024,%20in%20Romulus,%20Mich.%20&amp;mediaType=photo&amp;st=keyword">image by photojournalist Carlos Osorio shows</a> a similar angle of the crowd, though with different lightening. We reached out to the AP to get in contact with Osorio, who may have insight on whether the in-question image was a possible view of the event.</p>
<p>In the AP photos and <a href="https://x.com/da_wessel/status/1821313969505645023">other media</a>, a roof hangar gives a shadow over the crowd — in other words, part of the crowd that's closer to the aircraft is visible and the people underneath the roof are not as easy to see. Also, many supporters were recorded holding campaign signs, just like the in-question image.</p>
<p>Also, by zooming in on phone screens in the image, you can see what appears to be the plane and crowd — in other words, the phones seem to show people recording what's in front of them. In the image below, you can see the fin of the plane on the attendee's phone: </p>
<img src="https://media-proxy.snopes.com/width/600?url=https://media.snopes.com/2024/08/zoomed_in_harris_plane.jpg"></img>
<p><strong>(X user @RachelBitecofer)</strong></p>
<h4>Sources</h4>
<p>YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2p2nj9GtfgQ. Accessed 8 Aug. 2024.</p>
<p>AP. https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/search?query=Air%20Force%20Two%20with%20Democratic%20presidential%20nominee%20Vice%20President%20Kamala%20Harris%20and%20her%20running%20mate%20Minnesota%20Gov.%20Tim%20Walz%20aboard%20arrive%20for%20a%20campaign%20rally%20Wednesday,%20Aug.%207,%202024,%20in%20Romulus,%20Mich.%20&amp;mediaType=photo&amp;st=keyword. Accessed 8 Aug. 2024.</p>
<p>"Https://Isitai.Com/Ai-Image-Detector/." Is It AI?, https://isitai.com/ai-image-detector/. Accessed 8 Aug. 2024.</p>
<p>Login | Winston AI. https://app.gowinston.ai/login. Accessed 8 Aug. 2024.</p>
<p>Watson, Kathryn, and Caitlin Yilek. In First Rally with Walz, Harris Praises Him as Leader to Help Unite the Nation - CBS News. 7 Aug. 2024, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-philadelphia-rally/.</p>
<p>Busby, Mattha. "First Thing: Thousands Rally for Harris and Walz in Wisconsin and Michigan." The Guardian, 8 Aug. 2024. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/08/first-thing-thousands-rally-for-harris-and-walz-in-wisconsin-and-michigan.</p>
<p>Sean Eifert, Snopes' first newsroom summer intern, is a senior studying journalism in the E.W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University. </p>
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<title>Lee County School District testing out vape detectors in five schools</title>
<link>https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/lee-county/lee-county-school-district-testing-out-vape-detectors-in-five-schools</link>
<description><p>CAPE CORAL, Fla — The Lee County School District is testing out a vape detector pilot program in five schools. </p>
<p>Estero High School, Cape Coral High School, Fort Myers High School, Lexington Middle School and Caloosa Middle School are trying them out in the bathrooms. </p>
<p>"The vape detectors detect the vape chemicals in the air and notify administration," said Rachel Gould, director of student services for the southern part of the district. "The vape detector will constantly update to the change in chemicals in vapes."</p>
<p><b><i>Take a look at the detectors here:</i></b></p><span >
<p>Lee County School District testing out vape detectors in 5 schools</p>
</span>
<p>Once it's detected, the detector's technology will notify staff on their computer or an app.</p>
<p>Administration can look at cameras outside the bathrooms to see which student may have set off the detector. </p>
<p>The program is paid for by JUUL following a settlement for $5 million targeting kids in their ads. </p>
<p>"It's important. We need to make sure kids are following healthy habits and understanding what they're doing to themselves when they're vaping," Gould said. "This year we are giving schools a program so that students can learn about the harm of what vaping is doing to them, but also involving parents."</p>
<p>Each detector is $1,000 and the program is about $680,000 for the five schools. </p>
<p>"We need to support them and help them understand what it’s doing to them," Gould said. "Don’t vape at school. Don’t vape at all. It’s dangerous it’s not healthy for you and we want you to make better choices."</p>
<p>The district will look at the data to see if they plan to put detectors in other schools at later date.</p>
<p>Copyright 2024 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.</p>
<p>
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<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 17:17:13 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>VIDEO - JPMorgan Chase rolls out AI assistant powered by ChatGPT-maker OpenAI</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/09/jpmorgan-chase-ai-artificial-intelligence-assistant-chatgpt-openai.html</link>
<description><img src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/108018520-17232043501723204347-35747752529-1080pnbcnews.jpg?v=1723204349&amp;w=750&amp;h=422&amp;vtcrop=y"></img> <span></span> <span></span>
<p><span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/JPM/">JPMorgan Chase</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> has rolled out a generative artificial intelligence assistant to tens of thousands of its employees in recent weeks, the initial phase of a broader plan to inject the technology throughout the sprawling financial giant.</p>
<p>The program, called LLM Suite, is already available to more than 60,000 employees, helping them with tasks like writing emails and reports. The software is expected to eventually be as ubiquitous within the bank as the videoconferencing program Zoom, people with knowledge of the plans told CNBC.</p>
<p>Rather than developing its own AI models, JPMorgan designed LLM Suite to be a portal that allows users to tap external large language models — the complex programs underpinning generative AI tools — and launched it with ChatGPT maker OpenAI's LLM, said the people.</p>
<p>"Ultimately, we'd like to be able to move pretty fluidly across models depending on the use cases," <a href="https://www.jpmorganchase.com/about/leadership/teresa-heitsenrether">Teresa Heitsenrether</a>, JPMorgan's chief data and analytics officer, said in an interview. "The plan is not to be beholden to any one model provider."</p>
<p>Teresa Heitsenrether is the firm's chief data and analytics officer.</p>
<p>Courtesy: Joe Vericker | PhotoBureau</p>
<p>The move by JPMorgan, the largest U.S. bank by assets, shows how quickly generative AI has swept through American corporations since the arrival of ChatGPT in late 2022. Rival bank <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/MS/">Morgan Stanley</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> has already released a pair of OpenAI-powered tools for its financial advisors. And consumer tech giant <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/AAPL/">Apple</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> said in June that it was <a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/">integrating</a> OpenAI models into the operating system of hundreds of millions of its consumer devices, vastly expanding its reach.</p>
<p>The technology — hailed by some as the "<a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/jobs-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-cea961d5">Cognitive Revolution</a>" in which tasks formerly done by knowledge workers will be automated — could be as important as the advent of <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/08/jamie-dimon-says-ai-may-be-as-impactful-on-humanity-as-printing-press-electricity-and-computers.html">electricity</a>, the printing press and the internet, JPMorgan CEO <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/jamie-dimon/">Jamie Dimon</a> said in April.</p>
<p>It will likely "augment virtually every job" at the bank, Dimon said. JPMorgan had about 313,000 employees as of June.</p><h2>ChatGPT ban</h2>
<p>The bank is giving employees what is essentially OpenAI's ChatGPT in a JPMorgan-approved wrapper more than a year after it <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-22/jpmorgan-clamps-down-on-staff-s-use-of-ai-powered-chatgpt-bot?utm_medium=cpc_search&amp;amp;utm_campaign=NB_ENG_DSAXX_DSAXXXXXXXXXX_EVG_XXXX_XXX_COUSA_EN_EN_X_BLOM_GO_SE_XXX_XXXXXXXXXX&amp;amp;gad_source=1&amp;amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwtsy1BhD7ARIsAHOi4xZS33zbylyYizTOnM9AfoxcO0hIV2Jg_6HO8KyCC-nL2idpdxDEeooaAu_rEALw_wcB&amp;amp;gclsrc=aw.ds">restricted</a> employees from using ChatGPT. That's because JPMorgan didn't want to expose its data to external providers, Heitsenrether said.</p>
<p>"Since our data is a key differentiator, we don't want it being used to train the model," she said. "We've implemented it in a way that we can leverage the model while still keeping our data protected."</p>
<p>The bank has introduced LLM Suite broadly across the company, with groups using it in JPMorgan's consumer division, investment bank, and asset and wealth management business, the people said. It can help employees with writing, summarizing lengthy documents, problem solving using Excel, and generating ideas.</p>
<p>But getting it on employees' desktops is just the first step, according to Heitsenrether, who was promoted in 2023 to lead the bank's adoption of the red-hot technology.</p>
<p>"You have to teach people how to do <a href="https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering">prompt engineering</a> that is relevant for their domain to show them what it can actually do," Heitsenrether said. "The more people get deep into it and unlock what it's good at and what it's not, the more we're starting to see the ideas really flourishing."</p>
<p>The bank's engineers can also use LLM Suite to incorporate functions from external AI models directly into their programs, she said.</p><h2>'Exponentially bigger'</h2>
<p>JPMorgan has been working on traditional AI and machine learning for more than a decade, but the arrival of ChatGPT forced it to pivot.</p>
<p>Traditional, or narrow, AI performs specific tasks involving pattern recognition, like making predictions based on historical data. Generative AI is more advanced, however, and trains models on vast data sets with the goal of pattern creation, which is how human-sounding text or realistic images are formed.</p>
<p>The number of uses for generative AI are "exponentially bigger" than previous technology because of how flexible LLMs are, Heitsenrether said.</p>
<p>The bank is testing many cases for both forms of AI and has already put a few into production.</p>
<p>JPMorgan is using generative AI to create marketing content for social media channels, map out itineraries for clients of the <a href="https://www.frosch.com/a-chase-company/#:~:text=On%20May%202%2C%202022%2C%20JPMorgan,President%20%26%20CEO%2C%20Bryan%20Leibman.">travel agency</a> it acquired in 2022 and summarize meetings for financial advisors, she said.</p>
<p>The consumer bank uses AI to determine where to place new branches and ATMs by ingesting satellite images and in call centers to help service personnel quickly find answers, Heitsenrether said.</p>
<p>In the firm's global-payments business, which moves more than $8 trillion around the world daily, AI helps prevent hundreds of millions of dollars in fraud, she said.</p>
<p>But the bank is being more cautious with generative AI that directly touches upon the individual customer because of the risk that a chatbot gives bad information, Heitsenrether said.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the generative AI field may develop into "five or six big foundational models" that dominate the market, she said.</p>
<p>The bank is testing <a href="https://zapier.com/blog/best-llm/#number">LLMs</a> from U.S. tech giants as well as open source models to onboard to its portal next, said the people, who declined to be identified speaking about the bank's AI strategy.</p><h2>Friend or foe?</h2>
<p>Heitsenrether charted out three stages for the evolution of generative AI at JPMorgan.</p>
<p>The first is simply making the models available to workers; the second involves adding proprietary JPMorgan data to help boost employee productivity, which is the stage that has just begun at the company.</p>
<p>The third is a larger leap that would unlock far greater productivity gains, which is when generative AI is powerful enough to operate as autonomous <a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ai-agents">agents</a> that perform complex multistep tasks. That would make rank-and-file employees more like managers with AI assistants at their command.</p>
<p>The technology will likely empower some workers while displacing others, changing the composition of the industry in ways that are hard to predict.</p>
<p>Banking jobs are the most prone to automation of all industries, including technology, health care and retail, according to consulting firm <a href="https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/banking/generative-ai-banking">Accenture</a>. AI could boost the sector's profits by $170 billion in just four years, <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/C/">Citigroup</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> analysts said. Â </p>
<p>People should consider generative AI "like an assistant that takes away the more mundane things that we would all like to not do, where it can just give you the answer without grinding through the spreadsheets," Heitsenrether said.</p>
<p>"You can focus on the higher-value work," she said.</p>
<p><em>— CNBC's Leslie Picker contributed to this report.</em></p><h2>Don’t miss these insights from CNBC PRO</h2><img src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107378472-17089745761708974570-33489980204-1080pnbcnews.jpg?v=1708974575&amp;w=750&amp;h=422&amp;vtcrop=y"></img></description>
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<title>Free Speech is Under Siege in Starmer's UK</title>
<link>https://reclaimthenet.org/free-speech-is-under-siege-in-starmers-uk</link>
<description><p>The UK is currently experiencing a massive attack on free speech, spearheaded by new Prime Minister Keir Starmer, who is encouraging police to use the full force of controversial British laws to crack down on social media posts.</p>
<p>The push for more online censorship has spanned many years, and different governments in the UK have gained new momentum with the recent protests and riots.</p>
<p>Emboldened by the crisis, officials seem to be <a href="https://reclaimthenet.org/uk-riots-are-used-to-call-for-end-to-online-anonymity">using it to step up the already existing</a>, multi-year effort to get social media companies to “cooperate†with the authorities.</p>
<p>It has now emerged that the government in London has started <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/31919b4e-4a5a-4eba-ada7-88d3fec455f8">flagging content</a> it deems to be “misinformation†– but also something referred to as “concerning content.â€</p>
<p>X is among those who have been asked to remove posts which British officials consider to threaten the country’s national security; and while reports say Google, Meta, and TikTok are complying with these demands, X is said to be resisting them.</p>
<p>The accusations that social sites are “providing a platform for hate†while allegedly unaccountable for that is coming from cabinet members and MPs alike.</p>
<p>Science, Innovation, and Technology Secretary Peter Kyle has revealed that he and Home Secretary Yvette Cooper are working to get content they consider “harmful†removed from the internet.</p>
<p>Recent actions in the UK regarding the apprehension of individuals for disseminating “incorrect information†highlight a concerning trend that threatens the very core of free speech—a foundational pillar of Western democracies.</p>
<p>These developments suggest an alarming escalation in government and law enforcement involvement in regulating online speech, which traditionally enjoys broad protections under democratic norms.</p>
<p>The use of existing laws, such as the Public Order Act 1986, to arrest individuals for their online speech is deeply troubling to civil liberties groups.</p>
<p>While maintaining public order is a legitimate concern of the state, the broad application of these laws and combining accusations of “stirring racial hatred†with instances of alleged “misinformation†is supercharging an attack on free speech.</p>
<p>The introduction of the UK’s most recent censorship law, the “Online Safety Act†further complicates this, with supporters of censorship like Kyle, suggesting that the already-controversial act doesn’t go far enough.</p>
<p>As far as Kyle is concerned, he is looking for ways for the government to be able to control online speech to an even greater extent.</p>
<p>The primary catalyst appears to be the recent riots and social unrest following tragic incidents, like the knife attack in Southport.</p>
<p>Axel Rudakubana is an 18-year-old who has been charged with the murders of three young girls during a knife attack at a Taylor Swift-themed dance class in Southport, England. The victims were Bebe King, aged six, Elsie Dot Stancombe, aged seven, and Alice Dasilva Aguiar, aged nine. In addition to the murder charges, Rudakubana faces charges of attempted murder against a yoga class instructor, a businessman, and eight children, as well as possession of a kitchen knife with a curved blade.</p>
<p>Rudakubana was born in Cardiff to Rwandan parents and lived in Banks, Lancashire, England. UK police are alleging that early posts stating that Rudakubana was a Muslim have fueled online hatred and prosecutors are using claims of “misinformation.â€</p>
<p>Yet while those in the US may be familiar with false allegations being a civil matter, as the First Amendment largely protects citizens from criminal charges for such incidents; in the UK, where free speech is struggling, citizens don’t have the same protections under the current law.</p>
<p>In Cheshire, police have taken anti-lockdown campaigner Bernadette “Bernie†Spofforth into custody for allegedly spreading misleading information on social media about a suspect involved in the Southport killings. According to Cheshire police, she faces charges of inciting racial hatred and disseminating false information. Police allege that her actions are part of a broader issue of online misinformation sparking violence nationwide.</p>
<p>The controversy centers on a social media post attributed to Spofforth, in which she identified “Ali Al-Shakati†as the Southport suspect, describing him as an “asylum seeker who came to the UK by boat last year†and claiming he was under surveillance by MI6. The post ominously noted, “If this is true, then all hell is about the break loose.â€</p>
<p><img src="https://reclaimthenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/bt-e1723241570431a.jpg"></img></p>
<p>Chief Superintendent Alison Ross commented on the situation, saying, “We have all seen the violent disorder that has taken place across the UK over the past week, much of which has been fueled by malicious and inaccurate communications online. It’s a stark reminder of the dangers of posting information on social media platforms without checking the accuracy. It also acts as a warning that we are all accountable for our actions, whether that be online or in person.â€</p>
<p>Even the much-criticized Online Safety Act, a sweeping censorship law, is now not enough as far as Kyle is concerned, as he is looking for ways for the government to be able to control online speech to an even greater extent.</p>
<p>The UK’s new Prime Minister Keir Starmer has announced a forthcoming review of the Online Safety Act. During his visit to a police station on Friday, just before two individuals were imprisoned for using social media to incite attacks on asylum seeker accommodations, Starmer emphasized that social media must not be a “law-free zone.â€</p>
<p>London Mayor Sadiq Khan, who criticized the legislation as inadequate and in urgent need of revision, also suggested it doesn’t go far enough and more censorship power is needed.</p>
<p>“I do agree that we’re going to have to look more broadly at social media after this disorder,†Starmer said. “But the focus at the moment has to be on dealing with the disorder and making sure that our communities are safe and secure.â€</p>
<p>Starmer further commented on what he believes should be the responsibilities of social media executives, telling them to prioritize community safety. He affirmed, “The first thing I’d say is, this is not a law-free zone. And I think that’s clear from the prosecutions and sentencing. Today we’re due sentencing for online behavior.â€</p>
<p>And, the government has brought in the National Security Online Information Team (NSOIT) to monitor online activity “discussing the deaths of the three children killed in Southport and the rioting,†as Kyle put it.</p>
<p>NSOIT, previously known as the <a href="https://reclaimthenet.org/uk-counter-disinformation-unit-spy-agencies-inception">Counter Disinformation Unit</a>, is infamous for its censorship “handiwork†during the Covid pandemic when it <a href="https://reclaimthenet.org/uk-government-apologizes-after-counter-disinformation-unit-got-caught-lying">flagged accurate posts from politicians and journalists simply for being critical of the government’s policy.</a></p>
<p>Conservative MP David Davis previously called for the unit to be disbanded, but now, he doesn’t mind “deploying†it to once again police speech: “It’s perfectly legitimate for the state to monitor things that might incite violence,†said Davis.</p>
<p>Big Brother Watch Director Silkie Carlo <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/07/dont-give-whitehalls-censors-a-blank-cheque/">writes</a> that Kyle is “reviving Whitehall’s disgraced Counter Disinformation Unit†and warns that it would be a “grave mistake†to further undermine free speech as it would simply “inflame tensions, sow distrust and undermine democracy.â€</p>
<p>Carlo also warns about “the very neat response of online censorship that benefits elites who have never really trusted us with free and open access to information online.â€</p>
<p>Meanwhile, Director of Public Prosecutions for England and Wales Stephen Parkinson has told citizens not to reshare posts that are “insulting or abusive (…) intended to or likely to start racial hatred.â€</p>
<p>Some reports interpret this to mean citizens could be prosecuted even if they are sharing that content as a warning to others.</p>
<p>The UK government issued a stern warning to its citizens regarding the risks of sharing potentially offensive content online, particularly in the context of the recent riots. Those who incite “hatred†could face imprisonment, as stated in a post by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) on the social media platform X.</p>
<p><img src="https://reclaimthenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-09-at-20.45.jpg-3.jpg"></img></p>
<p>“Think before you post!†the CPS advised.</p>
<p>But it’s not just UK citizens that officials are threatening.</p>
<p>Sir Mark Rowley, the head of the Metropolitan Police, said that what he terms “keyboard warriors†could face terrorism charges for their online behavior that incites violence, even if they are based overseas.</p>
<p>“And whether you’re in this country committing crimes on the streets or committing crimes from further afield online, we will come after you,†highlighting the extended reach of law enforcement to those instigating unrest from afar,†<a href="https://news.sky.com/story/met-police-chief-sir-mark-rowley-says-two-tier-policing-claims-complete-nonsense-and-putting-officers-at-risk-13192393">Rowley said to Sky News.</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Being a keyboard warrior does not make you safe from the law, you can be guilty of offenses of incitement, of stirring up racial hatred, there are numerous terrorist offenses regarding the publishing of material, and all of those offenses are in play if people are provoking hatred and violence on the streets and we will come after those individuals just as we will physically confront on the streets the thugs and the yobs who are causing the problems for communities.â€</p></blockquote>
<p>Keir Starmer has asserted that criticisms of police and accusations of a two-tier policing system in the UK are themselves dangerous. This could have troubling implications for free speech.</p>
<p>X owner Elon Musk, who is facing censorship calls from Starmer, called out Starmer’s hypocrisy, highlighting how the Prime Minister himself criticized police back in 2021. “What a hypocrite,†Musk posted.</p>
<p><img src="https://reclaimthenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-09-at-22.03.jpg.jpg"></img></p>
<p>By framing such critiques as not only unfounded but also hazardous, there’s a risk that public discourse may be stifled.</p>
<p>This stance might discourage individuals from voicing legitimate concerns about policing, out of fear that their criticisms could be seen as harmful or destabilizing.</p>
<p>It suggests a scenario where the public might hesitate to hold law enforcement accountable, which is a crucial aspect of democratic oversight. The suggestion that voicing concerns about police practices can endanger officers potentially shifts the focus from the need for transparency and accountability in policing to a narrative that prioritizes the suppression of dissent to protect police image and safety. This could undermine the principle of free expression, which includes the right to critique and question government institutions.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 16:49:15 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://reclaimthenet.org/free-speech-is-under-siege-in-starmers-uk</guid>
<sopml:origin>https://reclaimthenet.org/free-speech-is-under-siege-in-starmers-uk</sopml:origin>
<source:linkFull>https://reclaimthenet.org/free-speech-is-under-siege-in-starmers-uk</source:linkFull>
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<title>UK police block entire North American continent from its website as they begin arresting non-violent Brits for 'inaccurate social media posts'... - Revolver News</title>
<link>https://revolver.news/2024/08/uk-police-block-entire-north-american-continent-from-website-as-they-begin-arresting-non-violent-brits/</link>
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<hr></hr>
<p>The UK is reeling after a violent 17-year-old Rwandan teen attacked and stabbed a group of innocent young British girls who were attending a Taylor Swift-themed dance class. The entire country is outraged. This wasn’t the first horrific attack by migrants; it’s been happening everywhere, including in the US. However, it does appear to be the one that has broken the UK’s back.</p>
<p>We covered this horrific story from the onset.</p>
<a href="https://offers.americanhartfordgold.com/rev/?leadsource=Affiliate&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_medium=side&amp;utm_name=sid&amp;utm_content=free_silver&amp;utm_sfcampaign=7016O000001hRCgQAM&amp;utm_campaign=rndisplay&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=rn&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=Revolver.news&amp;utm_source=rn"><img src="https://revolver.news/wp-content/banners/ahg-300x250-15k-silver-240601.jpg"></img></a>
<p><a href="https://revolver.news/2024/08/uk-pm-cops-target-right-wing-protesters-social-media-users-ignore-migrants/">Revolver:</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>The stabbing attacks in the UK are off the charts, often perpetrated by violent migrants who have been allowed into the country under the guise of “asylum.†To claim that these attacks are random and not the result of a group of foreigners who refuse to integrate is just more “smoke and mirrors†nonsense pushed by the left worldwide. They tell us, “Don’t believe your lying eyes; believe what we tell you.†The message is clear: be outraged by white right-wingers, not by foreign attackers, you bigots.</p>
<p>[…]</p>
<p>A 17-year-old Rwandan immigrant recently attacked a group of young kids at a “Taylor Swift†dance class near a mosque, resulting in a stabbing frenzy that took the lives of three young, innocent girls. Oddly enough, the police were quick to announce that it was not a “terror attack.†Really? Because this sounds precisely like a terror attack to us.</p>
<p><a href="https://apnews.com/article/uk-southport-stabbing-police-britain-fe16d43c8fc92b7b19c63ba4889c4850">AP:</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Bloodied children ran screaming from a dance and yoga class “like a scene from a horror movie†to escape a teenager’s savage knife attack that killed two children and wounded 11 other people Monday in northwest England, police and witnesses said.</p>
<p>A 17-year-old boy was arrested on suspicion of murder and attempted murder in the stabbing in Southport, a seaside town near Liverpool, Merseyside Police said. The motive was not clear, but police said detectives were not treating the attack as terror-related.</p></blockquote>
<p>Needless to say, people are horrified and outraged. The attacker is an African migrant, which has sparked riots and outrage.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="https://x.com/AmyMek/status/1818378931319484753">Amy Mek:</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>People in the UK and across Europe have had enough.</p>
<p>Who can blame them?</p>
<p>Yesterday, three MORE children were brutally slaughtered – this time during a Taylor Swift dance class.</p>
<p>I’m shocked that this hasn’t happened sooner, given the years of imported Islamic (mainly Pakistani) grooming gangs responsible for the rape, beating, and sexual exploitation of thousands of white non-Islamic British girls by Muslim males. The people are fed up…</p>
<p>To all of the leftists out…</p>
<p>If you’re more outraged by the reaction to the child murders than the child murders themselves, you are beyond redemption.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote >
<p>People in the UK and across Europe have had enough. </p>
<p>Who can blame them?</p>
<p>Yesterday, three MORE children were brutally slaughtered – this time during a Taylor Swift dance class. </p>
<p>I'm shocked that this hasn't happened sooner, given the years of imported Islamic (mainly… <a href="https://t.co/n0RysewI4n">pic.twitter.com/n0RysewI4n</a></p>
<p>— Amy Mek (@AmyMek) <a href="https://twitter.com/AmyMek/status/1818378931319484753?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 30, 2024</a></p></blockquote>
<a href="https://offers.americanhartfordgold.com/rev/?leadsource=Affiliate&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_medium=side&amp;utm_name=sid&amp;utm_content=free_silver&amp;utm_sfcampaign=7016O000001hRCgQAM&amp;utm_campaign=rndisplay&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=rn&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=Revolver.news&amp;utm_source=rn"><img src="https://revolver.news/wp-content/banners/ahg-300x250-15k-silver-soaring-240601.jpg"></img></a>
<p>We also reported on the UK government threatening Elon Musk. When he refused to bow to the establishment and vilify the outraged British public, they responded by threatening to construct a “firewall†to block social media access.</p>
<a href="https://offers.americanhartfordgold.com/rev/?leadsource=Affiliate&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_medium=side&amp;utm_name=sid&amp;utm_content=free_silver&amp;utm_sfcampaign=7016O000001hRCgQAM&amp;utm_campaign=rndisplay&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=rn&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=Revolver.news&amp;utm_source=rn"><img src="https://revolver.news/wp-content/banners/ahg-300x250-15k-silver-soaring-240601.jpg"></img></a>
<p><a href="https://revolver.news/2024/08/elon-refuses-to-play-along-with-uk-blame-the-victims-game-now-they-call-for-a-great-firewall-of-britain/">Revolver:</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Now, the UK government is blaming the victims. They’re using their police force to hunt down and arrest people who post “mean†things online about migrants, instead of addressing the very serious issue of growing migrant violence that’s eroding the very fabric of British life.</p>
<p>And that’s where Elon Musk steps in and throws gasoline on the already-raging bonfire. And it’s not just hyperbole. Elon has legitimate questions and concerns that should be answered immediately.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote >
<p>Why aren’t all communities protected in Britain? <a href="https://twitter.com/Keir_Starmer?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@Keir_Starmer</a> <a href="https://t.co/gldyguysNe">https://t.co/gldyguysNe</a></p>
<p>— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1820790297233592361?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 6, 2024</a></p></blockquote>
<p>Well, it now appears that the UK has actually blocked the entire North American continent in some cases. It appears this was done in an effort to stop the flow of any news or comments they disagree with.</p>
<p>How very “North Korean†of them.</p>
<blockquote >
<p>They blocked the entire North American continent apparently, try the link. <a href="https://t.co/6ZykYzmJp4">https://t.co/6ZykYzmJp4</a></p>
<p>— TimOnPoint (@TimOnPoint) <a href="https://twitter.com/TimOnPoint/status/1821633952014348390?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 8, 2024</a></p></blockquote>
<a href="https://offers.americanhartfordgold.com/rev/?leadsource=Affiliate&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_medium=side&amp;utm_name=sid&amp;utm_content=free_silver&amp;utm_sfcampaign=7016O000001hRCgQAM&amp;utm_campaign=rndisplay&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=rn&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=Revolver.news&amp;utm_source=rn"><img src="https://revolver.news/wp-content/banners/ahg-300x250-15k-silver-240601.jpg"></img></a>
<p>This is what Americans are seeing when they try to click on the Cheshire Police link:</p>
<p><img src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GUfCXfnWMAAGLPL?format=jpg&amp;name=4096x4096"></img></p>
<p>And right on cue, while blocking America and others, the UK government has started arresting its own citizens for posting what it deems “inaccurate information†online.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cheshire.police.uk/news/cheshire/news/articles/2024/8/woman-arrested-in-connection-with-inaccurate-social-media-post/">Cheshire Police:</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Officers from Cheshire Police have arrested a woman in relation to social media post containing inaccurate information about the identity of the attacker in the Southport murders.</p>
<p>The 55-year-old woman from near Chester, was arrested earlier today, Thursday 8 August, on suspicion of publishing written material to stir up racial hatred (S19 of the Public Order Act 1986) and false communications (S179 Online Safety Act 2023).</p>
<p>She is currently being held in police custody where she is assisting officers with their enquiries.</p>
<p>Chief Superintendent Alison Ross said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“We have all seen the violent disorder that has taken place across the UK over the past week, much of which has been fuelled by malicious and inaccurate communications online.</p>
<p>“It’s a stark reminder of the dangers of posting information on social media platforms without checking the accuracy. It also acts as a warning that we are all accountable for our actions, whether that be online or in person.â€</p></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<a href="https://offers.americanhartfordgold.com/rev/?leadsource=Affiliate&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_medium=side&amp;utm_name=sid&amp;utm_content=free_silver&amp;utm_sfcampaign=7016O000001hRCgQAM&amp;utm_campaign=rndisplay&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=rn&amp;utm_source=rndisplay&amp;utm_campaign=Revolver.news&amp;utm_source=rn"><img src="https://revolver.news/wp-content/banners/ahg-300x250-15k-silver-soaring-240601.jpg"></img></a>
<p>Meanwhile, meet the UK’s Prime Minister, a 5-foot-something man with a Napoleon complex who’s currying favor with the “woke†crowd by locking up his own citizens for social media posts while migrants run amok and commit violent acts against innocent people.</p>
<p>Weak men really do create hard times.</p>
<blockquote >
<p>“Weak Men Create Hard Timesâ€</p>
<p>Also Britains New Prime Minister 👇 <a href="https://t.co/fTcDhlMfvZ">pic.twitter.com/fTcDhlMfvZ</a></p>
<p>— Concerned Citizen (@BGatesIsaPyscho) <a href="https://twitter.com/BGatesIsaPyscho/status/1820426560437915868?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 5, 2024</a></p></blockquote>
<p>This is the globalists’ version of “freedom.†Pretty scary stuff, right? Meanwhile, just imagine if they redirected even a fraction of the effort they use to lock up non-violent citizens toward vetting the violent migrants flooding in.</p>
<hr></hr>
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<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 16:45:21 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://revolver.news/2024/08/uk-police-block-entire-north-american-continent-from-website-as-they-begin-arresting-non-violent-brits/</guid>
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<source:linkFull>https://revolver.news/2024/08/uk-police-block-entire-north-american-continent-from-website-as-they-begin-arresting-non-violent-brits/</source:linkFull>
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<title>More than 700 arrests made and 302 people charged over riots in England | Crime | The Guardian</title>
<link>https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/09/uk-riots-arrests-made-and-about-people-charged-say-police</link>
<description><p>Police investigating the riots led by the far right say they have made more than 700 arrests for alleged offences, and promised “hundreds†more to come.</p>
<p>Of the 741 arrests, 32 relate to online offences such as incitement, and the scale of the operation is shown by the fact the arrest took place in 36 of the 43 force areas across <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/england">England</a> and Wales.</p>
<p>Arrests include allegations of violent disorder, theft and antisocial behaviour, and police say the investigations across the country will probably last for months to come.</p>
<p>The figures come as communities and forces brace for more potential gatherings that could tip into violence, with police continuing with their biggest mobilisation to face down a public order threat since the 2011 riots across England.</p>
<p>Police said 302 people had been charged, with more to come, and said further cases should be expected against “rioters and those spreading online hateâ€. The new figures were issued by the National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC). The figures include <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/northernireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where police have arrest 26 people and charged 21 in relation to rioting.</p>
<p>Detectives are using a variety of sources to identify suspects, including drone and body-worn video footage. BJ Harrington, a chief constable who is the national lead for public order, warned that facial recognition, which is being used retrospectively, can identify people even if they are wearing masks.</p>
<p>Police chiefs are convinced their constant public messages about swift and robust justice will continue to act as a deterrent to some who may be tempted to join in the violent disorder seen in England and Northern Ireland since last Tuesday. The latest police statement is part of that campaign.</p>
<p>The violence broke out after false information about the suspect of the stabbings in Southport that left three young girls dead was widely shared online.</p>
<p>The violence has in part been stoked by the extremist far right, and has involved a strong anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant sentiment. Some people arrested joined in spontaneously, police believe.</p>
<p>The past two nights have been quieter, but police said 6,000 riot officers would be deployed over the weekend as officers wait to see if the worst of the violence has passed.</p>
<p>Gavin Stephens, the NPCC chair, said: “While the previous two nights have been a welcome break from the appalling scenes of the last week, and may have reached a turning point, we are by no means complacent.</p>
<p>“Our message to those involved in violence is that we continue to comb through thousands of images, live streams and videos as well as body-worn footage to find you.</p>
<p>“We are grateful to those who are calling us to identify those in the images circulated by forces. We are also grateful for the many messages of support to the officers, staff and volunteers that have faced hatred, racial abuse and violence whilst doing their job.â€</p><a href="#EmailSignup-skip-link-13">skip past newsletter promotion</a>
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<p>Police declined to say how many potential gatherings they expected this weekend. Police said they expected 160 far right-led gatherings on Wednesday but only 30 took place, with little or no incident, and with anti-racists taking to the streets to defend those under attack.</p>
<p>Stephens said: “The strong message that communities sent on Wednesday evening that they don’t tolerate hate and racism and violence, also, as potentially the start of a turning point in this whole thing.</p>
<p>“So, I think the mood is different as a consequence of all that.â€</p>
<p>Harrington said: “I would not say we are not worried. But what we are is prepared … policing’s got a grip of this.â€</p>
<p>Stephen Parkinson, the director of public prosecutions, said: “More than 100 extra CPS prosecutors stand ready to respond rapidly to emerging requirements for charging decisions and advice.</p>
<p>“We understand the deterrence impact of a swift and robust response from law enforcement. Our aim is to make immediate charging decisions where we can, to enable courts to sentence within days.â€</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 16:34:44 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/09/uk-riots-arrests-made-and-about-people-charged-say-police</guid>
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<title>Brands should avoid this popular term. It’s turning off customers | CNN Business</title>
<link>https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/10/business/brands-avoid-term-customers/index.html?Date=20240810&amp;Profile=CNN+International</link>
<description><p>
<span ></span>
<span >CNN</span>
 —Â
</p>
<p>
Even as <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/02/tech/wall-street-asks-big-tech-will-ai-ever-make-money/index.html">tech giants pour billions of dollars</a> into what they herald as humanity’s new frontier, a recent study<strong> </strong>shows that tacking the “AI†label on products may actually drive people away.
</p>
<p>
A study published in the Journal of Hospitality Marketing &amp; Management in June found that describing a product as using AI lowers a customer’s intention to buy it. Researchers sampled participants across various age groups and showed them the same products – the only difference between them: one was described as “high tech†and the other as using AI, or artificial intelligence.
</p>
<p>
“We looked at vacuum cleaners, TVs, consumer services, health services,†said Dogan Gursoy, one of the study’s authors and the <a href="https://directory.business.wsu.edu/Directory/Profile/dgursoy/">Taco Bell Distinguished Professor</a> of hospitality business management at Washington State University, in an interview with CNN. “In every single case, the intention to buy or use the product or service was significantly lower whenever we mentioned AI in the product description.â€
</p>
<p>
Despite AI’s rapid advancement in recent months, the study highlights consumers’ hesitance to incorporate AI into their daily lives – a marked divergence from the enthusiasm driving innovations in big tech.
</p>
<p>
Included in the study was an examination of how participants viewed products considered “low risk,†which included household appliances that use AI, and “high risk,†which included self-driving cars, AI-powered <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/investing/man-group-robyn-grew-ai/index.html">investment decision-making services</a> and medical diagnosis services.
</p>
<p>
While the percentage of people rejecting the items was greater in the high-risk group, non-buyers were the majority in both product groups.
</p>
<p>
There are two kinds of trust that the study says play a part in consumers’ less-than-rosy perception of products that describe themselves as “AI-powered.â€
</p>
<p>
The first kind, cognitive trust, has to do with the higher standard that people hold AI to as a machine they expect to be free from human error. So, when AI does slip up, that trust can be quickly eroded.
</p>
<p>
Take Google’s AI-generated search results overview tool, which summarizes search results for users and presents<strong> </strong>them at the top of the page. People<strong> </strong>were quick to criticize<strong> </strong>the company earlier this year for <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/24/tech/google-search-ai-results-incorrect-fix/index.html">providing confusing and even blatantly false information</a> to users’ questions, pressuring Google to walk back some of the features’ capabilities.
</p>
<p>
Gursoy says that limited knowledge and understanding about the inner workings of AI forces consumers to fall back on emotional trust and make their own subjective judgments about the technology.
</p>
<p>
“One of the reasons why people are not willing to use AI devices or technologies is fear of the unknown,†he said. “Before ChatGPT was introduced, not many people had any idea about AI, but AI has been running in the background for years and it’s nothing new.â€
</p>
<p>
Even before chatbot<strong> </strong>ChatGPT burst into public consciousness in 2022, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/tech/artificial-intelligence-generative-ai-explained/index.html">artificial intelligence was used in technology</a><strong> </strong>behind familiar digital services, from your phone’s autocorrect to Netflix’s algorithm for recommending movies.
</p>
<p>
And the way AI is portrayed in pop culture isn’t helping boost trust in the technology either. Gursoy added that Hollywood science fiction films casting robots as villains had a bigger impact on shaping public perception towards AI than one might think.
</p>
<p>
“Way before people even heard about AI, those movies shaped people’s perception of what robots that run by AI can do to humanity,†he said.
</p>
<h2 >
…and a lack of transparency
</h2>
<p>
Another part of the equation influencing customers is<strong> </strong>the perceived risk around AI – particularly with how it handles users’ personal data.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/22/tech/microsoft-ai-tool-privacy-recall/index.html">Concerns about how companies manage customers’ data</a> have tamped down excitement around tools meant to streamline the user experience at a time when the government is still trying to find its footing on <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/14/tech/ftc-warns-businesses-ai-data/index.html">regulating AI</a>.
</p>
<p>
“People have worries about privacy. They don’t know what’s going on in the background, the algorithms, how they run, that raises some concern,†said Gursoy.
</p>
<p>
This lack of transparency is something that Gursoy warns has the potential to sour customers’ perceptions towards brands they may have already come to trust. It is for this reason that he cautions companies against slapping on the “AI†tag as a buzzword without elaborating on its capabilities.
</p>
<p>
“The most advisable thing for them to do is come up with the right messaging,†he said. “Rather than simply putting ’AI-powered’ or ’run by AI,’ telling people how this can help them will ease the consumer’s fears.â€
</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 15:56:14 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/10/business/brands-avoid-term-customers/index.html?Date=20240810&amp;Profile=CNN+International</guid>
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<title>Europe hit by Brazil virus which 'kills people in 20s' as experts fear 'unstoppable' outbreak - World News - Mirror Online</title>
<link>https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/europe-hit-brazilian-virus-kills-33438840</link>
<description><p>The first few cases of Oropouche fever have been reported in Europe after two people died from the disease in Brazil, with experts fearing an 'unstoppable' spread</p><img src="https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article33438850.ece/ALTERNATES/n615/0_Patient.jpg"></img><span >Experts have warned the illness could spread and become 'unstoppable'</span> <span > (
<p> <span></span> Image: Getty Images)</p></span>
<p> Europe has been hit by the 'sloth' fever Oropouche for the first time - with fatalities in <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/brazil">Brazil</a> sparking fears among experts of an "unstoppable" outbreak. </p>
<p>Two people who visited Cuba were admitted to <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/all-about/hospitals">hospitals</a> in Italy showing symptoms of the disease upon their return, The Lancet reports. A 26-year-old woman was struck down with fever and diarrhoea after her trip to Cuba's Ciego de Avila province, returning to Verona on May 26. </p>
<p>Meanwhile, a 45-year-old man began experiencing symptoms shortly after his summer travels to Havana and Santiago de Cuba, seeking medical attention in Fori, northern Italy, on June 7.</p>
<p>Dr Danny Altmann, Professor of Immunology at Imperial College London, voiced his concerns to The Telegraph: "We should definitely be worried," he said. "Things are changing and may become unstoppable."</p>
<span>Young people in Havana, Cuba, have been struck down with the virus</span>
<span> (
<p>
<span></span> Image:
</p>Getty Images)</span>
<p> The threat is compounded by the potential impact of global warming, which could increase human exposure to viruses like Oropouche, <a href="https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/travel/brazil-virus-kills-people-20s-29715751">Birmingham Live</a> reports. In severe instances, the horrid illness could lead to neurological disorders such as <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/health/meningitis-symptoms-signs-menb-vaccine-7394355">meningitis</a>.</p>
<p>Dr Concetta Castilletti, who leads the Virology and Emerging Pathogens Unit at a hospital near Verona, said, "Arboviruses such as Oropouche fever, Dengue, Zika, or Chikungunya, constitute one of the public health emergencies we must get used to living alongside.</p>
<p>She warned: "Climate change and the increase in the movement of human populations risk making viruses [that were] once confined to the tropical belt endemic even in our latitudes."</p>
<p> Brazil has reported the first fatalities from the virus worldwide, with two young women succumbing to the illness.</p>
<p> The victims, a 21-year-old and a 24-year-old, suffered from intense abdominal pain, bleeding, and hypotension before passing away on July 25. Oropouche fever symptoms, which are akin to dengue, include <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/rid-your-headache-migraine-just-8733302">headaches</a>, high temperature, muscle soreness, joint stiffness, nausea, vomiting, colds, or photophobia.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 12:02:45 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/europe-hit-brazilian-virus-kills-33438840</guid>
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<title>Sir Keir Starmer to review social media laws in wake of riots</title>
<link>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/08/09/sir-keir-starmer-to-review-social-media-laws-wake-of-riots/</link>
<description><p><a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/keir-starmer/">Sir Keir Starmer</a> has suggested the Government will review social media laws <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/09/riots-latest-news-protesters-stay-home/">in the wake of the riots</a>. </p>
<p>The Prime Minister said Labour will need to “look more broadly†at the sector after <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/08/uk-riots-far-right-violence-protest-latest-updates/">Sadiq Khan</a>, the Mayor of London, said ministers should check whether existing legislation to protect against online harms is fit for purpose.</p>
<p>Speaking to broadcasters on a visit to Scotland Yard on Friday morning, Sir Keir was asked whether he agreed with his Labour colleague.</p>
<p>He replied: “I do agree that we’re going to have to look more broadly at social media after this disorder but the focus at the moment has to be on dealing with the disorder and making sure that our communities are safe and secure.â€</p>
<p>It raises the prospect that Labour will revisit the <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/11/09/new-online-safety-measures-children-stranger-danger-ofcom/#:~:text=The%20draft%20codes%20published%20on,grooming%20to%20fraud%20and%20terrorism.">Online Safety Act</a> after Nick Thomas-Symonds, the Cabinet Office minister, said it would keep the legislative framework for the statute “under reviewâ€.</p>
<p>Sir Keir also warned social media is not a “law-free zone†as more sentences for online offences linked to the riots are expected to be passed in the coming hours.</p>
<p>He added: “I think that’s clear from the prosecutions and sentencing. Today, we’re due sentencing for online behaviour.</p>
<p>“That’s a reminder to everyone that whether you’re directly involved or whether you’re remotely involved, you’re culpable, and you will be put before the courts if you’ve broken the law.</p>
<p>“And so that’s happening today, that sentencing.â€</p>
<p>Mr Thomas-Symonds told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme: “The Government’s strong message today is that we remain in a state of high readiness. We are vigilant going into the weekend.</p>
<p>“The Prime Minister chaired a Cobra meeting only yesterday, in which he set out that high state of readiness, so I think we’ll continue to see the criminal justice system acting and processing people very swiftly.â€</p>
<p>Asked about Mr Khan’s comments that new social media rules were “not fit for purposeâ€, the minister said the Government would keep the legislative framework for the Online Safety Act “under reviewâ€.</p>
<p>He added: “If we need to act in relation to online safety laws – we will.</p>
<p>“Sadiq Khan’s challenge is that we quickly review it, consider it, and that’s exactly what we will do.â€</p>
<p>On the Online Safety Act and misinformation on social media, he also told Sky News: “I think we will be looking at the legal framework that exists for regulating the platform providers.â€</p><h2>Holding firms accountable</h2>
<p>The Government has said social media giants must be held accountable for “swirling†<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fake-news/">misinformation</a> linked to the unrest that has swept Britain in recent days.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/yvette-cooper/">Yvette Cooper</a>, the Home Secretary, told the BBC on Thursday: “I think we’ve seen social media has been used to really organise some of the violence, to inflame the tensions, some of the racial hatred, being inflamed online, and we will continue to pursue those prosecutions.</p>
<p>“We will make sure that we pursue those prosecutions and that what is criminal offline is also criminal online.</p>
<p>“So, we do expect social media companies to take some responsibility to make sure that they recognise the implications of the sort of swirling misinformation, but also the organising of crimes online, that has to be part of it, you have to deal with this online, as well as offline in our communities. It’s got a contribution.â€</p><h2>Safety measures</h2>
<p>The Online Safety Act will, for the first time, make firms legally responsible for keeping users safe when they use their services.</p>
<p>It will require platforms to put in place clear and proportionate safety measures to prevent illegal and other harmful content from appearing and spreading on their sites.</p>
<p>The biggest platforms could face billions of pounds in fines if they do not comply.</p>
<p>Named managers could be held criminally liable in some instances, and sites may face having their access limited in the most severe cases.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=ofcom+telegraph&amp;rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB1102GB1102&amp;oq=ofcom+telegraph&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyCAgBEAAYFhgeMggIAhAAGBYYHjIICAMQABgWGB4yCAgEEAAYFhgeMggIBRAAGBYYHjIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQgxNTAzajBqNKgCALACAQ&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8">Ofcom</a>, which will oversee the new laws, urged social media companies to do more to deal with content stirring up hatred or provoking violence on Britain’s streets.</p>
<p>The watchdog said: “In a few months, new safety duties under the Online Safety Act will be in place, but you can act now – there is no need to wait to make your sites and apps safer for users.â€</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 11:35:16 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/08/09/sir-keir-starmer-to-review-social-media-laws-wake-of-riots/</guid>
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<title>Nebraska Attorney General releases excerpts from previously censored TikTok documents</title>
<link>https://www.knopnews2.com/2024/08/10/nebraska-attorney-general-releases-excerpts-previously-censored-tiktok-documents/</link>
<description><p>LINCOLN, Neb. (KOLN) - Attorney General Mike Hilgers released several key excerpts from internal TikTok documents on Friday. </p>
<p>According to the attorney general, the excerpts show that TikTok knew its platform was addictive, that compulsive use on TikTok is rampant and that TikTok’s purported safety tools are ineffective. </p>
<p>The excerpts of the internal TikTok documents are part of <a href="https://www.1011now.com/2024/05/22/live-10am-nebraska-attorney-general-announce-litigation/">a lawsuit</a> Attorney General Hilgers filed against the company in May, which is proceeding before Judge Lori A. Maret in Lancaster District Court. </p>
<p>Until this week, any internal TikTok documents quoted in the complaint were redacted from public view.</p>
<p><b>The internal TikTok document excerpts now made public show that: </b></p><ul><li> <span>TikTok achieves its success from “many coercive design tactics†and features that “limit user agency,†including infinite scroll, auto-play, and constant notifications.</span> </li><li> <span>TikTok affects its users in a way that is psychologically similar to a “slot machine†and TikTok admits that the “product in itself has baked into it compulsive use†and that “compulsive usage on TikTok is rampant.â€</span> </li><li> <span>TikTok admits that its young users “have minimal ability to self-regulate effectively†and lack the “executive control function†needed to control their screen time. </span> </li><li> <span>Compulsive usage of TikTok “correlates with a slew of negative mental health effects like loss of analytical skills, memory formation, contextual thinking, conversational depth, empathy, and increased anxiety.â€</span> </li><li> <span>TikTok is aware that compulsive usage of its platform interferes with users’ “essential personal responsibilities like sufficient sleep, work/school responsibilities, and connecting with loved ones†and causes “negative emotions.â€</span> </li><li> <span>Beyond being aware that TikTok use regularly interferes with users’ sleep, TikTok also knows that “[s]leep [is] unanimously linked to health outcomes†and that “[b]ad sleep is a source of mental health issues.â€</span> </li><li> <span>TikTok is aware that many teens on its platform find that TikTok is addictive, inappropriate, and interferes with their lives in unhealthy ways.</span> </li><li> <span>TikTok knows that many of its publicized safety features, like age verification and Family Pairing, are easily circumvented or not widely used but still considers them “good talking point[s]†in response to scrutiny from “policymakers.â€Â </span> </li></ul>
<p>These significant portions of the complaint have now been unredacted and are available to the public. You can access the public version of the State of Nebraska’s Complaint below:</p>
<p><a href="https://www.1011now.com/newsletter/"><i>Click here</i></a><i> to subscribe to our 10/11 NOW daily digest and breaking news alerts delivered straight to your email inbox.</i></p>
<p><i>Copyright 2024 KOLN. All rights reserved.</i></p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 11:21:33 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.knopnews2.com/2024/08/10/nebraska-attorney-general-releases-excerpts-previously-censored-tiktok-documents/</guid>
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<title>Online Safety Act: explainer - GOV.UK</title>
<link>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/online-safety-act-explainer/online-safety-act-explainer#who-the-act-applies-to</link>
<description><h2 >What the Online Safety Act does </h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b3f8d74933dccbbb6c382/OSA_1_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The Online Safety Act 2023 (the Act) is a new set of laws that protects children and adults online. It puts a range of new duties on social media companies and search services, making them more responsible for their users’ safety on their platforms.</p>
<p>The Act will give providers new duties to implement systems and processes to reduce risks their services are used for illegal activity, and to take down illegal content when it does appear.</p>
<p>The strongest protections in the Act have been designed for children and will make the UK the safest place in the world to be a child online. Platforms will be required to prevent children from accessing harmful and age-inappropriate content and provide parents and children with clear and accessible ways to report problems online when they do arise.</p>
<p>The Act will also protect adult users, ensuring that major platforms will need to be more transparent about which kinds of potentially harmful content they allow, and give people more control over the types of content they want to see.</p>
<p>Ofcom is now the independent regulator of Online Safety. It will set out steps providers can take to fulfil their safety duties in codes of practice. It will have a broad range of powers to assess and enforce providers’ compliance with the framework.</p>
<p>Providers’ safety duties are proportionate to factors including the risk of harm to individuals, and the size and capacity of each provider. This makes sure that while safety measures will need to be put in place across the board, we aren’t requiring small services with limited functionality to take the same actions as the largest corporations. Ofcom is required to take users’ rights into account when setting out steps to take. And providers have simultaneous duties to pay particular regard to users’ rights when fulfilling their safety duties.</p>
<p>The Act also introduced some new criminal offences – details are set out below.</p>
<h2 >Who the Act applies to </h2>
<p>The Act’s duties apply to search services and services that allow users to post content online or to interact with each other. This includes a range of websites, apps and other services, including social media services, consumer file cloud storage and sharing sites, video sharing platforms, online forums, dating services, and online instant messaging services.</p>
<p>The Act applies to services even if the companies providing them are outside the UK should they have links to the UK. This includes if the service has a significant number of UK users, if the UK is a target market or it is capable of being accessed by UK users and there is a material risk of significant harm to such users.</p>
<h2 >How the Online Safety Act is being implemented</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b3fb51834d96a0aa6d213/OSA_2_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The Act passed into law on 26 October 2023. Now work is being carried out to bring its protections into effect. </p>
<p>Ofcom is leading work to implement the Act’s provisions and are taking a phased approach to bringing duties into effect. Government also needs to make secondary legislation in some areas to enable elements of the framework.</p>
<p>The Act requires Ofcom to develop guidance and codes of practice that will set out how online platforms can meet their duties. Ofcom will carry out public consultations on draft codes of practice before finalising them. Ofcom has already begun this work; the main phases are set out below:</p>
<p><strong>Duties about illegal content</strong> – Ofcom has published <a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/protecting-people-from-illegal-content-online">draft codes of practice and guidance for consultation</a>. The consultation closed on 23 February 2024. We expect these duties to begin to be in effect from early 2025. </p>
<p><strong>Duties about content harmful to children</strong> – Ofcom has published <a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/news-centre/2023/implementing-the-online-safety-act-protecting-children">draft guidance for consultation</a> about use of age assurance to prevent children accessing online pornography. The consultation closed on 5 March 2024. Ofcom has also published <a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/protecting-children-from-harms-online">draft codes of practice and guidance</a> about protecting children from harmful content such as promotion of self-harm or suicide on 8 May 2024.</p>
<p><strong>Duties for categorised services</strong> – some platforms will have to comply with additional requirements to protect users. The Act created categories of service and during implementation the thresholds will be defined to determine which services fall into which categories (Category 1, 2A or 2B). Ofcom has published <a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/categorisation-research-and-advice">advice to government</a> on how to set the thresholds for these categories and <a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-2/third-phase-of-online-safety-regulation">issued a call for evidence</a> on 25 March 2024, (closing 20 May 2024). Once the thresholds have been set in regulations by government, Ofcom will publish a register setting out which services fall into which categories and will publish further codes of practice and guidance for consultation. </p>
<h2 >New offences introduced by the Act</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b3fd18603389a07a6d205/OSA_3_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The criminal offences introduced by the Act came into effect on 31 January 2024. These offences cover:Â </p>
<ul>
<li>encouraging or assisting serious self-harm</li>
<li>cyberflashing</li>
<li>sending false information intended to cause non-trivial harm</li>
<li>threatening communications</li>
<li>intimate image abuse</li>
<li>epilepsy trolling</li>
</ul>
<p>These new offences apply directly to the individuals sending them, and convictions have already been made under the cyberflashing and threatening communications offences. </p>
<h2 >Types of content that the Act tackles</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b401d74933dccbbb6c38b/OSA_4_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<h3 >Illegal content</h3>
<p>The Act requires all companies to take robust action against illegal content and activity. Platforms will be required to implement measures to reduce the risks their services are used for illegal offending. They will also need to put in place systems for removing illegal content when it does appear. Search services will also have new duties to take steps to reduce the risks users encounter illegal content via their services.</p>
<p>The Act sets out a list of priority offences. These reflect the most serious and prevalent illegal content and activity, against which companies must take proactive measures.</p>
<p>Platforms must also remove any other illegal content where there is an individual victim (actual or intended), where it is flagged to them by users, or they become aware of it through any other means.</p>
<p>The illegal content duties are not just about removing existing illegal content; they are also about stopping it from appearing at all. Platforms need to think about how they design their sites to reduce the likelihood of them being used for criminal activity in the first place.</p>
<p>The kinds of illegal content and activity that platforms need to protect users from are set out in the Act, and this includes content relating to:</p>
<ul>
<li>child sexual abuse  </li>
<li>controlling or coercive behaviour  </li>
<li>extreme sexual violence </li>
<li>extreme pornography </li>
<li>fraud</li>
<li>racially or religiously aggravated public order offences  </li>
<li>inciting violence  </li>
<li>illegal immigration and people smuggling  </li>
<li>promoting or facilitating suicide  </li>
<li>intimate image abuse</li>
<li>selling illegal drugs or weapons  </li>
<li>sexual exploitation  </li>
<li>terrorism </li>
</ul>
<h3 >Content that is harmful to children </h3>
<p>Protecting children is at the heart of the Online Safety Act. Although some content is not illegal, it could be harmful or age-inappropriate for children and platforms need to protect children from it. </p>
<p>Companies with websites that are likely to be accessed by children need to take steps to protect children from harmful content and behaviour.</p>
<p>The categories of harmful content that platforms need to protect children from encountering are set out in the Act. Children must be prevented from accessing Primary Priority Content, and should be given age-appropriate access to Priority Content. The types of content which fall into these categories are set out below.</p>
<h4 >Primary Priority Content</h4>
<ul>
<li>pornography</li>
<li>content that encourages, promotes, or provides instructions for either:
<ul>
<li>self-harm</li>
<li>eating disorders or</li>
<li>suicide</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 >Priority Content</h4>
<ul>
<li>bullying</li>
<li>abusive or hateful content</li>
<li>content which depicts or encourages serious violence or injury</li>
<li>content which encourages dangerous stunts and challenges; and</li>
<li>content which encourages the ingestion, inhalation or exposure to harmful substances.</li>
</ul>
<h2 >Age-appropriate experiences for children online</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b40451c82a7597d4f325f/OSA_5_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The Act requires social media companies to enforce their age limits consistently and protect their child users. </p>
<p>Services must assess any risks to children from using their platforms and set appropriate age restrictions, ensuring that child users have age-appropriate experiences and are shielded from harmful content. Websites with age restrictions need to specify in their terms of service what measures they use to prevent underage access and apply these terms consistently. </p>
<p>Different technologies can be used to check people’s ages online. These are called age assurance technologies.</p>
<p>The new laws mean social media companies will have to say what technology they are using, if any, and apply these measures consistently. Companies can no longer say their service is for users above a certain age in their terms of service and do nothing to prevent younger children accessing it.</p>
<h2 >Adults will have more control over the content they see</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b406a8603389a07a6d20c/OSA_6_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>Major user to user online platforms (Category 1) will be required to offer adult users tools to give them greater control over the kinds of content they see and who they engage with online. This includes giving them the option of filtering out unverified users, which will help stop anonymous trolls from contacting them.</p>
<p>Adult users will also be able to verify their identity and access tools which enable them to reduce the likelihood that they see content from non-verified users, and prevent non-verified users from interacting with their content.</p>
<p>Following the publication of guidance by Ofcom, major platforms will need to proactively offer adult users optional tools to help them reduce the likelihood that they will encounter certain types of content. These categories of content are set out in the Act and includes content that does not meet a criminal threshold but encourages, promotes or provides instructions for suicide harm or eating disorders. These tools also apply to abusive or hate content including where such content is racist, antisemitic, homophobic, or misogynist. The tools must be effective and easy to access.</p>
<p>The Act already protects children from seeing this content.</p>
<h2 >The Act will tackle suicide and self-harm content </h2>
<p>Any site that allows users to share content or interact with each other is in scope of the Online Safety Act. These laws also require sites to rapidly remove illegal suicide and self-harm content and proactively protect users from content that is illegal under the Suicide Act 1961. The Act has also introduced a new criminal offence for encouraging or assisting serious self-harm.</p>
<p>Services that are likely to be accessed by children must prevent children of all ages from encountering legal content that encourages, promotes or provides instruction for suicide and self-harm. </p>
<p>The Act also requires major services (Category 1 services) to uphold their terms of service where they say they will remove or restrict content or suspend users. If a service says they prohibit certain kinds of suicide or self-harm content the Act requires them to enforce these terms consistently and transparently. These companies must also have effective reporting and redress mechanisms in place enabling users to raise concerns about companies’ enforcement of their terms of service, if users feel that companies are not fulfilling their duties.</p>
<h2 >How the Act will be enforced</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b408374933dccbbb6c38e/OSA_7_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>Ofcom is now the regulator of online safety and must make sure that platforms are protecting their users. Once the new duties are in effect, following Ofcom’s publication of final codes and guidance, platforms will have to show they have processes in place to meet the requirements set out by the Act. Ofcom will monitor how effective those processes are at protecting internet users from harm. Ofcom will have powers to take action against companies which do not follow their new duties.</p>
<p>Companies can be fined up to £18 million or 10 percent of their qualifying worldwide revenue, whichever is greater. Criminal action can be taken against senior managers who fail to ensure companies follow information requests from Ofcom. Ofcom will also be able to hold companies and senior managers (where they are at fault) criminally liable if the provider fails to comply with Ofcom’s enforcement notices in relation to specific child safety duties or to child sexual abuse and exploitation on their service.</p>
<p>In the most extreme cases, with the agreement of the courts, Ofcom will be able to require payment providers, advertisers and internet service providers to stop working with a site, preventing it from generating money or being accessed from the UK.</p>
<h2 >How the Act affects companies that are not based in the UKÂ </h2>
<p>The Act gives Ofcom the powers they need to take appropriate action against all companies in scope, no matter where they are based, where services have relevant links with the UK. This means services with a significant number of UK users or where UK users are a target market, as well as other services which have in-scope content that presents a risk of significant harm to people in the UK.</p>
<h2 >How the Act tackles harmful algorithms</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b409a8603389a07a6d20e/OSA_8_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The Act requires providers to specifically consider how algorithms could impact users’ exposure to illegal content – and children’s exposure content that is harmful to children – as part of their risk assessments.</p>
<p>Providers will then need to take steps to mitigate and effectively manage any identified risks. This includes considering their platform’s design, functionalities, algorithms, and any other features likely to meet the illegal content and child safety duties.</p>
<p>The law also makes it clear that harm can arise from the way content is disseminated, such as when an algorithm repeatedly pushes content to a child in large volumes over a short space of time.</p>
<p>Some platforms will be required to publish annual transparency reports containing online safety related information, such as information about the algorithms they use and their effect on users’ experience, including children.</p>
<h2 >How the Act protects women and girls</h2>
<img src="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/663b692a1834d96a0aa6d268/OSA_9_GOV.UK.png"></img>
<p>The most harmful illegal online content disproportionately affects women and girls, and the Act requires platforms to proactively tackle this. Illegal content includes harassment, stalking, controlling or coercive behaviour, extreme pornography, and revenge pornography.</p>
<p>All user-to-user and search services have duties to put in place systems and processes to remove this content when it is flagged to them. The measures companies must take to remove illegal content will be set out in Ofcom’s codes of practice.</p>
<p>When developing these codes, Ofcom is required to consult with the Victim’s Commissioner and Domestic Abuse Commissioner to guarantee that the voices and views of women, girls and victims are reflected. </p>
<p>The Act also requires Ofcom to produce guidance that summarises in one clear place the measures that can be taken to tackle the abuse that women and girls disproportionately face online. This guidance will ensure it is easy for platforms to implement holistic and effective protections for women and girls across their various duties.</p>
<h2 >Independent Review of Pornography Regulation, Legislation and Enforcement</h2>
<p>The past two decades have seen a dramatic change in the way we consume media and interact with content online. We need to ensure pornography regulation and legislation reflects this change. Â </p>
<p>Separate to the Online Safety Act, the Independent Pornography Review was <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/illegal-pornography-abuse-and-exploitation-to-be-investigated-by-new-reviewer">announced</a> to assess the regulation, legislation and enforcement of online and offline pornographic content</p>
<p>It investigates how exploitation and abuse is tackled in the industry and examines the potentially harmful impact of pornography. This review will help ensure the laws and regulations governing a dramatically changed pornography industry are once again fit for purpose.</p>
<p>In line with the Terms of Reference, the Review is looking to publish a report with recommendations for government by the end of Summer 2024.</p>
<h3 >Background information: useful websites</h3>
<h4 >Legislation </h4>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/50/contents">The Online Safety Act on legislation.gov.uk</a>Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1242/contents/made">Commencement regulations No.1</a>Â Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1420/contents/made">Commencement regulations No.2</a>Â Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2024/31/contents/made">Commencement regulations No.3</a>Â Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2024/100/contents/made">The Online Safety (List of Overseas Regulators) Regulations 2024</a>Â </li>
</ul>
<h4 >Notices  </h4>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-children-and-adults-to-be-safer-online-as-world-leading-bill-becomes-law">Royal Assent Press Notice</a> - October 2023Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/online-safety-act-new-criminal-offences-circular/online-safety-act-new-criminal-offences-circular#part-10--communications-offences">Criminal Offences Circular</a> - January 2024Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cyberflashing-epilepsy-trolling-and-fake-news-to-put-online-abusers-behind-bars-from-today">New Offences Press Notice</a> - January 2024Â </li>
</ul>
<h4 >Consultations and other publications (including relevant Ofcom consultations)</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/online-safety/information-for-industry/roadmap-to-regulation">Ofcom’s approach to implementing the Online Safety Act (implementation roadmap)</a> - October 2023 </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/super-complaints-eligible-entity-criteria-and-procedural-requirements">Government consultation: super-complaints</a> - November 2023Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/protecting-people-from-illegal-content-online">Ofcom consultation: protecting people from illegal harms online</a> - November 2023Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/news-centre/2023/how-the-online-safety-act-will-help-to-protect-women-and-girls">Ofcom: how the Online Safety Act will protect women and girls</a> – November 2023 </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/guidance-service-providers-pornographic-content">Ofcom consultation: guidance for service providers publishing pornographic content</a> - December 2023Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/categorisation-of-services-under-the-online-safety-act-dsit-secretary-of-state-letter-to-ofcom">Letter from the DSIT Secretary of State to Ofcom about categorisation of services</a> - March 2024Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-1/categorisation-research-and-advice">Ofcom advice to the Secretary of State on categorisation</a> - March 2024Â </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/consultations-and-statements/category-2/third-phase-of-online-safety-regulation">Ofcom call for evidence: third phase of online safety regulation</a> - March 2024</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/online-safety/protecting-children/protecting-children-from-harms-online/">Ofcom consultation: protecting children from harms online</a> – May 2024</li>
</ul></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 11:03:00 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Donald Trump Attacks 'Copycat' Kamala Harris for 'Stealing' Proposal - Newsweek</title>
<link>https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-attacks-copycat-kamala-harris-stealing-proposal-1937511</link>
<description><p>Former president and <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/republican">Republican</a> presidential nominee <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/donald-trump">Donald Trump</a> accused his Democratic rival <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/kamala-harris">Kamala Harris</a> of being a "copycat" after she pledged to end federal taxes on tips for service workers this weekend.</p>
<p>The vice president and Democratic presidential nominee announced the proposal, which mirrors one made by Trump earlier this year, during a rally in Las Vegas on Saturday. "When I am president, we will continue our fight for working families of America, including to raise the minimum wage and eliminate taxes on tips for service and hospitality workers," Harris said.</p>
<p>Trump immediately reacted to the proposal accusing Harris of copying his policy idea. "Kamala Harris, whose 'Honeymoon' period is ENDING, and is starting to get hammered in the Polls, just copied my NO TAXES ON TIPS Policy," the former president wrote on his social media platform, Truth Social.</p>
<img src="https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/2447484/donald-trump.jpg?w=1200&amp;f=546110288eb87ee27e7fc148b81859c9"></img>
<span >Donald Trump on August 9, 2024, in Bozeman, Montana. The former president accused Kamala Harris of "stealing" his idea after she pledged to cut federal taxes on tips on Saturday during a rally in Nevada.</span>
<span >Donald Trump on August 9, 2024, in Bozeman, Montana. The former president accused Kamala Harris of "stealing" his idea after she pledged to cut federal taxes on tips on Saturday during a rally in Nevada.</span>
<span>Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images</span>
<p>"The difference is, she won't do it, she just wants it for Political Purposes! This was a TRUMP idea—She has no ideas, she can only steal from me," he added.</p>
<p>In another post, he accused the vice president of having "no imagination, whatsoever, as shown by the fact that she played 'COPYCAT' with, NO TAXES ON TIPS!"</p>
<p>Trump introduced his policy proposal during a campaign stop in Las Vegas on June 9. "This is the first time I've said this, and for those hotel workers and people that get tips, you're going to be very happy because when I get to office, we are going to not charge taxes on tips people [are] making," the former president told the crowd at the rally.</p>
<p>"We're going to do that right away first thing in office because it's been a point of contention for years and years and years, and you do a great job of service."</p>
<p>Trump's son, Donald Trump Jr., echoed his father's comments, sharing a video of Harris' announcement during the Saturday rally and writing on X, formerly Twitter: "Harris-Walz 2024: Stolen proposals and stolen valor!"</p>
<p>But the idea of ending federal taxes on tips isn't new and didn't start with Trump. In 2012, former Representative Ron Paul, a Republican who sought the party's nomination for president in 2008 and 2012, announced his own plan to end federal taxation of tips. In an op-ed for the Las Vegas Sun, Paul called for a break on the "sector of American workers who are often overlooked by both sides during the never-ending debate on taxes."</p>
<img src="https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/2447487/kamala-harris.jpg?w=1200&amp;f=7f8cf31c06b447c182ede1e7bd9403f1"></img>
<span >Kamala Harris in Las Vegas on August 10, 2024. The vice president has pledged to end taxes on tips.</span>
<span >Kamala Harris in Las Vegas on August 10, 2024. The vice president has pledged to end taxes on tips.</span>
<span>RONDA CHURCHILL/AFP via Getty Images</span>
<p>Paul could not go further with his plan as the Republican nomination in 2012 was given to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/mitt-romney">Mitt Romney</a>, who lost the election to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a>.</p>
<p><em>Newsweek</em> contacted Trump's and Harris' 2024 campaign teams for comment by email on Sunday morning, outside of standard working hours.</p>
<p>The idea to eliminate federal taxes on tips for service workers is likely to appeal to voters in the swing state of Nevada, where thousands of casino employees depend on gratuities.</p>
<p>Despite reported skepticism from labor leaders, the proposal has gathered bipartisan support, with Senator <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/ted-cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, a Texas Republican, and Nevada's Democratic Representatives Catherine Cortez Masto and Jacky Rosen having expressed their backing for the policy idea.</p>
<p>According to data from <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/nate-silver">Nate Silver</a>, the founder of FiveThirtyEight, Harris currently leads in polls in Nevada with 44.6 percent of the vote against Trump's 42.9 percent.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 10:44:27 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-attacks-copycat-kamala-harris-stealing-proposal-1937511</guid>
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<title>More Ukrainian Brigades Roll Into Russia’s Kursk Oblast As Ukrainian Artillery Blocks Russian Reinforcements</title>
<link>https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/08/09/more-ukrainian-brigades-roll-into-russias-kursk-oblast-as-ukrainian-artillery-blocks-russian-reinforcements/</link>
<description><p>Artillery from the Ukrainian army's 116th Mechanized Brigade in action this summer.</p>116th Mechanized Brigade photo
<p>Four days into Ukraine’s surprise invasion of Russia’s Kursk Oblast, just across Ukraine’s northern border with Russia, the number of confirmed Ukrainian brigades in and around the invasion zone has grown to at least five: four army mechanized brigades and one brigade from the independent air assault force.</p>
<p>Altogether, these units could oversee as many as 10,000 troops and 600 armored vehicles. Additional artillery, air-defense, drone and reconnaissance units are playing critical supporting roles.</p>
<p>To put into perspective the scale of the Ukrainian force in and around Kursk, recall that Kyiv formed a corps with a dozen new brigades to lead its southern counteroffensive in the summer of 2023.</p>
<p>So far, the Kursk corps is less than half the size of the counteroffensive corps. But it appears to be growing as analysts scour social media, scrutinize official media releases and verify the presence of additional brigades.</p>
<p>In four days, the five brigades have partially or fully occupied around 400 square miles of Kursk Oblast and captured scores of Russian troops. While it’s still possible the brigades don’t intend to stay in Russia, there are currently no signs of them slowing their attacks.</p>
<p>“We can only hope that Ukraine has a well-prepared plan and that this operation translates into more than just a significant PR victory with positive political implications,†<a href="https://x.com/ArturRehi/status/1821877160593756489">mused</a> Artur Rehi, an Estonian soldier and analyst.</p>
<p>It was evident, in the early hours of the Ukrainian assault across the border on Tuesday, that at least three brigades were directly involved or performing a supporting role: the army’s 22nd and 88th Mechanized Brigades as well as the <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/08/08/one-of-ukraines-toughest-and-fastest-brigades-has-joined-the-invasion-of-russia/">80th Air Assault Brigade</a>.</p>
<p>And then, on Thursday, the army’s 116th Mechanized Brigade posted a video—shot by its Khorne drone group—depicting the brigade’s tanks and armored personnel carriers rolling toward Kursk. “Our vehicles moving on Russian soil like it’s our homeland,†the drone team <a href="https://t.me/khornegroup/2411">crowed</a>.</p>
<p>A day later, the 61st Mechanized Brigade announced itself in <a href="https://x.com/Militarylandnet/status/1821980923740541110">a dramatic video</a> that the unit’s 99th Mechanized Battalion posted online from the Russian town of Sudzha, the locus of the Ukrainian operation.</p>
<p>Taken together, the five confirmed brigades in the Kursk corps are an eclectic group operating a diverse mix of ex-Soviet, ex-European and ex-American armored vehicles including American-supplied Stryker wheeled infantry fighting vehicles, Polish-made PT-91 tanks and a dizzying array of artillery: ex-Soviet 2S3, ex-British AS-90 and ex-Italian M-109L howitzers as well as RM-70 rocket launchers from the Czech Republic.</p>
<p>The 49th Artillery Brigade, operating additional AS-90s and other howitzers, has staged near Sumy, in northern Ukraine around 30 miles from the Kursk battlefield. But it’s evident the 27th Artillery Brigade is in the area, too.</p>
<p>We can assume this because the 27th Artillery Brigade is the sole operator of Ukraine’s American-made High Mobility Artillery Rocket System wheeled launchers, which fire M30/31 GPS-guided rockets out to a distance of more than 50 miles. The HIMARS have apparently been busy around Kursk.</p>
<p>On Friday, the Khorne drone group showed Ukrainian media <a href="https://x.com/Osinttechnical/status/1821924526801699008">a video</a> depicting what appears to be a HIMARS attack on a column of Russian troops rolling toward Kursk, likely intending to reinforce the collapsing Russian line in the oblast.</p>
<p>The rockets rained down on the battalion-sized column—hundreds of troops in dozens of vehicles—as it passed through the Russian town of Rylsk, 30 miles west of Sudzha. <a href="https://x.com/Nastushichek/status/1821846552907780160">Images</a> from the aftermath of the attack show seven destroyed trucks and a lot of dead soldiers.</p>
<p>The bombardment of Rylsk helps explain how the Ukrainians have managed to advance so far, so quickly. It seems artillery is preventing fresh Russian troops from reaching the battlefield.</p>
<p>The artillery interdiction mitigates one of the main dangers to the Ukrainian operation. “The primary concern at the moment is the risk of Russia isolating Ukrainian units on the front,†Rehi explained.</p>
<p>But the Russians can’t isolate the Ukrainians if they can’t get through the Ukrainian artillery in order to attack the supply lines of the main Ukrainian force. And every day of delay cements the Ukrainians’ gains as more units—most recently, the 61st and 116th Mechanized Brigades—roll into Kursk.</p>
<span>Follow me on </span> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/daxe">Twitter</a>
<p>. </p>
<p>Check out </p>
<p>my </p><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/?sh=4e4aed31cc0c">website</a>
<p> or some of my other work </p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/War-Boring-Bored-Scared-Worlds/dp/0451230116">here</a>
<p>. </p>
<p>Send me a secure <a href="https://www.forbes.com/tips/">tip</a></p>
<p>. </p>
<p>Sources: </p>
<p>1. Khorne Group: https://t.me/khornegroup/2411; https://x.com/Osinttechnical/status/1821924526801699008</p>
<p>2. 61st Mechanized Brigade: https://x.com/Militarylandnet/status/1821980923740541110</p>
<p>3. Ukraine Control Map: https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1xPxgT8LtUjuspSOGHJc2VzA5O5jWMTE&amp;ll=51.04105141380203%2C34.74656477163666&amp;z=11</p>
<p>4. Artur Rehi: https://x.com/ArturRehi/status/1821877160593756489</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 10:41:59 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>BREAKING: Trump Campaign HACKED — Internal Docs Leaked to the Media Starting in Late July | The Gateway Pundit | by Cassandra MacDonald</title>
<link>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2024/08/breaking-trump-campaign-hacked-internal-docs-leaked-media/</link>
<description><p><img src="https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/wp-content/uploads/hackers.jpg"></img></p>
<h3>The Trump campaign has confirmed that internal communications have been hacked and leaked to the media.</h3>
<p>The campaign confirmed the cybercrime after Politico received a series of stolen documents on Saturday.</p>
<p>Trump’s team believes Iran may have been behind the hack but has not released any information on the perpetrator.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/10/trump-campaign-hack-00173503">Politico</a> reports:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The campaign blamed “foreign sources hostile to the United States,†citing a Microsoft report on Friday that Iranian hackers “sent a spear phishing email in June to a high-ranking official on a presidential campaign.†Microsoft did not identify the campaign targeted by the email and declined to comment Saturday. POLITICO has not independently verified the identity of the hacker or their motivation, and a Trump campaign spokesperson, Steven Cheung, declined to say if they had further information substantiating the campaigns’ suggestion that it was targeted by Iran.</p></blockquote>
<p>“These documents were obtained illegally from foreign sources hostile to the United States, intended to interfere with the 2024 election and sow chaos throughout our Democratic process,†Cheung said in a statement provided to the outlet. “On Friday, a new report from Microsoft found that Iranian hackers broke into the account of a ‘high ranking official’ on the U.S. presidential campaign in June 2024, which coincides with the close timing of President Trump’s selection of a vice presidential nominee.â€</p>
<p>Cheung did not comment about if the campaign has been in touch with Microsoft to confirm.</p>
<p>Politico claims it began receiving the emails in late July.</p>
<p>The report states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>On July 22, POLITICO began receiving emails from an anonymous account. Over the course of the past few weeks, the person — who used an AOL email account and identified themselves only as “Robert†— relayed what appeared to be internal communications from a senior Trump campaign official. A research dossier the campaign had apparently done on Trump’s running mate, Ohio Sen. JD Vance, which was dated Feb. 23, was included in the documents. The documents are authentic, according to two people familiar with them and granted anonymity to describe internal communications. One of the people described the dossier as a preliminary version of Vance’s vetting file.</p>
<p>The research dossier was a 271-page document based on publicly available information about Vance’s past record and statements, with some — such as his past criticisms of Trump — identified in the document as “POTENTIAL VULNERABILITIES.†The person also sent part of a research document about Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who was also a finalist for the vice presidential nomination.</p></blockquote>
<p>When Politico asked how the documents were obtained, the hacker replied, “I suggest you don’t be curious about where I got them from. Any answer to this question, will compromise me and also legally restricts you from publishing them.â€</p></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2024 10:26:22 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2024/08/breaking-trump-campaign-hacked-internal-docs-leaked-media/</guid>
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<title>Elon Musk's SpaceX gets closer to U.S. intelligence, defense</title>
<link>https://qz.com/elon-musk-spacex-us-contracts-defense-intelligence-1851270073</link>
<description><span><img src="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_60,w_645/4b476b0193ed7705c7e1ddd3c3fcfcda.jpg"></img></span>
<p>SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lander for the IM-1 mission launches from the Kennedy Space Center at 1:05 a.m. EDT on February 15, 2024 in Cape Canaveral, Florida.Photo: Paul Hennessy/Anadolu (Getty Images)</p><span ></span>
<p>Elon Musk’s company <span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/musks-spacex-forges-tighter-links-with-u-s-spy-and-military-agencies-512399bd">SpaceX reportedly has a $1.8 billion classified contract</a></span> with an unnamed U.S. government agency, expanding its work with American intelligence and defense agencies.</p>
<p>Microsoft turns the blame back on Delta for the global IT outage</p><video ></video>
<p>Documents reported by The Wall Street Journal show the contract will eventually become a major part of the company’s revenue. SpaceX did not immediately respond to a request for comment Tuesday morning.</p>
<p>SpaceX’s work with intelligence and defense agencies dates back to the company’s early days, when it <span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112674801818941381">won a launch contract</a></span> with an unnamed U.S. intelligence agency in 2005.</p>
<p>In March 2022, thousands of the company’s <span><a href="https://qz.com/how-spacexs-starlink-terminals-first-arrived-in-ukraine-1849923122">Starlink satellite internet terminals were sent to Ukraine</a></span> after Russia’s invasion of the country, as U.S. officials sought to keep the Ukrainian government online in anticipation of Russian physical and cyberattacks. Documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request in 2022 showed that government contractor DAI began searching for equipment to help Ukraine starting on Feb. 11 of that year. The U.S. Agency for International Development initially purchased 1,333 terminals for Ukraine, while SpaceX donated 3,600 terminals. </p>
<p>Musk and the Russian government last week denied reports by Ukraine’s military intelligence agency that <span><a href="https://qz.com/elon-musk-russia-deny-starlink-1851248225"> SpaceX was selling the broadband internet terminals to Russia</a></span> for its troops. SpaceX also <span><a href="https://qz.com/spacex-starlink-satellites-orbit-1851253932">removed a number of Starlink satellites from orbit</a></span> recently, after finding an unspecified defect in the early versions.</p>
<p>A military version of SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet network, Starshield, <span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/27/spacex-wins-first-pentagon-contract-for-starshield.html">received a Pentagon contract worth up to $70 million</a></span> in September, but not much is known about the unit’s work.</p>
<p>“When I’m never sure what I can say in a public forum, I tend to zip it,†Gwynne Shotwell, SpaceX’s chief operating officer, <span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/musks-spacex-forges-tighter-links-with-u-s-spy-and-military-agencies-512399bd">said in May</a></span> . “But I can say that there is very good collaboration between the intelligence community and SpaceX.â€</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 20:02:43 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://qz.com/elon-musk-spacex-us-contracts-defense-intelligence-1851270073</guid>
<sopml:origin>https://qz.com/elon-musk-spacex-us-contracts-defense-intelligence-1851270073</sopml:origin>
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<title>Palantir jumps on Microsoft tie-up to sell AI to U.S. defense, intel</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/palantir-jumps-on-microsoft-partnership-to-sell-ai-to-us-defense.html</link>
<description><p>Alex Karp, chief executive officer of Palantir Technologies Inc., walks to the morning session at the Allen &amp; Co. Media and Technology Conference in Sun Valley, Idaho, US, on Wednesday, July 10, 2024. </p>
<p>David Paul Morris | Bloomberg | Getty Images</p>
<p><span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/PLTR/">Palantir</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> shares closed up 11% on Thursday after the company <a href="https://news.microsoft.com/2024/08/08/palantir-and-microsoft-partner-to-deliver-enhanced-analytics-and-ai-services-to-classified-networks-for-critical-national-security-operations/">announced</a> a partnership with <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/MSFT/">Microsoft</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> to sell secure cloud, analytics and artificial intelligence capabilities to the U.S. defense and intelligence communities.</p>
<p>Palantir, which works closely with governments to provide software to visualize army positions, among other services, will use the partnership to launch its products — such as Gotham, Foundry, Apollo and AIP — on Microsoft's cloud products for government agencies.</p>
<p>Palantir <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/05/palantir-raises-annual-revenue-forecast-on-ai-strength-shares-surge.html">reported earnings</a> earlier in the week, raising its annual revenue forecast to between $2.74 billion and $2.75 billion, from $2.68 billion to $2.69 billion. That was above LSEG consensus estimates of a $2.7 billion forecast.</p>
<p>CEO Alex Karp said in a letter to shareholders at the time that the company's trailing 12-month revenue in its U.S. government business, which includes intel and defense agencies, surpassed $1 billion for the first time. The company said it earned 54% of its revenue from government clients during the second quarter.</p>
<p>Microsoft said the partnership would allow U.S. defense and intelligence organizations to build AI tools for action plans and logistics, among other things.</p>
<p>Palantir, co-founded by billionaire Peter Thiel, will work with Microsoft to provide trial services and training sessions.</p>
<p>Palantir shares are up about 70% year to date.</p><h2>Don’t miss these insights from CNBC PRO</h2>
<p><em></em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/CNBC?sub_confirmation=1"><em><strong>Subscribe to CNBC on YouTube.</strong></em></a><em><strong>Â </strong></em></p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 20:00:47 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>CNN's 'Reliable Sources' reporter Oliver Darcy shockingly quits network</title>
<link>https://nypost.com/2024/08/08/media/cnns-reliable-sources-reporter-oliver-darcy-shockingly-quits-network/</link>
<description><p>CNN “Reliable Sources†writer Oliver Darcy surprisingly quit the struggling cable network Thursday, saying he plans to launch a rival media newsletter. </p>
<p>The 33-year-old Darcy, who has often criticized his own network, had been penning “Reliable Sources†since CNN ousted the newsletter’s former writer Brian Stelter in 2022. </p>
<p>Darcy said his subscription-based newsletter, “Status,†will be a singular endeavor. </p>
<p>“There are no backers. Just me,†he told The Post. “The paid readers will empower my independent voice.â€</p>
<img src="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/report-cnn-continuing-grapple-fallout-11129116.jpg?w=1024"></img>“Reliable Sources†scribe Oliver Darcy has left CNN to start his own media-focused newsletter called “Status.†<span>CNN</span>
<p>His shock exit comes as the Warner Bros. Discovery-owned network is in the throes of a massive restructuring under new <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/07/10/business/cnn-ceo-mark-thompson-to-lay-off-100-employees-as-he-discloses-turnaround-plans/">CNN CEO Mark Thompson, who recently announced 100 job cuts.</a></p>
<p>On Wednesday, WBD reported a $10 billion net loss for the second quarter and missed Wall Street estimates for quarterly results. The stock is down more than 10% Thursday. </p>
<p>Darcy, who joined CNN in 2017, became a leading media voice when he took over “Reliable Sources.†Notably, in June 2023, he spoke out<a href="https://nypost.com/2023/06/06/cnns-oliver-darcy-slams-chris-lichts-ability-to-lead/"> against his own network under then-CEO Chris Licht</a>, who had sparked an upheaval among staffers over the exec’s perceived poor judgment and lack of leadership.</p>
<p>He also had his fair share of scoops, most recently exposing MSNBC’s decision to <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/07/16/us-news/msnbcs-morning-joe-returns-without-mention-of-going-off-air/">yank “Morning Joe†off the air</a> after an assassination attempt on former President Donald Trump.</p>
<p>“Oliver has established himself as a tough but scrupulously fair leading voice in media reporting and commentary – never afraid to call it as he sees it,†CNN boss Thompson said. </p>
<p>A rep for CNN said “Reliable Sources†will go on summer break but return in the fall with a new writer. </p>
<p>The first issue of “Status†is set to appear on Monday, and it will have a launch sponsor, which Darcy declined to name.</p>
<p>A subscription will begin at $15 a month or $150 a year with an elite membership, with perks like private Zoom calls available for $595 annually, <a href="http://Darcy told The Post There are no backers. Just me. The paid readers will empower my independent voice">The New York Times reported</a> Thursday. </p>
<p>Darcy told the outlet that “Status†will cover topics ranging from Silicon Valley to presidential politics to the effects of artificial intelligence technology on news consumption.</p>
<img src="https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/mark-thompson-chairman-ceo-cnn-85345252.jpg?w=1024"></img>CNN boss Mark Thompson wished Darcy well on his next endeavor. The network said it plans to name a new writer of “Reliable Sources†in the fall. <span>Getty Images for Warner Bros. Discovery</span>
<p>“We are trying to connect all these dots on a nightly basis,†he said.</p>
<p>“My pitch to readers is this is a 100% independent voice,†he said. “I don’t think there’s one product out there that does exactly what we do.â€</p>
<p>The newsletter will also have an ad sales partnership with The Ankler, a start-up that covers Hollywood, founded by Janice Min, the ambitious media veteran, who once helmed “The Hollywood Reporter†and “US Weekly†in its glory days.</p>
<p>“Status†joins a slew of newsletters from outlets like Politico, Axios, Puck and Bloomberg. </p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 19:07:05 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>'Nowhere to hide' for influencers behind disorder - top prosecutor</title>
<link>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75nn9dr0rvo</link>
<description><img src="https://www.bbc.com/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png"></img><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/01e9/live/6b6a7f60-53f1-11ef-a2ae-7de5f37c659f.jpg.webp"></img> <span>Getty Images</span>
<p>Stephen Parkinson said anybody involved in the violence would face the most severe possible criminal charges, including terrorism</p>
<p>The director of public prosecutions says his teams will consider seeking the extradition of social media influencers allegedly playing a role in the violent disorder gripping the UK from abroad.</p>
<p>Stephen Parkinson told the BBC that offenders "must know that they are not safe and there is nowhere to hide".</p>
<p>He added that anybody involved in the violence should know they would face the most severe possible criminal charges, including terrorism.</p>
<p>Approximately 100 of the 400 people arrested in relation to a week of disorder have been charged, Mr Parkinson revealed. </p>
<p>Prosecutors and detectives are now working through cases in teams across England and Wales to push as many suspects into the courts as quickly as possible. Some complex cases could take weeks more to be charged, but Mr Parkinson said prosecutors were “absolutely geared up†to bring offenders to justice.</p>
<p>Concern has been mounting about extreme right-wing social media influencers, including the founder of the English Defence League, Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, also known as Tommy Robinson.</p>
<p>He is currently in Cyprus. The High Court has issued a warrant for his arrest after he failed to turn up in court last Monday.</p><img src="https://www.bbc.com/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png"></img><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/9f34/live/3fbc6960-53f5-11ef-af6b-01b3d7205492.jpg.webp"></img>
<p>Mr Parkinson said: “Some people are abroad. That doesn't mean they're safe. We have liaison prosecutors around the globe, who've got local links with the local judiciary. We can cooperate with our international partners.</p>
<p>“We would certainly consider extradition if we are satisfied that an offence has been committed. </p>
<p>“And if it takes weeks or not months, we will bring them home and they will face justice.â€</p>
<p>Violent riots following the fatal stabbing of three girls in Southport have now lasted almost a week. </p>
<p>Suspects charged so far have faced allegations including violent disorder, which can lead to five years in jail. Other suspects who have been arrested are still being assessed for the more serious charge of rioting, that can lead to ten years.</p>
<p>Those charging decisions would take longer, said Mr Parkinson, because of the nature of the crime and the evidence needed - but they will come.</p>
<p>“There are sentencing guidelines which indicate that many people who have been caught up in this disorder will face immediate imprisonment. There should be no doubt about that. They are going to prison.</p>
<p>“We are willing to look at terrorism offences. I'm aware of at least one instance where that is happening.</p>
<p>“Where you have organised groups planning activity for the purposes of advancing [an] ideology ... planning really, really serious disruption then yes, we will consider terrorism offences.â€</p>
<p>Earlier today, the Crown Prosecution Service charged a 28-year-old man with posting content online that was allegedly intended to stir up racial hatred in relation to the violence disorder - the first such charge in relation to the clashes.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 19:05:29 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Front Pages 8th of August 2024 - Tomorrow's Papers Today!</title>
<link>https://www.tomorrowspapers.co.uk/uk-front-pages-8th-of-august-2024/</link>
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<span>Newspaper Round Up: 8th of August 2024</span>
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9:13 pm</span>
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<p>Russian operatives are allegedly targeting UK far-right channels with the intention of organising and inciting riots across Britain, as part of efforts to destabilise the West.</p>
<a href="https://www.tomorrowspapers.co.uk/metro-front-page-2024-08-08/">
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<a href="https://www.tomorrowspapers.co.uk/financial-times-front-page-2024-08-08/">
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9:12 pm</span>
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<p>H2O Asset Management has agreed to pay investors €250 million to avoid a fine from the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) for serious failings, including breaches on illiquid investments and issues linked to financier Lars Windhorst.</p>
<a href="https://www.tomorrowspapers.co.uk/financial-times-front-page-2024-08-08/">
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<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:10:52 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>B.C. Human Rights Tribunal says it can hear allegations of online hate speech</title>
<link>https://www.cheknews.ca/b-c-human-rights-tribunal-says-it-can-hear-allegations-of-online-hate-speech-1218157/</link>
<description><p>British Columbia’s Human Rights Tribunal has ruled it has the authority to hear cases about allegations of online hate speech.</p>
<p>The tribunal says provincial human rights laws against publications that perpetrate discrimination or hatred fall under the province’s jurisdiction, not the federal government’s control over telecommunications.</p>
<p>The decision is part of an ongoing human rights complaint between the BC Teachers’ Federation and former Chilliwack school board trustee Barry Neufeld.</p>
<p>Neufeld made several online posts starting in 2017 objecting to the province’s sexual orientation education initiative, including comparing allowing children to change genders to child abuse.</p>
<p>He argued that the internet falls within exclusive federal jurisdiction over telecommunications.</p>
<p>The tribunal’s decision says the merits of the allegations about Neufeld’s online publications will be decided when the hearing resumes in the fall.</p>
<p>B.C.’s Human Rights Commissioner Kasari Govender, who is an intervener in the case, said in a statement that the decision is a positive one.</p>
<p>“The tribunal’s decision means that discriminatory or hateful speech will not be immune from provincial human rights laws just because it was published online,†she said.</p>
<p>“The B.C. Human Rights Code will continue to offer protection to people in this modern context.â€</p>
<p><em>This report by The Canadian Press was first published Aug. 8, 2024.</em></p>
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<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:09:06 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>MAGA influencers boycott Dunkin' Donuts over Rumble ads</title>
<link>https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/08/08/dunkin-donuts-boycott-rumble-maga/</link>
<description><p><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/dunkin-donuts-faces-maga-boycott-bud-light-treatment-1936282">Dunkin’ Donuts is facing a boycott</a> from prominent MAGA figures after Rumble’s CEO claimed the chain won’t advertise on his video sharing platform due to divisive right-wing content.</p>
<p>The grumbling began Wednesday when <a href="https://x.com/chrispavlovski">Rumble CEO Chris Pavlovski</a> posted what appeared to be a <a href="https://x.com/chrispavlovski/status/1821394843018392044/photo/1">snippet of an email</a> from Dunkin’s parent company, Inspire Brands.</p>
<p>“I would be opposed to showing up on the current version of the platform,†the email read. “The right wing culture of the site is too polarizing from a brand sustainability standpoint today.â€</p>
<p>The sender added that Inspire Brands would be open to revisiting the matter as “the site evolves.â€</p>
<p>Rumble hosts programming from controversial right-wing fabulists <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/12/10/alex-jones-twitter-account-elon-musk/">including Alex Jones, Nick Fuentes</a><a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2021/11/03/tucker-carlson-and-fox-news-step-up-efforts-to-sell-jan-6-revisionism-streaming-service/">Â and Tucker Carlson</a>.</p>
<p>Social media <a href="https://x.com/catturd2">MAGA influencer Catturd</a> expressed outrage over Dunkin’s choice on X — another online platform <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/12/07/elon-musk-bob-iger-fired-disney-x-ads/">struggling to attract advertisers</a> because of its far right-wing content.</p>
<p>“So, companies like POS @dunkindonuts are boycotting Rumble, and X, unless they drop all the truth tellers,†the online personality wrote Wednesday night to his 2.7 million followers. <a href="https://x.com/catturd2/status/1821326146140537005">“I’m calling on everyone to BudLight @dunkindonuts.â€</a></p>
<p>Bud Light took a financial blow in 2023 after it launched a <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/06/30/dylan-mulvaney-says-bud-light-abandoned-her-amid-backlash-despite-unimaginable-bullying/">promotion featuring transgender influencer Dylan Mulvaney</a>. The campaign offended MAGA loyalists including musician Kid Rock, who filmed himself <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/12/13/kid-rock-ends-bud-light-boycott-over-dylan-mulvaney/">shooting at several cases of beer</a>.</p>
<p>Right-wing pundit Steven Crowder, who has 2.2 million followers on X, praised Pavlovski’s decision to target potential advertisers that choose to avoid content they find objectionable. He also encouraged his supporters to <a href="https://x.com/scrowder/status/1821588282192314736">exercise their freedom to boycott</a> such companies.</p>
<p>“This is the power that YOU have,†he wrote on the platform Thursday. “When you don’t Kowtow to the woke mob, you win.â€</p><blockquote >
<p>This is the power that YOU have. When you don't Kowtow to the woke mob, you win.</p>
<p>And <a href="https://twitter.com/chrispavlovski?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@chrispavlovski</a> is a legend with massive balls! <a href="https://t.co/bxnBZXaCnj">https://t.co/bxnBZXaCnj</a></p>
<p>— Steven Crowder (@scrowder) <a href="https://twitter.com/scrowder/status/1821588282192314736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 8, 2024</a></p></blockquote>
<p>Crowder was one of several activists who celebrated Wednesday’s New York Times report that the <a href="https://wfanet.org/leadership/garm/about-garm">Global Alliance for Responsible Media</a> — an organization being sued by Rumble and X — was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/08/technology/elon-musk-x-advertisers-boycott.html">suspending operations</a> amid antitrust allegations. The nonprofit group said it can’t afford to fight back.</p>
<p>Inspire Brands, which <a href="https://inspirebrands.com/">also operates Arby’s, Baskin Robbins and Buffalo Wild Wings</a>, hasn’t responded to a request for comment.</p>
<p>Originally Published: August 8, 2024 at 3:38 p.m.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:06:54 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Major US banks shutter 33 locations in just 2 weeks | The Post Millennial | thepostmillennial.com</title>
<link>https://thepostmillennial.com/major-us-banks-shutter-33-locations-in-just-2-weeks</link>
<description><p>National <a href="https://thepostmillennial.com/crowdstrike-software-update-failure-leads-to-global-outages-for-airlines-banks">banks</a> continue to shut down branches at an alarming rate, with more than 30 locations being shuttered in just two weeks in July, the Daily Mail <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/yourmoney/bank-closures/article-13719001/us-bank-branch-closures-wells-fargo-bank-america-chase-pnc.html">reports</a>. Banks closing branches include Chase, Bank of America, PNC, Axiom Bank, Capitol, Citizens, Dollar Bank, Lemont, Wells Fargo and Zions Bancorporation.<br>
<br>
Bank of America shuttered 11 branches with Chase and PNC both closing seven branches each. Florida lost the most branches, with Ohio, Virginia and Texas following with three branches each in those states. Bank of America closed 100 branches in 2024 alone. Over the past year, however, California saw the most closures at 72 while New York was second with 51 and Pennsylvania had 40 branches closed.<br>
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"These shifts in our branch network reflect that, more and more, our clients are using digital banking for their everyday financial needs and coming into financial centers for more significant needs or to have conversations about their finances," a <a href="https://thepostmillennial.com/bank-of-america-terminates-account-of-christian-charity-that-supports-orphaned-ugandans">Bank of America</a> spokesperson told the media outlet. 
Banks are hoping to move away from expensive real estate and actual bank employees to the virtual world of self-service.

<br>
<br>
"The majority of Americans, from <a href="https://thepostmillennial.com/gen-z-opt-for-blue-collar-jobs-that-are-safe-from-being-replaced-with-ai">Gen Z</a> to boomers, are in less need of a traditional bank, which may explain the rising number of physical branches that have been closing over the past year," Andrew Murray, lead data researcher at GOBankingRates told The Daily Mail.

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The banks claim that their internal surveys indicate that the public prefers on-line banking to in-person banking and rarely actually enters a bank to conduct business. 

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"It's likely that overhead costs (rent, maintenance, supplies and staff salaries) are a large factor, especially given that our survey shows how infrequently people visit brick and mortar banks," Murray told the Daily Mail. As far as the bottom line is concerned, fewer buildings and personnel mean more money for banks, that spend an average of $2.6 million per location annually.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:04:31 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://thepostmillennial.com/major-us-banks-shutter-33-locations-in-just-2-weeks</guid>
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<title>Online disinformation sparked a wave of far-right violence in the UK</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/09/online-disinformation-sparked-a-wave-of-far-right-violence-in-the-uk.html</link>
<description><p>Riot police officers push back anti-migration protesters outside the Holiday Inn Express Hotel which is housing asylum seekers on August 4, 2024 in Rotherham, United Kingdom.</p>
<p>Christopher Furlong | Getty Images News | Getty Images</p>
<p>It didn't take long for false claims to appear on social media after <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/9-year-old-becomes-third-child-die-uk-mass-stabbing-attack-taylor-swif-rcna164246">three young girls were killed</a> in the British town of Southport in July.</p>
<p>Within hours, false information — about the attacker's name, religion, and migration status — gained significant traction, sparking a wave of disinformation that fueled days of violent riots across the U.K.</p>
<p>"Referencing a post on LinkedIn, a post on X falsely named the perpetrator as 'Ali al-Shakati,' rumored to be a migrant of Muslim faith. By 3 p.m. the following day, the false name had over 30,000 mentions on X alone," Hannah Rose, a hate and extremism analyst at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), told CNBC via email.</p>
<p>Other false information shared on social media claimed the attacker was on an intelligence services watchlist, that he came to the UK on a small boat in 2023, and was known to local mental health services, according to <a href="https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/from-rumours-to-riots-how-online-misinformation-fuelled-violence-in-the-aftermath-of-the-southport-attack/">ISD's analysis</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.merseyside.police.uk/news/merseyside/news/2024/july/update-on-major-incident-in-southport#content">Police debunked the claims</a> the day after they first emerged, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/clashes-uks-southport-after-killing-three-girls-leaves-many-police-injured-2024-07-31/">saying the suspect was born in Britain</a>, but the narrative had already gained traction.</p><h2>Disinformation fueled biases and prejudice</h2>
<p>This kind of false information is closely aligned with a rhetoric that has fueled the anti-migration movement in the U.K. in recent years, said Joe Ondrak, research and tech lead for the U.K. at tech company Logically, which is developing artificial intelligence tools to fight misinformation.</p>
<p>"It's catnip to them really, you know. It's really the exact right thing to say to provoke a much angrier reaction than there likely would have been were the disinformation not circulated," he told CNBC via video call.</p>
<p>Riot police officers push back anti-migration protesters outside on Aug. 4, 2024 in Rotherham, U.K.</p>
<p>Christopher Furlong | Getty Images</p>
<p>Far-right groups soon began organizing anti-migrant and anti-Islam protests, including a demonstration at the planned vigil for the girls who had been killed. This <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/06/uk-riots-is-the-country-safe-to-travel-to-as-protests-spread.html">escalated into days of riots</a> in the U.K. that saw attacks on mosques, immigration centers and hotels that house asylum seekers.</p>
<p>The disinformation circulated online tapped into pre-existing biases and prejudice, Ondrak explained, adding that incorrect reports often thrive at times of heightened emotions.</p>
<p>"It's not a case of this false claim goes out and then, you know, it's believed by everyone," he said. The reports instead act as "a way to rationalize and reinforce pre-existing prejudice and bias and speculation before any sort of established truth could get out there."</p>
<p>"It didn't matter whether it was true or not," he added. Â </p>
<p>Many of the right-wing protestors claim the high number of migrants in the U.K. fuels crime and violence. <a href="https://migrantsrights.org.uk/">Migrants rights groups</a> deny these claims.</p><h2>The spread of disinformation online</h2>
<p>Social media provided a crucial way for the disinformation to be circulated, both through amplification of algorithms and because large accounts shared it, according to ISD's Rose.</p>
<p>Accounts with hundreds of thousands of followers, and the paid-for blue ticks on X, shared the false information which was then pushed by the platform's algorithms to other users, she explained.</p>
<p>"For example when you searched 'Southport' on TikTok, in the 'Others Searched For' section, which recommends similar content, the false name of the attacker was promoted by the platform itself, including 8 hours after the police confirmed that this information was incorrect," Rose said.</p>
<p>Shop fronts are being boarded up to protect them from damage before the rally against the far-right and racism.</p>
<p>Thabo Jaiyesimi | Sopa Images | Lightrocket | Getty Images</p>
<p>ISD's analysis showed that algorithms worked in a similar way on other platforms such as X, where the incorrect name of the attacker was featured as a trending topic.</p>
<p>As the riots continued, X-owner <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/elon-musk/">Elon Musk</a> <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/06/uk-slams-elon-musk-after-billionaire-comments-on-riots.html">weighed in, making controversial comments</a> about the violent demonstrations on his platform. His statements prompted pushback from the U.K. government, with the country's courts minister calling on Musk to "behave responsibly."</p>
<p>TikTok and X did not immediately respond to CNBC's request for comment.</p>
<p>The false claims also made their way onto Telegram, a platform which Ondrak said plays a role in consolidating narratives and exposing increasing numbers of people to "more hardline beliefs."</p>
<p>"It was a case of all of these claims getting funneled through to what we call the post-Covid milieu of Telegram," Ondrak added. This includes channels that were initially anti-vaxx but were co-opted by far-right figures promoting anti-migrant topics, he explained.</p>
<p>In response to a request for comment by CNBC, Telegram denied that it was helping spread misinformation. It said its moderators were monitoring the situation and removing channels and posts calling for violence, which are not permitted under its terms of service.</p>
<p>At least some of the accounts calling for participation in the protest could be traced back to the extreme right-wing, <a href="https://x.com/LogicallyAI/status/1821248254815920172">according to analysis by Logically</a>, including some linked to the banned right-wing extremist group National Action, which was named a terrorist organization in 2016 under the U.K.'s Terrorism Act.</p>
<p>Ondrak also noted that many groups that had previously circulated false information about the attack had started walking it back, saying it was a hoax.</p>
<p>On Wednesday, thousands of anti-racism protestors rallied in cities and towns across the U.K., far out-numbering recent anti-immigrant protests.</p><h2>Content moderation?</h2>
<p>The U.K. has an <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/online-disinformation-fueled-uk-riots-but-regulators-cant-take-action.html">Online Safety Act</a> meant to fight hate speech, but it only comes into effect early next year and may not be enough to guard against some forms of disinformation.</p>
<p>On Wednesday, the U.K. media regulator Ofcom issued a letter to social media platforms saying they shouldn't wait for the new law to come into force. The U.K. government also said social media companies should do more.</p>
<p>Many platforms already have terms and conditions and community guidelines, which to varying extents cover harmful content and enforce action against it.</p>
<p>A protester holds a placard reading "Racists not welcome here" during a counter demonstration against an anti-immigration protest called by far-right activists in the Walthamstow suburb of London on August 7, 2024.</p>
<p>Benjamin Cremel | Afp | Getty Images</p>
<p>The companies "have a responsibility to ensure that hatred and violence are not promoted on their platform," ISD's Rose said, but added that they need to do more to implement their rules.</p>
<p>She noted that ISD had found a range of content on a number of platforms that would likely be against their terms of service, but remained online.</p><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/online-disinformation-fueled-uk-riots-but-regulators-cant-take-action.html"><img src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/108016068-1722852734977-gettyimages-2165283037-cf201825_copy_wy0s2bsm.jpeg?v=1723131666&amp;w=160&amp;h=90"></img></a>
<p>Logically's Henry Parker, who is VP of corporate affairs, also pointed out nuances for different platforms and jurisdictions. Companies invest varying amounts in content moderation efforts, he told CNBC, and there are issues over differing laws and regulations.</p>
<p>"So there's a dual role here. There's a role for platforms to take more responsibility, live up to their own terms and conditions, work with third parties like fact checkers,"Â he said.</p>
<p>"And then there's the responsibility of government to really be clear what their expectations are … and then be very clear about what will happen if you don't meet those expectations. And we haven't yet gone to that stage yet."</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:01:55 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>FDA won't approve psychedelic MDMA for PTSD | AP News</title>
<link>https://apnews.com/article/mdma-psychedelic-drug-fda-ptsd-lykos-709b23613031fb11d3dc5228c8476a39</link>
<description><p>WASHINGTON (AP) — Federal health regulators on Friday declined to approve the <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mdma-ecstasy-ptsd-study-molly-fda-1155a374305027567d5f41910022022d">psychedelic drug MDMA</a></span> as a therapy for PTSD, a major setback for groups seeking a breakthrough decision in favor of using <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mushroom-psychedelic-alcoholism-study-a3b6692ae7590de9fd09a7cac271a199">mind-altering substances</a></span> to treat serious mental health conditions.</p>
<p>Drugmaker Lykos Therapeutics said the FDA notified the company that its drug “could not be approved based on data submitted to date,†and requested an additional late-stage study. Such studies generally takes several years and millions of dollars to conduct. The company said it plans to ask the agency to reconsider.</p>
<p> <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/psychedelic-drugs-mushrooms-startups-psilocybin-fda-e3f629f817781b096d72535e022d8b2f">Lykos and other psychedelic companies</a></span> had hoped that MDMA would be approved and pave the way for other <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/af93ce6f3daf4a8b97f21b9cde196cda">hallucinogenic drugs to enter the medical mainstream</a></span> . If the FDA had granted the request, MDMA, also known as ecstasy or molly, would have become the first illegal psychedelic to become a federally approved medicine.</p>
<p>The FDA’s decision was expected after a panel of <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mdma-psychedelics-fda-ptsd-ecstasy-molly-1f3753324fa7f91821c9ee6246fa18e1">government advisors voted overwhelmingly against the drug’s use</a></span> for post-traumatic stress disorder in June. The negative vote came after an all-day meeting in which <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mdma-fda-psychedelic-therapy-ptsd-treatment-drug-bc2d7495035a9532876c3dcaf52a9761">experts scrutinized Lykos’ study data</a></span> , research methods and possible risks of the drug, including heart problems, injury and abuse.</p>
<p>Military veterans have spent years lobbying for the use of psychedelic drugs to treat PTSD and other hard-to-treat mental health conditions. (AP video/Shelby Lum)</p>
<p>FDA said Friday the MDMA application had “significant limitations†that “prevent the agency from concluding that the drug is safe and effective for the proposed indication.†The agency said it will continue encouraging “innovation for psychedelic treatments and other therapies to address these medical needs.â€</p>
<p>Lykos said the issues FDA raised in what’s called a complete response letter echoed the concerns during the June meeting. </p>
<p>“The FDA request for another study is deeply disappointing,†Lykos CEO Amy Emerson said Friday in a statement. “Our heart breaks for the millions of military veterans, first responders, victims of sexual and domestic abuse and countless others suffering from PTSD who may now face more years without access to new treatment options.â€</p>
<p>Lykos is essentially a corporate spinoff of the nation’s leading psychedelic advocacy group, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, or MAPS, which funded the initial studies of MDMA by raising millions of dollars from wealthy backers.</p>
<p>The group has been a pioneer in researching the medical use of psychedelics, which major pharmaceutical companies have been unwilling to fund. Two small studies submitted to the FDA suggested combining MDMA with talk therapy led to significant easing of PTSD symptoms.</p>
<p>Antidepressants are now the only FDA-approved drugs for PTSD, which is closely linked to depression, anxiety and suicidal thinking and is more prevalent among women and veterans.</p>
<p>In recent years, MDMA research has been widely publicized by <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/psychedelic-mdma-veterans-ptsd-therapy-lykos-fda-b8ffaa142e8bde5bef1a001118126f8b">combat veterans</a></span> , who say the lack of treatments options for the condition has contributed to higher rates of suicide among military personnel. Last month, veterans supporting psychedelic therapy rallied on Capitol Hill in support of the drug. And more than 80 House and Senate lawmakers have signed letters to the FDA in recent weeks urging MDMA’s approval.</p>
<p>But FDA’s review brought new scrutiny to the research. The vast majority of patients in Lykos’ studies correctly guessed whether they had received MDMA or a dummy pill, making it “nearly impossible†to maintain the “blinding†which is considered essential for medical research, according to FDA internal staffers.</p>
<p>In recent months, separate allegations of misconduct have emerged, including that some researchers involved in the studies coached patients to suppress negative results or inflate positive ones.</p>
<p>Despite the setback, many experts say other psychedelics may fare better before the agency.</p>
<p>MDMA is the first in a <span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/psychedelic-drugs-mushrooms-startups-psilocybin-fda-e3f629f817781b096d72535e022d8b2f">series of psychedelics</a></span> that are expected to be reviewed by the FDA in coming years as part of a resurgence of interesting into their therapeutic potential.</p>
<p>The idea of using psychedelics to enhance psychotherapy is not new. A handful of therapists in California used MDMA during the 1970s and 1980s — when it was still legal — to facilitate couples therapy sessions. MAPS was founded in 1986 to oppose a federal decision placing MDMA in the same ultra-restrictive drug category as heroin, LSD and other illegal psychedelics.</p>
<p>MAPS’ studies of MDMA began more than a decade ago. Since then, dozens of small, startup drugmakers have entered the field, studying other substances like psilocybin and LSD for conditions including depression, addiction and anxiety. Those studies are generally larger and more rigorous than the MDMA studies submitted to the FDA.</p>
<p>Two drug developers, Compass Pathways and Usona Institute, are conducting late-stage studies of psilocybin — the active ingredient in magic mushrooms — for severe depression.</p><h2>___</h2>
<p>The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 16:54:19 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>VIDEO - Noah Lyles wins 200m bronze; COVID diagnosis revealed after race - ABC7 New York</title>
<link>https://abc7ny.com/post/noah-lyles-wins-200m-bronze-covid-diagnosis-revealed-after-race/15160698/</link>
<description><p> <span>SAINT-DENIS, France -- </span> Barely an hour after he earned his first gold medal Sunday night, Noah Lyles told anyone who would listen what would happen when he went for his second later in the week.</p>
<p>"I'll be winning," Lyles said.</p>
<p>Turns out, this time he was wrong.</p>
<p>One day after losing the 200-meter semifinal to Letsile Tebogo of Botswana, Lyles was unable to surpass him once again in the final Thursday night.</p><img src="https://cdn.abcotvs.com/dip/images/15160713_noah-lyles-1-img.jpg"></img>
<p><span > <span> <span>Noah Lyles, of the United States, is treated by medical staff following the men's 200-meters final at the 2024 Summer Olympics, Thursday, Aug. 8, 2024, in Saint-Denis, France.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span>AP Photo/Petr David Josek</span> </p>
<p>Tebogo ran an African-record 19.46 to earn the 200-meter gold medal. Finishing just behind him with silver was American Kenny Bednarek, who posted a 19.62-second showing.</p>
<p>Rounding out the podium placers with bronze was the American sprinter Lyles, who finished in 19.70 seconds. It's the second straight Olympics in which he earned a bronze medal in the race that he has long billed as his premier even</p>
<p>As soon as he crossed the finish line third, Lyles laid down on his back on the track. He placed his hands on his head with a look of disbelief on his face. Within moments, he was surrounded by athletic trainers and members of the Paris Olympics medical staff, who moved him toward a wall as they administered some level of treatment.</p><img src="https://cdn.abcotvs.com/dip/images/15160729_noah-lyles-2-img.jpg"></img>
<p><span > <span> <span>Noah Lyles, of the United States, is helped off the track after the men's 200-meter final at the 2024 Summer Olympics, Thursday, Aug. 8, 2024, in Saint-Denis, France.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span>AP Photo/Matthias Schrader</span> </p>
<p>At one point, Lyles was seen wearing a mask before being placed in a chair which was eventually wheeled into the nearby tunnel.</p>
<p>It was immediately unclear what Lyles' medical status was following the race, although NBC's broadcast indicated it had spoken with his mother, who said he had been diagnosed with COVID on Tuesday.</p>
<p>Just after Wednesday's semifinal heat in which Lyles finished second to Tebogo, Lyles did not come through the media mixed zone. He instead was taken directly to medical for what was an undisclosed reason.</p><img src="https://cdn.abcotvs.com/dip/images/15160731_noah-lyles-3.jpg"></img>
<p><span > <span> <span>Noah Lyles, of the United States, dons a face mask following his men's 200-meters final at the 2024 Summer Olympics, Thursday, Aug. 8, 2024, in Saint-Denis, France.</span> </span> </span> </p>
<p> <span>AP Photo/Petr David Josek</span> </p>
<p>During Thursday's race, all eight runners got off to a somewhat even start. Lyles was in the hunt early. Around the 100-meter mark, Tebogo and Bednarek began pulling away. Although Lyles was still hanging close with them, Tebogo's lead was one he was not relinquishing easily.</p>
<p>Minutes after the race, Lyles was also handed a yellow card for a violation of Technical Rule 7.1 for "improper conduct." It wasn't immediately clear why he was given it, but during introductions, he did demonstrably jump onto the track as he heard his name.</p>
<p>While pumping up the crowd before the race, Lyles smacked the box housing the speaker in his lane so hard that the number on it box fell off.</p>
<p>Lyles' 200-meter showing followed his 9.79-second, personal-best effort in Sunday's close 100-meter dash. He earned the gold medal in what was the closest 100-meter final since at least Moscow in 1980 -- or perhaps ever. Back then, Great Britain's Allan Wells narrowly beat Silvio Leonard in 10.25 seconds in an era when timing didn't go down to the thousandths of a second.</p>
<p>Copyright © 2024 ESPN Internet Ventures. All rights reserved.</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 16:09:10 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>VIDEO - President Trump Gives Lengthy Press Conference - August 8, 2024 - The Last Refuge</title>
<link>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2024/08/08/president-trump-gives-lengthy-press-conference-august-8-2024/</link>
<description><p>Earlier today, President Trump gave a press conference from Mar-a-Lago in Florida. Unlike the Kamala/Walz heavily controlled and scripted relationship with their allies in media, President Trump and JD Vance will take any/all questions regardless of topic.</p>
<p>President Trump delivered some short remarks then stood in front of the media and took questions from the assembled press pool for over an hour. <strong> <span>WATCH:</span> </strong></p>
<p></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><a href="https://theconservativetreehouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-08-202653.png"><img src="https://theconservativetreehouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-08-202653.png"></img></a></p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 15:44:48 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Former YouTube CEO and Silicon Valley trailblazer Susan Wojcicki has died at age 56</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/10/former-youtube-ceo-and-silicon-valley-trailblazer-susan-wojcicki-has-died-at-age-56.html</link>
<description><p>CEO Youtube Susan Wojcicki speaks during the 'What Matters Next' session during the Cannes Lions Festival 2018 on June 19, 2018 in Cannes, France.</p>
<p>Francois G. Durand | Getty Images Entertainment | Getty Images</p>
<p>Former YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki, who was also one of the most influential early <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/GOOGL/">Google</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> employees, has died at the age of 56 according to posts shared online by her husband Dennis Troper and Google CEO Sundar Pichai on Friday night.</p>
<p>Wojicki led YouTube for nearly ten years and was one of the only women to hold the CEO role at a big tech company in Silicon Valley.</p>
<p>Wojcicki's husband Dennis Troper wrote on Facebook early Friday night, "It is with profound sadness that I share the news of <a href="https://www.facebook.com/susan.wojcicki?__cft__%5B0%5D=AZVE5CAiypIu3dl8am7-N0lwq7HVmNc8RUImyVM4l5p_9H26MStpoFAHARx_Ma1TvEAiGB5xLrTYYy1890a_VZ_Ggqy8EaNQyOB65YrmR3YbJQY3ypku4_m9cGfg5upiGUc&amp;amp;__tn__=-%5DK-R">Susan Wojcicki</a> passing. My beloved wife of 26 years and mother to our five children left us today after 2 years of living with non-small cell lung cancer."</p>
<p>Pichai confirmed the death and cancer condition <a href="https://x.com/sundarpichai/status/1822132667959386588">in a post</a> on social media Friday, writing that he was "unbelievably saddened" by the loss.</p>
<p>In a <a href="https://blog.google/inside-google/message-ceo/an-incredible-life-and-career/">note</a> sent to employees, Pichai described Wojcicki as "one of the most active and vibrant people I have ever met. Her loss is devastating for all of us who know and love her, for the thousands of Googlers she led over the years, and for millions of people all over the world who looked up to her, benefited from her advocacy and leadership, and felt the impact of the incredible things she created at Google, YouTube, and beyond.</p>
<p>"Susan's journey, from the garage she rented to Larry and Sergey … to leading teams across consumer products and building our Ads business … to becoming the CEO of YouTube, one of the world's most significant platforms, is inspiring by any measure. But she didn't stop there. As one of the earliest Googlers -- and the first to take maternity leave -- Susan used her position to build a better workplace for everyone. And in the years that followed, her advocacy around parental leave set a new standard for businesses everywhere. Susan was also deeply passionate about education. She realized early on that YouTube could be a learning platform for the world and championed 'edutubers' -- especially those who extended the reach of STEM education to underserved communities."</p>
<p>Wojcicki, 56, joined YouTube as CEO in 2014. She stepped down from her role in February 2023, saying she'd continue working with YouTube teams, coaching members and meeting with creators.</p>
<p>She helped to build Google from its earliest days into a tech titan, and is credited with shepherding some of its most successful products.</p>
<p>She let Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/early-google-employee-filmed-the-companys-garage-office-in-1998.html">work out</a> of her Menlo Park, California, home upon founding Google. Page and Brin <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/27/google-virtual-tour-of-larry-page-sergey-brins-1998-garage-office.html">rented the garage space</a> for $1,700 a month from her. Wojcicki was working in the marketing department at Intel at the time.</p>
<p>Upon joining Google in 1999 as the company's 16th employee, Wojcicki oversaw the design and build of Google's advertising and analytics products for 14 years. She played a crucial role in developing Google's advertising business, including co-creating AdSense, one of the company's most successful products.</p>
<p>In 2006, she advocated for Google's then-$1.65 billion acquisition of YouTube.</p>
<p>"The founders trust Susan maybe more than anybody on the planet," Patrick Keane, an early Google sales director, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/30/susan-wojcicki-had-talks-to-become-tesla-coo-in-2014-new-book.html#:~:text=Tech-,Susan%20Wojcicki%20was%20in%20talks%20to%20be%20Elon%20Musk's%20number,YouTube%20CEO%20role%2C%20book%20says&amp;amp;text=A%20new%20book%20about%20YouTube,work%20with%20Elon%20Musk%20instead">said in the 2022 book</a> "Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination." "You could never get Susan rattled, no matter how challenging the moment was."</p>
<p>"When people couldn't get him to see reason, she always could," said former Google director and early Silicon Valley workplace influencer Kim Scott in the book as "a Larry whisperer," referring to Google co-founder Larry Page.</p>
<p>During Wojcicki's tenure as YouTube CEO, she oversaw the company's rapid expansion, helping turn it into the largest video platform in the world. YouTube now has more than 2.5 billion monthly active users and more than 500 hours of content are uploaded to the platform every minute, according to the company.</p>
<p>The announcement of her death led to an outpouring of condolences from a wide range of tech and venture capital leaders on Friday night.</p>
<p>"I had the good fortune of meeting Susan 17 years ago when she was the architect of the DoubleClick acquisition," wrote current YouTube CEO Neal Mohan in <a href="https://x.com/nealmohan/status/1822148626623140339">a social</a> media post Friday night. "Her legacy lives on in everything she touched at Google and YouTube."</p>
<p>"She taught me the business and helped me navigate a growing, fairly chaotic organization at the beginning of my career in tech," said former Meta COO Sheryl Sandberg in a social media post. "As one of the most important women leaders in tech — the first to lead a major company— she was committed to expanding opportunities for women throughout Silicon Valley. I don't believe my career would be what it is today without her unwavering support."</p>
<p>"I am deeply saddened by the passing of my dear colleague and friend @SusanWojcicki," wrote Google chief scientist Jeff Dean on <a href="https://x.com/JeffDean">social media</a> Friday night. "She has had a profound influence on everyone at Google and impacted the lives of so many."</p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 14:06:00 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Here's What Elon Musk Really Thinks About Climate Change Entrepreneur</title>
<link>https://www.entrepreneur.com/green-entrepreneur/heres-what-elon-musk-really-thinks-about-climate-change/441739</link>
<description><p>
Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own. </p>
<p>Where is Elon Musk on the climate change issue?</p>
<p>While the world's second richest man has strongly advocated for fighting against global warming over the years, his thoughts on reversing the trend have varied.</p>
<p>"Climate change is the biggest threat that humanity faces this century, except for AI," Musk told <i><a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/why-elon-musks-ambition-is-an-antidote-to-climate-pessimism-196804/">Rolling Stone</a></i> in 2018. "I keep telling people this. I hate to be Cassandra here, but it's all fun and games until somebody loses a f---ing eye."</p>
<p>Musk's concern about the climate is shared by 72% of Americans, according to <a href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us/">a survey by Yale University</a>. Another survey by the American Association for the Advancement of Science survey found that about 97% of climate scientists concluded that "human-caused climate change is happening."</p><h2>A pioneer in clean energy</h2>
<p>Musk's actions as an entrepreneur demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainability.</p>
<p>In 2008, Musk became CEO of Tesla, now the world's largest electric vehicle producer. Additionally, in 2016, Tesla acquired SolarCity — a company started by Musk's cousins — for $2.6 billion. SolarCity was reorganized into Tesla Energy, a clean energy subsidiary of Tesla, Inc.</p>
<p>What was the motivation behind investing in Tesla?</p>
<p>"The fundamental intention of Tesla, at least my motivation, was to accelerate the advent of sustainable energy," he said. "That's why I open-sourced the patents. It's the only way to transition to sustainable energy better."</p>
<p><b>Related: <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/elon-musk-was-right-to-ban-remote-work-heres-why/437963">Elon Musk Was Right To Ban Remote Work. Here's Why</a></b></p><h2>Musk is funding a $100 million carbon removal competition</h2>
<p>Musk has consistently funded efforts to fight global warming.</p>
<p>The Musk Foundation is involved with the <a href="https://www.xprize.org/prizes/carbonremoval">XPrize Carbon Removal Program</a>, which is funding a carbon removal competition between teams across the globe. According to the website, the goal is to fight climate and rebalance the Earth's carbon cycle, and the prize is listed as the largest incentive prize in history.</p>
<p>"We want teams to build real systems that can make a measurable impact at a gigaton level. Whatever it takes. Time is of the essence," Musk said.</p><h2>Musk on the risks of climate change</h2>
<p>Musk has repeatedly warned about the risks of climate change to humanity. In 2015, he made a head-turning speech on the subject at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKCuDxpccYM">Paris-Sorbonne University</a>.</p>
<p>"If we wait and delay the change (away from fossil fuels), the best case is simply delaying the inevitable transition from sustainable energy. This is the best case if we don't take action now," he said. "The worst case, however, is more displacement and destruction than all the wars in history combined. These are the best and worst-case scenarios. This is why I call it the dumbest experiment in history."</p>
<p>He imagined the possibility of 5 to 10% of the Earth's landmass being absorbed by water, concluding ominously that "we would be talking about maybe two billion people being displaced and their homes being destroyed and their countries being gone. So I think we should take action."</p>
<p>Musk said he thought the government needed to play a role in changing the course.</p>
<p>"There needs to be a clear message from government in this regard," Musk said. "Because the fundamental problem is the rules today incent people to create carbon. This is madness. Whatever you incent, will happen. That is why we are seeing very little effect thus far.</p>
<p>"The government is the setter of rules, the government decides what rules the companies play by. And if we currently have a system that massively incentivizes bad behavior."</p><h2>Musk on the Paris Climate Accords</h2>
<p>In the early days of the Trump Administration, Musk was part of two advisory councils to the former president. But <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/living/elon-musk-im-departing-trumps-councils/295174">Musk left the councils</a> after Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Climate Accords. The Accords include commitments from all countries to reduce their emissions and work together to adapt to the impacts of climate change, and calls on countries to strengthen their commitments over time.</p>
<p>"Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world," Musk <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/870369915894546432?lang=en">wrote on Twitter</a>.</p>
<p><b>Related: <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/what-skills-does-elon-musk-have-and-why-is-he-so-successful/371552">What Skills Does Elon Musk Have and Why Is He So Successful?</a></b></p><h2>Musk on the Biden Administration plans for tackling climate change</h2>
<p>As the Biden Administration took over the White House in 2021, Musk told <i><a href="https://fortune.com/2021/01/25/exclusive-elon-musk-tells-fortune-hes-super-fired-up-about-biden/">Fortune</a></i> that he was excited about the new president's goals in tackling the climate crisis.</p>
<p>"I think this is great. I feel very optimistic about the future of sustainable energy with the new administration," Musk said. "Not that we should get complacent or anything, but the wind is at our back for solving the climate crisis with the new administration."</p>
<h2>Musk bristles at government spending on climate change</h2>
<p>But as the details of the Biden Administration's Build Back Better bill surfaced, Musk began to have a change of heart about the administration. Despite the bill's provisions on climate change, Musk told the Wall Street Journal: "I would just can this whole bill. That's my recommendation."</p>
<p>Why was he against it? Musk expressed concern about the amount of government spending required and how it would affect the deficit.</p>
<p>"Do we need federal support for gas stations? We don't. So there's no need for this, for support for a charging network. I would delete it. Delete."</p>
<p>"It might be better if the bill doesn't pass because we've spent so much money, you know, it's like the federal budget deficit is insane," he added.</p><h2>Musk on a carbon tax</h2>
<p>Musk has consistently favored a carbon tax, which is a tax on fossil fuels, especially those used by motor vehicles, intended to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<p>During a <a href="http://open.spotify.com/episode/2aB2swgyXqbFA06AxPlFmr">February 2021 interview</a> with Joe Rogan, Musk once again declared that he favored a carbon tax. Musk <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/05/elon-musk-we-need-a-revolt-against-the-fossil-fuel-industry">had also </a>discussed a carbon tax at the World Energy Innovation Forum in 2016, noting that a "revolt" against the fossil fuel industry was needed.</p>
<p>"My top recommendation, honestly, would be just add a carbon tax," Musk told Rogan. "The economy works great. Prices and money are just information. If the price is wrong, the economy doesn't do the right thing."</p>
<p>Musk said he wanted to make sure the tax was non-regressive, based on income level so that lower wage earners do not pay a higher rate than higher wage earners. He also floated the idea of tax rebates for lower-wage workers.</p>
<p>"If we just put a price on (carbon emissions), the market will react in a sensible way. But because we don't have a price on it, it is behaving badly," Musk said.</p>
<p>Musk said that he had spoken with the Biden Administration about a carbon tax, but he said that the White House told him it would be too difficult politically to get through. However, Biden's Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen, <a href="https://twitter.com/citizensclimate/status/1359128666958041089">has been vocal</a> about her support for a carbon tax.</p>
<p><b>Related: <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/living/61-books-elon-musk-thinks-you-should-read/355673">61 Books Elon Musk Thinks You Should Read</a></b></p>
<h2>Musk vs. Bill Gates on climate action</h2>
<p>Musk and Bill Gates are two of the richest men in the world. Both have overwhelming resources to devote to fighting climate change. But each man has taken different routes to help with the crisis, and these differences have caused a feud.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-bill-gates-feud-coronavirus-electric-cars-2020-9#in-a-leaked-text-message-exchange-between-the-two-billionaires-which-musk-said-is-legitimate-gates-seems-to-confirm-that-hes-betting-against-tesla-but-says-hed-still-like-to-work-on-a-climate-focused-philanthropic-opportunity-together-sorry-but-i-cannot-take-your-philanthropy-on-climate-change-seriously-when-you-have-a-massive-short-position-against-tesla-the-company-doing-the-most-to-solve-climate-change-musk-replied-17">Gates has criticized Musk</a> for his endeavors with exploring outer space rather than using that money for work here on Earth, while Musk has criticized Gates' strategies and his financial dealings with Tesla. In brief, Gates owns a half-a-billion short position on Tesla.</p>
<p>This came to a head when Gates reached out to Musk about working together on climate change. Musk shut down the proposition pretty quickly.</p>
<p>In a <a href="https://twitter.com/WholeMarsBlog/status/1517626832241057792">leaked text message exchange</a> (which was later confirmed by Musk as authentic), Musk replied to Gates, "Sorry, but I cannot take your philanthropy on climate change seriously when you have a massive short position against Tesla, the company doing the most to solve climate change."</p>
<h2>Musk now believes there are bigger problems than global warming</h2>
<p>Although Musk declared in 2018 that climate change was the most significant threat humanity would face this century, his views seemed to have changed by the summer of 2022 — at least regarding global warming.</p>
<p>On July 15th, <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1547927887734456322">Musk tweeted</a>, "Tesla is to protect life on Earth, SpaceX to extend life beyond."</p>
<p>However, just over one month later on August 25, <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1563020169160851456">Musk tweeted</a>, "Population collapse due to low birth rates is a much bigger risk to civilization than global warming. Mark these words."</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Population collapse due to low birth rates is a much bigger risk to civilization than global warming</p>— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1563020169160851456?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 26, 2022</a></blockquote>
<p>He added, " I think global warming is a major risk."</p>
<p><b>Related: <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/elon-musks-crazy-stalker-is-an-uber-eats-driver/441443">Elon Musk's Stalker Is an Uber Eats Driver Who Says Musk Is Stalking Him</a></b></p></description>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Aug 2024 05:11:49 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>China launches its rival to Elon Musk's Starlink internet satellites</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/06/china-launches-its-rival-to-elon-musks-starlink-internet-satellites.html?__source=iosappshare%7Ccom.apple.UIKit.activity.Mail</link>
<description><p>The Chang'e 6 lunar probe and the Long March-5 Y8 carrier rocket combination sit atop the launch pad at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan province, China, on May 3, 2024.</p>
<p>Eduardo Baptista | Reuters</p>
<p>China on Tuesday launched its first batch of internet satellites that will form part of a constellation it hopes will rival SpaceX's Starlink.</p>
<p>Known as "Thousand Sails," the constellation is a low-Earth orbit set of more than 15,000 satellites that China has said will create global internet coverage.</p>
<p>A Long March 6A carrier rocket took off from the Taiyuan launch center in the northern Shanxi Province of China to deliver the initial 18 satellites into space, according to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which called the mission a complete success.</p>
<p>By 2025, China is aiming to deploy 648 satellites in the first phase of the constellation's build-out to create an internet network with global coverage, according to state media CCTV.</p>
<p>China's constellation is known as a low-Earth orbit — or LEO — set of satellites that aim to provide internet coverage. Two high-profile names in the space are Starlink, developed by <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/elon-musk/">Elon Musk's</a> SpaceX, and OneWeb, which is owned by European firm <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/ETL-FR/">Eutelsat</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> .</p>
<p>The launch of an internet constellation <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html">underscores China's big space ambitions</a> and Beijing's bid to dislodge the U.S. dominance in the sector as the technology battle between the two nations expands.</p>
<p>In 2020, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/23/beidou-china-completes-rival-to-the-us-owned-gps-system.html">China completed the BeiDou network</a>, a set of satellites forming a global navigation system to rival the U.S. government-owned Global Positioning System, or GPS, which is widely used across the world. </p>
<p>China's Chang'e-6 lunar probe returned to Earth on Tuesday, bringing back the first-ever samples from the <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/25/chinas-change-6-probe-returns-to-earth-with-first-ever-samples-from-far-side-of-the-moon.html">unexplored far side of the moon</a>. Beijing has also laid out plans to send its <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/24/china-plans-to-send-its-first-crewed-mission-to-mars-in-2033.html">first crewed mission to Mars in 2033</a>.</p></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 16:59:16 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Waker-uz-Zaman - Wikipedia</title>
<link>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waker-uz-Zaman</link>
<description><span ><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png"></img></a></span>
<p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p>
<p>Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army</p>
<p><b>Waker-uz-Zaman</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language">Bengali</a>: <span >ওয়াকার-উজ-জামান</span> ; born 16 September 1966) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_star_general">four star general</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a> who is the current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Bangladesh)">Chief of Army Staff</a> (CAS)<a href="#cite_note-2"> <span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span> </a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a> since 23 June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-3"> <span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-4"> <span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"> <span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span> </a> Prior to his appointment as CAS, he served as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6"> <span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-7"> <span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-8"> <span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span> </a> Previously, he served as the 15th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Staff_Officer_(Bangladesh)">Principal Staff Officer</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Division">Armed Forces Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9"> <span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-10"> <span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Early life and education</h2></p>
<p>Waker was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpur_District">Sherpur District</a> on 16 September 1966.<a href="#cite_note-11"> <span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span> </a>
He graduated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Services_Command_and_Staff_College_(Bangladesh)">Defence Services Command and Staff College</a>. He studied at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Services_Command_and_Staff_College">Joint Services Command and Staff College</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a> He holds a master's degree in defence studies from Bangladesh and a Master of Arts in defence studies from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London">King's College</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London">University of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13"> <span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-afd.gov.bd-14"> <span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Career</h2></p>
<p>Waker was commissioned in 20 December 1985 from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Military_Academy">Bangladesh Military Academy</a> in 13th BMA Long Course in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal_Regiment">East Bengal Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>During his long military career, he taught at the Non-Commissioned Officer's Academy (NCOA), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Infantry_and_Tactics">School of Infantry and Tactics</a> (SI&amp;T) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Institute_of_Peace_Support_Operation_Training">Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training</a> (BIPSOT). He served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia">United Nations Mission in Liberia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_I">United Nations Angola Verification Mission I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a> He served as Deputy Assistant Military Secretary, Assistant Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in Military Secretary's Branch, Army Headquarters. He served in Army Security Unit and Commanded the 17th East Bengal Regiment. He commanded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade">46th Independent Infantry Brigade</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. Waker was appointed as Military Secretary of Bangladesh Army in Army Headquarters twice in 2013 and 2017 subsequently.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12"> <span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>After that he was appointed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Bangladesh)">9th Infantry Division</a> as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding">GOC</a> and Area Commander of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar_Cantonment">Savar Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15"> <span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span> </a> On 30 November 2020, Waker was promoted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(Bangladesh)">Lieutenant General</a> and appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Staff_Officer_(Bangladesh)">Principal Staff Officer</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Division">Armed Forces Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16"> <span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span> </a> He served as the chairperson of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Authority_for_Chemical_Weapons_Convention">Bangladesh National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17"> <span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span> </a> He was a member of the governing body of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_College_(Bangladesh)">National Defence College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18"> <span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p>He was appointed as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff">Chief of General Staff</a> (CGS) of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a> on 29 December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-19"> <span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span> </a> General Wakar is also worked as the acting chairman of the Central Coordination Committee of Cantonment Public Schools and Colleges. In 11 June 2024, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> appointed him as the next chief of army staff.<a href="#cite_note-20"> <span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Interim government formation</h2></p>
<p>On 5 August 2024, following Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s flight from Bangladesh amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement">2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a>, Waker announced his intention to form an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_Interim_Government">interim government</a>, promising that the military would investigate violence against protesters and hand over power. Members of the interim government led by Nobel laureate Prof <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> will take oath 8th August, three days after the cabinet was dissolved following the resignation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>. Army chief, General Zaman said the oath-taking ceremony is likely to be held at 8:00pm in presence of some 400 dignitaries.
</p>
<p>He hinted that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_Interim_Government">interim government</a> may have 15 members for now. He, however, did not disclose their names and the possible tenure of the government.<a href="#cite_note-21"> <span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span> </a> <a href="#cite_note-Alam-Pathi-22"> <span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-23"> <span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >Personal life</h2></p>
<p>Waker is married to Begum Sarahnaz Kamalika Rahman who is the eldest daughter of late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mustafizur_Rahman">General Mustafizur Rahman</a> and the couple have two daughters.<a href="#cite_note-afd.gov.bd-14"> <span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span> </a> His father-in-law General Rahman served as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Bangladesh)">Chief of Army Staff</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a> from 24 December 1997 to 23 December 2000; he was Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's uncle.<a href="#cite_note-24"> <span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span> </a><a href="#cite_note-25"> <span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span> </a> Waker's wife is Hasina's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-26"> <span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span> </a>
</p>
<p><h2 >References</h2></p>
<ol>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-unrest-live-updates-nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-named-chief-adviser-of-interim-government-6280732">"Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus Named Chief Advisor Of Bangladesh Interim Government: Updates"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807043246/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-unrest-live-updates-nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-named-chief-advisor-of-interim-government-6280732">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>7 August</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804212448/https://www.army.mil.bd/Chief-of-Army-Staff">"Chief of Army Staff"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army">Bangladesh Army</a></i>. Archived from <a href="https://www.army.mil.bd/Chief-of-Army-Staff">the original</a> on 4 August 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623142503/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/general-waker-uz-zaman-takes-charge-as-chief-of-army-staff">"General Waker-Uz-Zaman takes charge as Chief of Army Staff"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(Bangladesh)">The Financial Express (Bangladesh)</a></i>. 23 June 2024. Archived from <a href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/general-waker-uz-zaman-takes-charge-as-chief-of-army-staff">the original</a> on 23 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/lt-gen-waker-uz-zaman-named-new-army-chief-3632016">"Lt Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman named new army chief"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i>. 11 June 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>15 June</span> 2024</span> . Lieutenant General Waker-Uz-Zaman, OSP, SGP, psc, Chief of General Staff (CGS) has been promoted to general and appointed as the Chief of Army Staff<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/govt-appoints-lt-gen-waker-uz-zaman-new-army-chief-874591">"Lt Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman appointed new army chief"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_Standard">The Business Standard</a></i>. 11 June 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>15 June</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/armed-forces/news/lt-gen-waker-uz-zaman-posted-cgs-army-3506991">"Lt Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman posted to CGS in army"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i>. 31 December 2023.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.tbsnews.net/videos/lieutenant-general-waqar-uz-zaman-has-been-appointed-18th-chief-army-staff-874421">"Lieutenant General Waker-Uz-Zaman has been appointed as the 18th Chief of Army Staff"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_Standard">The Business Standard</a></i>. 11 June 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>15 June</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/349024/lt-gen-waker-uz-zaman-appointed-bangladesh-army">"Lt Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman appointed army chief"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. 11 June 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>15 June</span> 2024</span> . The government has appointed Lieutenant General Waker-Uz-Zaman as the new army chief of Bangladesh, effective from June 23, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations_(Bangladesh)">Inter-Services Public Relations (Bangladesh)</a> (ISPR) announced on Tuesday.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/123030/lieutenant-general-wakar-made-pso">"Lieutenant General Wakar made PSO"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(Bangladesh)">New Age BD</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>3 November</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623143425/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/metro-news/new-pso-adorned-with-lt-gen-rank-badge-1606759978">"New PSO adorned with Lt Gen rank badge"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(Bangladesh)">The Financial Express BD</a></i>. 1 December 2020. Archived from <a href="https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/metro-news/new-pso-adorned-with-lt-gen-rank-badge-1606759978">the original</a> on 23 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.rtvonline.com/english/bangladesh/14930">"New army chief Waker-uz-Zaman"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTV_(Bangladeshi_TV_channel)">RTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)</a></i>. 11 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><i><b>c</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><i><b>d</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623034929/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/general-waqar-uz-zaman-promoted-made-pso-at-armed-forces-division">"General Waqar-uz-Zaman promoted, made PSO at Armed Forces Division"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdnews24.com">bdnews24.com</a></i>. Archived from <a href="https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/general-waqar-uz-zaman-promoted-made-pso-at-armed-forces-division">the original</a> on 23 June 2023 <span>. Retrieved <span>31 December</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.daily-sun.com/post/754191">"General Waker-Uz-Zaman takes over as Army Chief of Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Daily Sun</i>. 23 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-afd.gov.bd_14-0"><i><b>a</b></i></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afd.gov.bd_14-1"><i><b>b</b></i></a></span> <span><a href="https://afd.gov.bd/pso-afd">"Principal Staff Officer (PSO), AFD | Armed Forces Division(AFD)"</a>. <i>afd.gov.bd</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>4 November</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://thedailynewnation.com/news/45335/goc-of-ninth-infantry-division-and-commander-of-savar-area-major-general-waqar-uz-zaman-handing-over-the-championship-trophy-to-savar-area-team-which-emerged-the-champions-of-the-bangladesh-army-hockey-competition-at-the-savar-cantonment-on-thursday.html">"GOC of Ninth Infantry Division and Commander of Savar Area Major General Waqar-uz-Zaman handing over the championship trophy to Savar Area team, which emerged the champions of the Bangladesh Army Hockey Competition at the Savar Cantonment on Thursday"</a>. <i>The New Nation</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>3 November</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/11/30/new-pso-adorned-with-lieutenant-general-rank-badge">"New PSO adorned with Lieutenant General rank badge"</a>. <i>Dhaka Tribune</i>. 30 November 2020 <span>. Retrieved <span>31 December</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="http://www.bnacwcafd.gov.bd/menu/chairman">"Honorable Chairman"</a>. <i>bnacwcafd.gov.bd</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>31 December</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.ndc.gov.bd/Page/GoverningBody">"National Defence College"</a>. <i>ndc.gov.bd</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>31 December</span> 2020</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/74971">"Lt Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman appointed as new army chief"</a>. <i>jagonews24.com</i> <span>. Retrieved <span>11 June</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/lt-general-waker-uz-zaman-appointed-new-army-chief-874221">"Lt General Waker-Uz-Zaman appointed as new army chief"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_Standard">The Business Standard</a></i>. 11 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://asianews.network/">https://asianews.network/</a></span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alam-Pathi_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span>Alam, Julhas; Pathi, Krutika (5 August 2024). <a href="https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-student-protest-quota-violence-fdc7f2632c3d8fcbd913e6c0a1903fd4">"Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns and leaves Bangladesh, ending 15-year rule"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press">Associated Press</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>5 August</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/pm-sheikh-hasina-has-resigned-interim-government-to-run-country-says-bangladesh-army-chief-13801083.html">"Who will run Bangladesh's interim govt? I'm taking full responsibility, says army chief"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 5 August 2024 <span>. Retrieved <span>5 August</span> 2024</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/123030/lieutenant-general-wakar-made-pso">"Lieutenant General Wakar made PSO"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(Bangladesh)">New Age BD</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>4 November</span> 2021</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/former-army-chief-mustafiz-is-buried">"Former army chief Mustafiz is buried"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdnews24.com">bdnews24.com</a></i> <span>. Retrieved <span>1 August</span> 2023</span> .<span ></span> </span>
</li>
<li > <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/977amj3iqo">"General Waker-Uz-Zaman takes over as army chief"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothom_Alo">Prothom Alo</a></i>. 23 June 2024.<span ></span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
<p><h2 >External links</h2></p>
<ul><li><span ><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png"></img></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waker-uz-Zaman">Waker-uz-Zaman</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 16:08:46 +0000</pubDate>
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<title>Apple could charge $20 for some Apple Intelligence features: analysts</title>
<link>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/apple-could-charge-20-for-some-apple-intelligence-features-analysts.html</link>
<description><p>Jaque Silva | SOPA Images | Lightrocket | Getty Images</p>
<p><span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/AAPL/">Apple</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> could charge its users up to $20 for its advanced artificial intelligence features, analysts told CNBC, as the company looks to boost the growth of its lucrative services business.</p>
<p>The Cupertino giant plans to rollout <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/10/apple-wwdc-live-updates.html">Apple Intelligence</a>, its forthcoming AI system, across some of its devices later this year.</p>
<p>When Apple announced its AI system in June, the company promised a bolstered Siri voice assistant, as well as features including the ability to automatically generate emails and images. While these features will roll out slowly, with <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/20/apple-ai-push-faces-big-challenges-in-china.html">regions such as China</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/21/apple-ai-europe-dma-macos.html">Europe initially not receiving access</a>, Apple could charge a subscription for the more advanced apps, analysts said.</p>
<p>Neil Shah, partner at Counterpoint Research, said <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/01/apple-spending-more-on-ai-but-remains-behind-its-silicon-valley-peers.html">investment in AI is expensive</a> and Apple will want to pass that cost onto its users.</p>
<p>"Software and services makes it more lucrative for Apple to pass it on with the Apple One subscription model," Shah told CNBC in an interview last week.</p>
<p>Apple One costs $19.95 a month and gives users access to various Apple services including Apple Music.</p>
<p>Shah said Apple could charge between $10 and $20 for Apple Intelligence, potentially as part of Apple One, for more premium AI features.</p>
<p>Apple's services division brought in <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/01/apple-aapl-earnings-report-q3-2024.html">$24.2 billion in the June quarter</a>, making it unique as many other hardware firms have not managed to monetize software.</p>
<p>"Apple is one of the few connected devices companies that has successfully monetized the value-added services it offers," Ben Wood, chief of research at CCS Insight, told CNBC this week.</p>
<p>"As a result, it has set a precedent with its users that they have to pay for more premium services. On this basis, it can't be ruled out that Apple may choose to charge for more advanced features within its Apple Intelligence offering."</p>
<p>Wood added that Apple Intelligence could give the U.S. giant an option to launched a bundled subscription service with various services under a single price.</p>
<p>"But equally Apple will be reluctant to dilute revenue from individual products subscriptions," he said.</p>
<p>It is not unusual for technology firms to charge for their AI offerings. OpenAI, for example has a subscription fee for more advanced ChatGPT features and <span ><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/quotes/MSFT/">Microsoft</a> <span><span ></span> </span> </span> charges for its AI Copilot tool.</p>
<p>Apple's biggest rival Samsung, which has already begun rolling out its artificial intelligence services known as Galaxy AI, is still considering various revenue models for its software, its <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/26/samsung-tm-roh-interview-galaxy-ai-mixed-reality-and-foldables.html">mobile boss told CNBC last month</a>.</p>
<p>For Apple, AI gives the company a chance to further lock in its already loyal customer base, according to Shah, because Apple Intelligence will learn from a user's behavior and become more personalized.</p>
<p>"The beauty of AI is as you use [it] more and more, it learns about you, and you get locked into the model itself because you can't bring your own model from Apple to Android," Shah said.</p>
<p>"That is where you start using more and more, you get used to it more and that is where Apple monetization hits."</p></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 15:02:48 +0000</pubDate>
<guid>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/apple-could-charge-20-for-some-apple-intelligence-features-analysts.html</guid>
<sopml:origin>https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/08/apple-could-charge-20-for-some-apple-intelligence-features-analysts.html</sopml:origin>
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