11Prompt - space

Scientists have failed to invalidate believers' claim

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 08:27:29 +0000

Scientists are now saying that spacetime is not fundamental and that it has emerged from something non-spatiotemporal. The word non-spatiotemporal is the adjective form of no spacetime. That means as per scientists the source from which spacetime has emerged is not within any spacetime. As nothing can exist without spacetime, so the source from which spacetime has emerged can be called the source of all existence. And this source of all existence is not within any spacetime.

Believers say that God is spaceless and timeless and that this God is the source of all existence. So, as per the believers, the source of all existence is not within any space and time.

So, both believers and non-believers are saying the same thing that the source of all existence cannot lie within any spacetime.

Now, somebody may argue that ‘non-spatiotemporal’ and ‘spaceless and timeless’ are two separate terms and that they do not indicate the same thing. But this argument will be a bad argument. Because although scientists are using the terms spacetime and non-spatiotemporal, yet in practice they are treating space and time as two separate entities. They are also using two different symbols for these two entities space and time.

So, it is quite immaterial as to whether we say that the source of all existence is not within any spacetime, or that it is not within any space and time.

Therefore, from all this above we can conclude that scientists have failed to invalidate the believers’ claim that the source of all existence cannot lie within any spacetime.

A Falsehood spread about God

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Wed, 21 May 2025 12:42:01 +0000

For many years, scientists have been propagating a falsehood about God. That falsehood is as follows: "The God-hypothesis does not predict anything that can be tested," or "The God-hypothesis does not have any observational consequences."

But I showed back in 2001 that this is entirely false. I demonstrated that the God-hypothesis can predict something that has been tested and verified. I showed that if, at the very beginning of the universe, there existed a spaceless and timeless entity (God has always been described this way), then due to the presence of such a spaceless and timeless being, the values of space and time must necessarily be relative — and science has indeed shown that the values of space and time are relative.

Because God is spaceless and timeless, the values of space and time in relation to God are absolutely zero. But in all other cases, the values of space and time are non-zero. Therefore, the values of space and time must be relative.

However, this cannot be considered definitive proof of God's existence, because God's consciousness cannot be proven in this way. Even if, instead of God, there existed a spaceless and timeless unconscious entity, the values of space and time would still be relative.

Scientists who are working on quantum gravity are now saying that space and time cannot be fundamental — they are emergent. If scientists ultimately conclude that space-time is emergent, it would mean that the source from which space-time emerged cannot itself be located within space-time, since space-time did not exist before its own emergence.

And since nothing can exist without space-time, the source from which space-time originated can be identified as the root of all existence — and that source must be spaceless and timeless. Although scientists are not calling it "spaceless and timeless"; instead, they are calling it non-spatiotemporal.

If scientists continue down the path they are currently on, they will eventually arrive not at a spaceless and timeless conscious being at the beginning of the universe, but rather at a non-spatiotemporal unconscious entity.

However, I showed as early as 2012 that such an unconscious entity must possess consciousness — otherwise, the spacelessness and timelessness of light cannot be explained in any way.

So there's no need for atheists to worry about proving God's existence. They can simply go on spreading the same falsehood — that "God-hypothesis does not predict anything."1

Footnote:
1. Translated from Bengali with the help of ChatGPT.

The One

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Sun, 11 Aug 2024 07:14:29 +0000

The two theories of special and general relativity clearly show the relationship between space, time, energy, and matter. Special relativity has shown that energy and matter are equivalent; energy can be converted into matter, and matter into energy. Again, general relativity shows that space, time, and matter are so interrelated that there cannot be any space-time without matter; similarly, there cannot be any matter without soace-time.

Since there cannot be any space-time without matter, and since there can neither be any matter without soace-time, therefore it can be asserted that space-time and matter have originated from one single source only. If the source of space-time and the source of matter were different, then there could not be such an interrelation between space-time and matter. Again, since energy and matter are identical, therefore we can assert that space, time, energy, and matter have originated from one single source only.

This interrelation between space-time and matter shows us that at the root of all things is the One, and that One is neither space, nor time, nor energy, nor matter, though space, time, energy, and matter have originated from that One only. If that One is neither space, nor time, nor energy, nor matter, then what is that One? It is not possible for anyone to say anything about that One, which is why Indian philosophy has only said neti, neti about that One; it is not this, it is not that, etc.

A new argument for the relativity of space and time

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Wed, 08 Feb 2023 18:37:19 +0000

If there is a God, and if that God is omnipresent, then God being omnipresent will be present at each point of the universe at the same time. Let's assume for the sake of argument that the universe is infinite, so the distance from one end of the universe to its other end will also be infinite. But for God, this infinite distance will not remain an infinite distance, it will amount to zero distance, since God will be present at both ends of the universe at the same time. But to us human beings, this infinite distance will remain an infinite distance. So the question that will arise here is this: can the distance which is infinite for one being, be reduced to zero for another being? Again it takes an eternity to travel an infinite distance, which is true for us, but not true for God. The truth about God is that God would require no time, because that infinite distance will be zero for God. So here the pertinent question will be: can the amount of time that is an eternity for one being, be reduced to zero for another being? If Newton's theory were the last word of science, then scientists would answer both the above questions in the negative, because in Newton's theory both space and time are absolute. But science did not stop with Newton alone; Einstein came and changed the whole picture. In his theory, space and time are relative. Special theory of relativity has shown what is an infinite distance to us, becomes zero distance for massless particles; again, what is an eternity for us, becomes zero time for those particles.

Therefore, if God exists, then space and time must be relative because God is omnipresent. And science has also shown that this is indeed the case.

Here, one question may arise as to why only massless particles have these strange properties, and why not any other particle? This question can also be answered. Many years ago, in another of my writings (Who created God?), I have shown that if God is there, then that God will have zero mass, because the total energy of the universe is zero. God is massless, so it is quite natural and expected that only massless particles would manifest God's attributes and not other particles.

Life is a big joke, brothers. I get this new argument when my age is 77.

Why spacetime is not fundamental

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Sat, 14 May 2022 10:38:48 +0000

Now, we all know that spacetime is not fundamental, because physicists are saying so. But, do we know the reason why spacetime cannot be fundamental?

This is a physics question as well as a philosophy question.

If we say that X is a fundamental ingredient of the universe, then we will have to admit that whatever will exist in it, will need X for its existence. Nothing can exist without it.

However, if there is something in the universe that does not need X for its existence, then X cannot be called a fundamental ingredient of the universe.

Now, we want to know why spacetime is not fundamental. So, we will ask this question now: Is spacetime a fundamental ingredient of the universe? And we will try to find out an answer to this question.

Our task is very simple here. We will ask just one more question here: Is there anything in the universe that does not need spacetime for its existence?

If the answer is yes, then we know for sure that spacetime is not a fundamental ingredient of the universe.

And the answer is yes here, because there is at least one entity in the universe that does not need any spacetime for its existence. That entity is light. Einstein’s special theory of relativity has shown that a photon occupies zero space for zero time because both the travel time and the travel distance become zero for light.

It is also true that we cannot do anything without light; light is so much essential for us. And the irony is that this most essential entity for us does not need any spacetime for its existence. It can do without it.

So, how can we say that spacetime is a fundamental ingredient of the universe? How can we say that it is fundamental?

Spaceless, Timeless, and Immaterial

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Thu, 15 Jul 2021 15:12:26 +0000

1) Physicists have shown that the total energy of the universe is zero.
2) SR has shown that mass and energy are equivalent.
3) Again GR has shown that space, time, and matter are so interlinked that there cannot be any spacetime without matter; similarly, there cannot be any matter without spacetime. There is a saying of Einstein on this: "When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence: Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter." (Source: Google search)

Based on the three above, it can be shown that the universe as a whole is spaceless, timeless, and immaterial.

The total energy of the universe being zero, it can be shown that its total matter is also zero.

The famous equation of Einstein from SR shows that E is equal to m multiplied by c squared. If E is zero now, then m will be equal to zero divided by c squared, which will also be zero. So, the total energy of the universe being zero, Einstein's famous equation shows that in that case, the total mass of the universe will also be zero.

Now, the below portion is from Google search:
//What is mass in Physics with example? Mass can be best understood as the amount of matter present in any object or body. For example, a table, a chair, your bed, a football, a glass, and even air has mass. ... That being said, all objects are light or heavy because of their mass.//

As the total mass of the universe is zero, so the total amount of matter present in the universe will also be zero.

As the total matte of the universe is zero, so we can say that the universe as a whole is immaterial.

If the total matter of the universe is zero, its total spacetime will also be zero because as per GR, there cannot be any spacetime without matter.

What does it mean that the total spacetime of the universe is zero? It means that the universe as a whole is spaceless and timeless, or non-spatiotemporal, if we use the new scientific term that has replaced the old one spaceless and timeless.

We have already seen that the universe as a whole is immaterial. Now we have seen that it is also spaceless and timeless. So, we can say that the universe as a whole is spaceless, timeless, and immaterial.

Again, the total energy of the universe always remains zero. Therefore, the universe as a whole will always remain spaceless, timeless, and immaterial.

That means the universe as a whole does not change at all.

As the universe as a whole does not change at all, so we can say that the universe as a whole is spaceless, timeless, changeless, and immaterial.

That nicely explains why the wave function of the universe does not contain any time variable.

However, the above conclusion will be falsified if anybody in the near or distant future can show that the total energy of the universe has a non-zero value.

In Defense of Emergent Spacetime

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Mon, 14 Jun 2021 14:05:06 +0000

My justification for writing this post is that only emergent spacetime can ultimately lead to God. So, we must defend it in every possible way.

Recently, I have posted the following in one Facebook Discussion Group:

'Physicists are now saying that spacetime is not fundamental but emergent, and it has emerged from something non-spatiotemporal.

‘As we have come to know that spacetime is emergent, so some questions arise here that I am giving below:

1) Was spacetime fundamental or emergent when the universe began to expand from the Big Bang?
2) If it was fundamental, then is there any scientific evidence in support of it?
3) If it was fundamental, how and when has it become emergent by losing its fundamental nature?
4) However, if it was emergent, would it not require the prior presence of something non-spatiotemporal from which only it could emerge?’

In reply, a person commented that we have not come to know that. It is only a possibility that only a few theoreticians are investigating. These theoreticians have yet to extend it from 3D to 4D that is essential, and until they do, they cannot even start for the possible observation that might verify the speculation.

But I think there is a reason why those physicists may not be entirely wrong who say that spacetime is emergent.

In an earlier article1, I have shown that if anything exists at all, there would be something spaceless and timeless. That is because otherwise, there will be an infinite regress. Below, I am going to repeat the same article here, but with some modification.

We can show by some simple logic that if anything exists at all, then either there will be an infinite regress or that there will be something spaceless and timeless that will stop that regress.

Now let us start from the earth. Earth exists within the solar system.
The solar system exists within the Milky Way galaxy.
The Milky Way galaxy exists within the local cluster of galaxies.
This cluster again exists within some super-cluster of galaxies.
This super-cluster of galaxies exists within the universe that contains trillions of other galaxies.

WHAT I AM GOING TO SAY NOW IS PURELY FOR THE SAKE OF BUILDING AN ARGUMENT ONLY. NOTHING IS ASSERTED HERE.

The universe exists within the multiverse that contains trillions of other universes.
This multiverse exists within some super-multiverse that contains trillions of other multiverses.
This super-multiverse exists within some super-duper multiverse that contains trillions of other super-multiverses.
This super-duper multiverse exists within some supra-multiverse that contains trillions of other super-duper multiverses.
This supra-multiverse exists within some supra-dupra multiverse that contains trillions of other supra-multiverses.
And in this way, this chain will go on up to infinity.

However, if we want to stop the infinite regress, we would have to break the chain somewhere in the middle. We would have to stop at some level.

If we decide that we would stop at the universe level, we would have to say that nothing is there beyond the universe. The universe as a whole would be neither in any space nor in any time. That is because there would be nothing outside the universe.

If we stop at the multiverse level, we would have to say that the multiverse as a whole would be neither in any space nor at any time. That is because there would be nothing outside the multiverse.

In each case, the entity being as a whole neither in space nor in time would be spaceless and timeless.

So, the entity that will stop the infinite regress will always be spaceless and timeless.

From above, we can conclude that if anything exists at all, then there would be two possibilities:
1) Possibility one: There would be an infinite regress;
2) Possibility two: There would be something spaceless and timeless that will stop that regress;

I do not profess to know whether there is an infinite regress or no such regress. NOBODY KNOWS. However, if there is no such regress, then we can say that there was something spaceless and timeless at the beginning from which everything has originated. In that case, we cannot say that those physicists are wrong who are saying spacetime is emergent.

Reference:
1)

God is not Purely Imaginary

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Wed, 24 Mar 2021 10:33:55 +0000

God is not purely imaginary, because God has also been described as spaceless and timeless.

In this 21st century, physicists are no longer saying that spacetime is fundamental; rather, they are saying that it is emergent.

If an entity is emergent, then in general, that will mean these three things:
1) The emergent entity cannot have any existence prior to its emergence.
2) The emergent entity (A) cannot emerge from just anything or nothing; it can emerge from some particular entity or entities (B) only.
3) B must pre-exist before the emergence of A.

The above three will also be true for emergent spacetime as well.

Spacetime is emergent means the source from which spacetime has emerged cannot be within any spacetime, for the simple reason that there cannot be any spacetime prior to its emergence. Physicists are describing this source as non-spatiotemporal.

'Non-spatiotemporal' is the new scientific term for the old term 'spaceless and timeless'. The special theory of relativity has combined the two separate entities space and time into one single entity: spacetime. So, scientists can no longer use the old term ‘spaceless and timeless’; instead, they use the new term ‘non-spatiotemporal’.

So, emergent spacetime has shown that there is something spaceless and timeless (aka, non-spatiotemporal) in nature from which our known spacetime has emerged.

This is the objectively real part in man's imagination of God.

As we have come to know that spacetime is not fundamental but emergent, so some questions arise here that are given below:

1) Was spacetime fundamental or emergent when the universe began to expand from the Big Bang?
2) If it was fundamental, then is there any scientific evidence in support of it? If yes, then how did scientists get that evidence? And also, from where did they get that evidence?
3) If it was fundamental, then how and when has it become emergent by losing its fundamental nature?
4) However, if it was emergent, then would it not require the prior presence of NSE from which only it could emerge?

Moreover, if an entity is emergent, then how can it be the case that it was fundamental at an earlier time, and that it has become emergent afterwards by losing its fundamental nature? Would it not be more reasonable to assume that if it is emergent now, then earlier also it was emergent, and that it will remain so in future as well?

One can easily understand what will be the implication of this. Spacetime being emergent, would require the prior presence of this NSE for its emergence from it, when the universe began expanding from the Big Bang.

In the CCC model of Roger Penrose, this NSE would have to be eternal and everlasting, because every time a big bang has occurred or will occur, whether in the infinite past, or in the far distant future, spacetime would have required, or would require, the prior presence of this NSE for its emergence from it.

The Ultimate Justification for a Creator

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Mon, 01 Mar 2021 14:50:52 +0000

Part I

Two reasons can be given as to why an entity may be spaceless and timeless:

1) Reason A: If the entity is not within any space and time, then it will naturally be spaceless and timeless. We can also say that it will be spaceless and timeless by default;

2) Reason B: If the entity is placed within some space and time, and if it is forcefully deprived of space and time, then also it will become spaceless and timeless.

For 1), we can give the example of the entity from which our known spacetime has emerged. In this 21st century, physicists are no more saying that spacetime is fundamental; rather, they are saying it is emergent. Spacetime is emergent means the source from which spacetime has emerged cannot be within any spacetime, for the simple reason that there cannot be any spacetime prior to its emergence. So, not being within any spacetime, it will naturally be spaceless and timeless. However, physicists are describing it not as spaceless and timeless, but as non-spatiotemporal. Whatever may be the nomenclature, the concept remains the same in both cases; the source from which spacetime has emerged is not within any spacetime and so, it is naturally non-spatiotemporal/spaceless and timeless.

For 2), we can give the example of black hole singularities. Earlier, it was known to us that black hole singularities were point-like. Now it has been known that they are not point-like but rather one dimensional ring-like. In case of black hole singularities, whether they are point-like or ring-like, space and time almost contract to zero due to a tremendous gravitational force.

Now suppose there is one more entity within the universe that is also spaceless and timeless, but for which neither Reason A nor Reason B can be thought of as its cause. Here I am speaking about light. Light is within the universe, but as per SR both the travel distance and the travel time become zero for light. So, within the space and time of the universe, light occupies zero space for zero time, which is tantamount to saying that light is spaceless and timeless.

Can we say that light is spaceless and timeless due to Reason A? No, we cannot say so, because we know very well that light is within the space and time of the universe.

Can we say that light is spaceless and timeless due to Reason B? No, we cannot say so, because we are not aware of any force that is active in case of light causing space and time contract to zero for light.

If light is spaceless and timeless neither due to Reason A, nor due to Reason B, then what is the reason due to which it is so?

Moreover, no black hole is as big as the universe. So, the length that is almost contracted to zero in case of black hole singularities is nothing compared to the entire width of the universe. But for light, the entire width of the universe is contracted to zero. If a tremendous gravitational force is responsible for the contraction of a black hole’s size of length almost to zero, then which force is responsible for the contraction of the entire width of the universe to zero, in case of light?

Does anyone have a clue about it? Can anybody say what the cause is due to which light is spaceless and timeless?

Part II

I have already stated that we do not know the reason due to which light is spaceless and timeless. But, whatever may be the reason of this, it can be shown that this reason cannot lie within the space and time of the universe.

Let us suppose that X is that reason and that X is within the universe. If X is not spaceless and timeless itself, then it is not possible for it to make another entity spaceless and timeless. So, X must have to be spaceless and timeless first, and then only it can make another entity spaceless and timeless. But, if X is also spaceless and timeless, then we will have to ask the same question about X that we were earlier asking about light: Being already placed within the space and time of the universe, how has it become spaceless and timeless? So, now we will have to search for the cause due to which X has become spaceless and timeless. Therefore, from this we can conclude that the cause due to which light is spaceless and timeless cannot lie within the space and time of the universe. It must lie outside any space and time.

The only entity that we know of that lies outside any space and time is the source from which our known spacetime has emerged. The existence of this entity in nature has already been confirmed once physicists have declared that spacetime is emergent. So, here is one entity that is spaceless and timeless by default, and for which we need not have to seek any further cause due to which it has become spaceless and timeless, because we already know that it is not within any space and time.

Now, if scientists can somehow show that this lifeless, mindless, and unconscious entity but that happens to be spaceless and timeless simply by default, can NATURALLY make another entity (aka light) spaceless and timeless, then this universe WILL NEVER NEED ANY GOD.

However, if they fail to do so, then only we will be compelled to posit some sort of consciousness here, because it is possible for a conscious being only to know how it is spaceless and timeless.

Science is the ultimate arbiter of truth and so, let science show that there is a natural explanation here.

We will be waiting for that explanation.

Do time and distance really shrink to zero at light-speed?

Himangsu Sekhar Pal — Mon, 15 Feb 2021 13:17:16 +0000

So far as I can remember, there are these two equations in Einstein’s special theory of relativity:
l1 = l(1-v2/c2)1/2……. (1)
t1 = t((1-v2/c2)1/2……. (2)

From the above two equations, two conclusions can be drawn that are as follows:
1) Time and distance are not absolute, they are relative;
2) At light speed, both travel time and travel distance become zero.

Now reality may be such that
1) Time and distance are only relative, but in no circumstances they become zero (A);
2) Time and distance are not only relative but at one particular case, they also become zero (B).

If reality is A, then the above two equations are not required at all to represent that reality; it can be equally represented by the following two equations:
l1 = l(1-v2/xc2)1/2……. (3)
t1 = t((1-v2/xc2)1/2……. (4)

In (3) and (4) above, x will have a value greater than one but less than infinity. But it cannot have a value equal to one or infinity. If the value of x is one, then we will go back to Einstein’s equations, whereas if its value equals infinity, then we will have Newton’s equations instead. From (3) and (4) above, it can clearly be seen that time and distance will be relative as before, but they will never be zero even at the speed of light due to the presence of the factor 1/x in the equations.

Now, I know very well that it is not possible to experimentally demonstrate what is actually happening at the speed of light and so, it is reasonable to doubt whether time and distance really shrink to zero at light-speed. However, there is an alternate way to verify it.

Suppose scientists have repeated the Michelson-Morley experiment or any newer version of it, and suppose that they have arrived at equations (3) and (4) instead of equations (1) and (2). Then, based on these two equations (3) and (4), they can say that the shrinkage of time and distance to zero at light-speed is only a myth.

But, nature knows better than any one of us what is actually happening at the speed of light and so, whenever an actual experiment is performed with light and an interferometer, it is always returning us equations (1) and (2) only and not equations (3) and (4) even for a single time. This is nature’s indirect way to inform us that we are not doing any mistake when we are saying that time and distance become zero for light.

Scientists usually do not question this and so, we can find such statements in their writings on SR:
1) ‘For the light itself, the whole universe is only zero millimeters long.’ – Sascha Vongehr, in The Fundamental Nature of Light, Science 2.0 (February 3rd, 2011);
2) ‘At the speed of light there’s no time to cover any distance, but there’s also no distance to cover.’ – Ask a Mathematician/Ask a Physicist

There is a reason as to why scientists do not question this. The reason is that they know very well that they are in the domain of physics, and not in the domain of metaphysics. In the domain of physics, if they want to challenge something, then they cannot do so by using logic and reason only. Rather, they will have to experimentally demonstrate that that particular thing is wrong; they will have to experimentally demonstrate that equations (1) and (2) must be replaced by equations (3) and (4). So far, no one has been able to do this. So far, no one has been able to falsify SR.

There is one more reason why we can say that time and distance indeed shrink to zero at light-speed. Main-stream physicists are now saying that spacetime is not fundamental, but emergent. Spacetime is emergent means the source from which spacetime has emerged cannot be within any spacetime, for the simple reason that there cannot be any spacetime prior to its emergence. So, by stating that spacetime is emergent, physicists have already acknowledged the existence of something spaceless and timeless in nature from which our known spacetime has emerged. I know that physicists are describing this source as non-spatiotemporal, but I also know this that ‘non-spatiotemporal’ is only a new scientific term that replaces our old term ‘spaceless and timeless.’ If there is something spaceless and timeless in nature, then it is quite obvious that science would show how anything can be spaceless and timeless, because it is the job of science to provide an explanation for every phenomenon, event and effect in nature. In SR, we get those requisite explanations for spacelessness and timelessness. So, although we cannot directly verify whether time and distance really shrink to zero at light-speed, yet we can say that emergent spacetime is an indirect validation of it.

Addendum:
[Once I posted a question in a Facebook Discussion Group (Great Philosophical Questions): ‘If God does not exist, then it can be said that it is the big bang that has brought everyone and everything within the universe into existence. Whatever has been brought into existence by the big bang has been given certain life-span. Many stars in the sky have a life-span of several billion years; we human beings have a life-span of a few decades; some insects have a life-span of a single day only. Can we think of anything that has also been brought into existence by the big bang, but that has been given no life-span?’

One commentator Race Dowling replied to the above with this: ‘What you are asking in essence is if anyone provide an example of something that exists that never existed. The answer to that is no.’

Me to Race Dowling: ‘You have correctly understood my question, but your answer was incorrect. It is a fact of nature that light has also been brought into existence, but that light has been given no lifetime. As per SR, the travel time and travel distance become zero for light and so, light occupies zero space for zero time. This is as good as saying that light does not exist. But, on the other hand, we cannot see anything without light.’

Race Dowling to me: ‘It is a legitimate conjecture that photons have no spatial dimensions along their path of travel making them essentially two dimensional, but it hasn’t been proved. (I wish it were because I postulated that in grad school). Likewise baryons have the appearance of being 4 dimensional as they have spins of ½, you need to rotate them 730 degrees to see the same face. All of these dimensional conjectures are controversial and have their detractors.’

So, I have to write this article in order to making it clear to Dowling that the shrinkage of time and distance to zero at light-speed is neither conjectural nor controversial, after reading which he could not utter a single word against my rebuttal.]

11Prompt - space

Scientists have failed to invalidate believers' claim

Tags:

A Falsehood spread about God

Tags:

The One

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A new argument for the relativity of space and time

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Why spacetime is not fundamental

Tags:

Spaceless, Timeless, and Immaterial

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In Defense of Emergent Spacetime

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God is not Purely Imaginary

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The Ultimate Justification for a Creator

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Do time and distance really shrink to zero at light-speed?

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