After a brief hospitalization following a suicide attempt the previous fall, Delaney spent two horrific months on her own in the throes of withdrawal. The corners of her eyes felt “chapped,” and “it felt like somebody had wrapped me up in a scratchy blanket of needles,” said Delaney, who had given up her nursing license after being caught altering her Klonopin prescription.

Sara Kaiser, an LPN living in Manchester, stole morphine from the nursing homes where she worked and was addicted to heroin from age 18 to 24. She spent time homeless and in prison, ultimately going through 14 rehab programs before getting sober in 2010.

Carl Jordan Castro Photo.

Heather Delaney, 40, looking out in her backyard.

Both were disciplined by the state Board of Examiners for Nursing, but after years of hard work, they are among 18 nurses who have gotten their licenses back in the past three years. Delaney, 40, now sober and living in Oxford, is a certified nursing assistant who is looking for a nursing job. Kaiser, 32, works in addiction recovery.

“I use my nursing skills, but I … have a job where I don’t pass meds,’’ Kaiser said.

A C-HIT analysis of the board’s cases between 2015 and 2017 shows that drug use is common among the disciplined nurses in Connecticut. Of its 282 cases, 82 percent involved substance abuse: 23 percent related to alcohol, and 77 percent were drug-related.

More than 64 percent of those drug-related cases—113—involved opioids, including oxycodone, morphine, heroin and Fentanyl.

Among those disciplined, about four dozen nurses stole drugs, many falsifying records to cover their thefts. One nurse stole 14 Fentanyl patches, including from her nursing home patients. One heroin-addicted nurse robbed banks. Another stole patients’ jewelry and laptops.

But the percentage of drug and alcohol cases is likely higher than 82 percent because 51 nurses voluntarily surrendered their licenses. Most do so after being accused of substance abuse, said Christian D. Andresen, section chief of Practitioner Licensing and Investigations for the state Department of Public Health (DPH).  He said the 82 percent of nurses represent a tiny fraction of the 82,480 nurses licensed in Connecticut.

Another 223 nurses have avoided public discipline and a subsequent report to a national database by entering a confidential program, the Health Assistance InterVention Education Network, or HAVEN.

Cases spiked after a 2015 law made it mandatory for employers to report impaired nurses, Andresen said.

In a 2013 report, the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, citing staff shortages, long work hours and changing shifts, said nurses are at a higher risk than the public for developing a substance abuse disorder.

Patricia C. Bouffard, Connecticut nursing board chair and a registered nurse, said that during her 15 years on the board, the number of substance abuse cases has always hovered at 80 percent, although more now involve opioids.

“Nursing is stressful, hard work, and they have access to drugs,” Bouffard said. “It’s an issue for all health care providers.”

Nurses are prone to on-the-job injuries, noted Geraldine Marrocco, a Yale School of Nursing associate professor who also serves on the nurses’ board but did not speak for the group.

“In the past, addicts were viewed as people of low moral fiber,’’ she said. “No longer. We’re seeing people in our most trusted professions becoming addicted.”

‘Nurse Jackie’

When Edie Falco’s character was sprinkling Percocet in her coffee in 2009 on “Nurse Jackie,” nursing groups condemned the TV show. But addiction is a serious national concern to regulators, who worry that nurses are harming patients and themselves. The American Nurses Association says 300,000 nurses, or one in 10—the same rate as the general population—are addicted to drugs or alcohol.

“This is at the top of our radar,’’ said Maryann Alexander, the chief officer of nursing regulation for the national nursing boards’ council.

More states are becoming less punitive and are offering alternative programs like Connecticut, she said. “The entire focus is on public safety and on getting nurses with addiction the help that they need.”

The Nurses’ Stories

Delaney was first treated for depression and anxiety in her early 20s, but the stress of nursing made her symptoms worse, she said.

“It was the anxiety of not making a mistake,’’ she said. “If you make a mistake, people can die.”

She also became paranoid, believing that people were following her in white vans.

At age 25 in 2002, she was working for an insurance company during the day and nursing at night at Garner Correctional Institution in Newtown when a psychiatrist diagnosed her as bipolar and prescribed Klonopin.

“I enjoyed the feeling of it because I didn’t feel paranoid,” she said.

By 2010, she was taking five to six pills a day—more than prescribed—and was caught changing the dosage and number of pills on her prescription.

“I was just scared that I wasn’t going to have the drug that made me feel OK,” she said.

Her treatment at Bridgeport Hospital was followed by six years of therapy while working as a housekeeper. She got her license back in 2016 and is ready to go back to being a nurse. When she gets a nursing job, she’ll start a four-year probation with the state.

Kaiser had her nursing license placed on probation in 2009 after she stole a sedative at a nursing home. The license was revoked in 2010 because she abused heroin and morphine.

Carl Jordan Castro Photo.

Sara Kaiser, 32, sitting on her couch in Manchester.

A Cromwell native, she studied nursing at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire but lasted only one school year because of anxiety and alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use.

Heroin came next.

“Once I found it, it was like, ‘I can breathe’,” Kaiser said.

During periods of sobriety, she earned her LPN degree and worked in nursing homes, but admits she was shirking and stealing drugs. She said she quit nursing to avoid harming patients.

She spent several bleak years on the streets of Hartford and in an abusive relationship with an older man, she said.

“We were staying with drug dealers, sleeping under a pavilion at Pope Park,’’ Kaiser said. “I was just trying not to die.”

After a 2008 arrest for evading responsibility and drug possession, Kaiser said she spent a few weeks in prison. The charges were later dropped. At first, she said, she tried getting sober to regain her nursing license.

“I would feel like the scum of the earth, but I’d say, ‘I’m really a nurse’,” she said. “I have this one redeeming quality that makes me a human.”

She said that by finally focusing on herself, she was able to get sober. She has since earned an associate’s degree and a bachelor’s degree and is working on a master’s online from Purdue University. She got her license back in 2016 and is the corporate care training manager at Aware Recovery Care. She is on a four-year probation with the state.

Confronting The Problem

Marrocco and E. Carol Polifroni, dean of the University of Connecticut’s School of Nursing, said their students are well educated about the risks of addiction.

Since 2015, the nursing board has revoked licenses in only 17 percent of its cases. That’s because the members tend to give nurses a second chance, Bouffard said.

DPH’s Andresen said he has no evidence that more Connecticut nurses are getting addicted than in past years, and Rodrick Marriott, director of the Drug Control Division of the state Department of Consumer Protection, said that he has seen no increase in nurses’ “diverting,” or stealing, drugs.

“This is a disease, and sometimes you relapse,” she said.

Lisa Freeman, a board member and executive director of the Connecticut Center for Patient Safety, said she supports that approach except when the nurses’ actions “are so egregious or callous that they’re not ready for that second chance.”

Not speaking for the board, Freeman said she was “not always 100 percent comfortable” that nurses who go through HAVEN avoid public scrutiny. But she said she was pleased that HAVEN provides “extremely tight supervision.”

Andresen said no one can enter HAVEN if they have harmed a patient, are facing other discipline, have been disciplined in the past or have been charged with or convicted of a felony in Connecticut or a similar crime in another state.

Nurse referrals to the program have increased from 57 in 2015 to 75 in 2017, and 230 nurses are now enrolled, HAVEN’s executive director, Maureen Sullivan Dinnan, said. Nurses with an addiction are monitored for several years with random drug testing.

Dinnan said many nurses have gone through trauma and some turn to drugs because of “pharmacological optimism,” the faith that medication makes people better.

“They see people in terrible emotional and physical pain who improve on medication, so when they are in terrible emotional and physical pain, they self-medicate,’’ she said.

Delaney, who said her mental health has stabilized and she has a better balance in her life, said nurses in recovery deserve another chance.

“When you go back into nursing, you go back as a better person, more whole than you were before,” she said.

You can listen to WNPR’s interview with C-HIT Writer Kate Farrish here.

About The Data: C-HIT reviewed nurse disciplinary cases using three years of public records from the Board of Examiners for Nursing and the state Department of Public Health. The records from 2015 to 2017 were reviewed to determine if the cases involved alcohol, drugs or opioids.
Cases in which nurses made repeat appearances before the board under the same case number were combined. Nurses who voluntarily surrendered their licenses were included because voluntary surrenders are reported to the National Practitioner Data Bank. Nurses who are disciplined by the state are also reported to the database, but those who complete the confidential HAVEN program are not, and their cases are not heard publicly.

The board reinstated the license of Sara Kaiser of Cromwell, a licensed practical nurse whose license was revoked in 2010 because of her abuse of heroin and morphine in 2009. In 2009, the board had placed her license on probation for four years after she admitted stealing Seroquel, a drug used to treat mood disorders, while working at the Elm Hill Nursing Center in Rocky Hill in 2007, records show.

State records show she also admitted failing to accurately document medical records and abusing heroin and cocaine from 2002 to 2007.

At a hearing in July, Kaiser presented testimony on her sobriety and that she was safe to practice as a nurse. Board members told her they were moved and impressed by her testimony.

The board also voted to reinstate the license of Mary K. Field, an RN from Burlington, who, records show, abused the anti-anxiety drug Xanax to excess in November 2015 in violation of an earlier probation. In 2015, the board had placed her license on a four-year probation, saying she had used hydrocodone, an opioid painkiller, in excess in 2013.

During a hearing, Field denied taking the Xanax but said that she regularly attends Narcotics Anonymous meetings, records show. Based on that, the board reinstated her license and ordered her to complete the rest of her probation and to take random drug tests.

The board also revoked the license of RN Judy Ruggiero of Orange, who in 2014, improperly removed controlled substances from Orange Health Care while working there as a nurse, state records show. In 2011, the board had placed her license on probation for four years after finding that she abused controlled substances and alcohol, records show.

Ruggiero failed to inform DPH when she took a nursing job at Astoria Park nursing home in Bridgeport, and while there in 2015, she showed an acute change in her mental health, records show.

The board revoked the advanced practice registered nurse license of Arlene Dumais of Preston, who was accused of practicing in 2015 while her license had been suspended. In a separate action, it placed her registered nursing license on a one-year probation and barred her from providing home care during that time.

The board also summarily suspended the license of LPN Adam Burr of New Britain, who on Feb. 18 was intoxicated while working for PSA Healthcare of Plainville doing care in a patient’s home, state records show.

The statement of charges against Burr said his abuse of alcohol and an emotional disorder or mental illness he has suffered from since 2013 are affecting his ability to practice nursing.

The board also summarily suspended the license of LPN Danielle Dragon of Bristol, who was accused of crushing a pill that she said was Oxycodone but was tested and found to be Tylenol. In April, the board had placed her license on probation for one year.

Lourdes Mercado, an LPN from Willimantic, had her license reprimanded and placed on probation for three years. State records show that in 2015, while working as an LPN at Salmon Brook Health Care in Glastonbury, she took Oxycodone tablets intended for six patients under her care and failed to accurately document medical records. The patients tested negative for Oxycodone, records show.

The board also placed the license of RN Jasmine Rivera Gonzalez of Beacon Falls on probation for six months.

State records show that while working at Bridgeport Hospital, she failed to document the waste of controlled substances in 2014. DPH records also show that she has suffered from an emotional disorder or mental illness since 2014.

After a hearing and a review of letters from patients and job evaluations, the board concluded that Gonzalez, also known as Jasmine Rivera, has taken steps to improve her documentation of the medications she administers and that her emotional disorder is not affecting her ability to practice as a nurse, records show.

The board placed the license of Zachary Boisselle, an RN from Rumford, Rhode Island, who now lives in Connecticut, on probation for nine months. Records show that in 2004, he was convicted of impaired driving in Greenville, North Carolina. In 2012, he was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol in Scottsdale, Arizona, and in 2015, his license to practice as a nurse in Arizona was disciplined.