Vinyl-coated chain link fencing is constructed from galvanized steel wire that is covered with a durable vinyl (PVC) coating, typically in black, green, or brown. This coating enhances the fence’s resistance to weathering while providing a smoother, more visually appealing finish than standard galvanized chain link.

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Design Trends

United States

In the United States, glass railings are often associated with modern and contemporary architectural styles. They are frequently used in high-rise residential buildings, commercial properties, and luxury homes. The focus is on creating a sleek, minimalist look that maximizes natural light and unobstructed views. Key design elements include:

• Frameless Glass Railings: These are popular in urban environments where the goal is to maintain a seamless visual flow.
• Metal Frames: When used, frames are typically made of stainless steel or aluminum, offering a clean and polished appearance.
• Tinted and Frosted Glass: Tinted or frosted glass sometimes enhances privacy while allowing light to pass through.

Europe

A blend of traditional and contemporary styles influences European design trends for glass railings. While modern architecture favors frameless glass railings similar to those in the US, there is also a strong preference for integrating glass with other materials to reflect the region’s rich architectural heritage. Notable trends include:

• Combination of Materials: Glass is often paired with wood or wrought iron, balancing transparency and traditional craftsmanship.
• Ornamental Designs: In historic cities, glass railings may incorporate decorative elements that align with the surrounding architecture.
• Sustainability: There is a growing emphasis on using sustainable materials and designs that enhance energy efficiency and environmental harmony.

Regulatory Standards

United States

In the US, building codes and standards for glass railings are governed by organizations such as the International Building Code (IBC) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Key regulatory considerations include:

• Safety: Glass used in railings must be tempered or laminated to withstand impacts and prevent shattering.
• Height and Load Requirements: There are specific requirements for the height of the railings and the load they must be able to bear, ensuring they provide adequate protection.
• Accessibility: Railings must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to ensure they are accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities.

Europe

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and various national bodies set European standards for glass railings. While there is some variation between countries, common regulatory themes include:

• Safety: Similar to the US, European regulations require tempered or laminated glass to enhance safety.
• Load-Bearing Capacity: Standards specify the minimum load-bearing capacity for railings to ensure they can support the weight and force applied to them.
• Aesthetic Integration: In historic areas, regulations often require that new installations, including glass railings, complement the existing architectural style and heritage.

Cultural Preferences

United States

The US, the preference for glass railings is driven by a desire for modernity and openness. They are seen as a symbol of luxury and sophistication, often featured in high-end residential and commercial projects. The American preference leans towards minimalism, with clean lines and unobstructed views being highly valued.

Europe

European cultural preferences for glass railings are more varied, reflecting the continent’s diverse architectural history. In contemporary settings, glass railings are appreciated for their modern aesthetics and ability to enhance light and space. However, there is also a strong appreciation for traditional materials and designs, leading to innovative combinations that respect historical context while embracing modernity.

Practical Applications

United States

• Residential Buildings: Glass railings are commonly used in balconies, staircases, and terraces, providing safety without compromising views.
• Commercial Properties: Office buildings, shopping malls, and hotels use glass railings to create a sense of openness and sophistication.
• Public Spaces: Parks, museums, and public buildings often feature glass railings to enhance the visitor experience through transparency and unobstructed views.

Europe

• Historic Renovations: Glass railings are used to renovate historic buildings, blending old and new in a way that respects the original architecture.
• Urban Development: In modern urban developments, glass railings create visually appealing and functional spaces.
• Cultural Institutions: Museums, galleries, and theaters often feature glass railings to provide safety while allowing for clear views of exhibits and performances.

Conclusion

Glass railings in the United States and Europe reflect common goals and distinct cultural influences. While both regions prioritize safety, functionality, and aesthetics, their approaches to design and regulation vary, shaped by historical context and cultural preferences. In the US, the emphasis is on modernity and minimalism, whereas in Europe, there is a nuanced blend of tradition and contemporary design. Understanding these differences can provide valuable insights for architects, designers, and builders working in either region, helping them create beautiful and functional spaces.

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Handrails and guards shall be designed and constructed for the structural loading conditions set forth in Section 1607.9.1. Grab bars, shower seats and accessible benches shall be designed and constructed for structural loading conditions set forth in Section 1607.9.2.

1607.9.1 Handrails and guards.

Handrails and guards shall be designed to resist a linear load of 50 pounds per linear foot (plf) (0.73 kN/m) in accordance with Section 4.5.1 of ASCE 7. Glass handrail assemblies and guards shall also comply with Section 2407.

Exceptions:

1. 1.For one- and two-family dwellings, only the single concentrated load required by Section 1607.9.1.1 shall be applied.
2. 2.In Group I-3, F, H and S occupancies, for areas that are not accessible to the general public and that have an occupant load less than 50, the minimum load shall be 20 pounds per foot (0.29 kN/m).

1607.9.1.1 Concentrated load.

Handrails and guards shall be designed to resist a concentrated load of 200 pounds (0.89 kN) in accordance with Section 4.5.1 of ASCE 7.

1607.9.1.2 Guard component loads.

Balusters, panel fillers, and guard infill components, including all rails except the handrail and the top rail, shall be designed to resist a concentrated load of 50 pounds (0.22 kN) in accordance with Section 4.5.1.2 of ASCE 7.

1607.9.2 Grab bars, shower seats and accessible benches.

Grab bars, shower seats and accessible benches shall be designed to resist a single concentrated load of 250 pounds (1.11 kN) applied in any direction at any point on the grab bar, shower seat, or seat of the accessible bench so as to produce the maximum load effects.

1607.9.3 Vehicle barriers.

Vehicle barriers for passenger vehicles shall be designed to resist a concentrated load of 6,000 pounds (26.70 kN) in accordance with Section 4.5.3 of ASCE 7. Garages accommodating trucks and buses shall be designed in accordance with an approved method that contains provisions for traffic railings.

Additional Resources

LOADS ON HANDRAILS AND GUARDS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 7TH EDITION (2020)

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1010.1 General.

Doors in the means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1010.1.1 through 1010.3.5. Exterior exit doors shall also comply with the requirements of Section 1022.2. Gates in the means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1010.4 through 1010.4.1. Turnstiles in the means of egress shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1010.5 through 1010.5.4.

Doors, gates and turnstiles provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall comply with the requirements of this section.

Doors in the means of egress shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations or similar materials.

For accessibility provisions related to doors, refer to the Florida Building Code, Accessibility.

1010.1.1 Size of doors.

The required capacity of each door opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). The clear opening width of doorways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the frame stop, with the door open 90 degrees (1.57 rad). Where this section requires a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm) and a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). In Group I-2, doors serving as means of egress doors where used for the movement of beds shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 41¹/₂ inches (1054 mm). The minimum clear height of door openings shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

Exceptions:

1. 1.In Group R-2 and R-3 dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be an Accessible unit, the minimum width shall not apply to door openings that are not part of the required means of egress.
2. 2.In Group I-3, door openings to resident sleeping units that are not required to be an Accessible unit shall have a minimum clear opening width of 28 inches (711 mm).
3. 3.Door openings to storage closets less than 10 square feet (0.93 m²) in area shall not be limited by the minimum clear opening width.
4. 4.The maximum width of door leaves in revolving doors that comply with Section 1010.3.1 shall not be limited.
5. 5.The maximum width of door leaves in power-operated doors that comply with Section 1010.3.2 shall not be limited.
6. 6.Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall have a minimum clear opening height of 78 inches (1981 mm).
7. 7.In dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, exterior door openings other than the required exit door shall have a minimum clear opening height of 76 inches (1930 mm).
8. 8.In Group I-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 occupancies, in dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, the minimum clear opening widths shall not apply to interior egress doors.
9. 9.Door openings required to be accessible intended for user passage shall have a minimum clear opening width of 31.75 inches (806 mm).
10. 10.Buildings that are 400 square feet (37 m²) or less and that are intended for use in conjunction with one- and two-family residences are not subject to the door height and width requirements of this code.
11. 11.Doors to walk-in freezers and coolers less than 1,000 square feet (93 m²) in area shall have a maximum width of 60 inches (1524 mm) nominal.
12. 12.The minimum clear opening width shall not apply to doors for nonaccessible showers or sauna compartments.
13. 13.The minimum clear opening width shall not apply to the doors for nonaccessible toilet stalls.

1010.1.1.1 Projections into clear opening.

There shall not be projections into the required clear opening width lower than 34 inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground. Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm).

Exception: 

Door closers, overhead door stops, frame stops, power door operators, and electromagnetic door locks shall be permitted to project into the opening height not lower than 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the floor.

1010.1.2 Egress door types.

Egress doors shall be of the side-hinged swinging door, pivoted door or balanced door types.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Private garages, office areas, factory and storage areas with an occupant load of 10 or less.
2. 2.Group I-3 occupancies used as a place of detention.
3. 3.Critical or intensive care patient rooms within suites of health care facilities.
4. 4.Doors within or serving a single dwelling unit in Groups R-2 and R-3.
5. 5.In other than Group H occupancies, revolving doors complying with Section 1010.3.1.
6. 6.In other than Group H occupancies, special purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding door assemblies complying with Section 1010.3.3.
7. 7.Power-operated doors in accordance with Section 1010.3.2.
8. 8.Doors serving a bathroom within an individual sleeping unit in Group R-1.
9. 9.In other than Group H occupancies, manually operated horizontal sliding doors are permitted in a means of egress from spaces with an occupant load of 10 or less.

1010.1.2.1 Direction of swing.

Side-hinged swinging doors, pivoted doors and balanced doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where serving a room or area containing an occupant load of 50 or more persons or a Group H occupancy.

1010.1.3 Forces to unlatch and open doors.

The forces to unlatch doors shall comply with the following:

1. 1.Where door hardware operates by push or pull, the operational force to unlatch the door shall not exceed 15 pounds (66.7N).
2. 2.Where door hardware operates by rotation, the operational force to unlatch the door shall not exceed 28 inch-pounds (315 N-cm).

The forces to open doors shall comply with the following:

1. 1.For interior swinging egress doors that are manually operated, other than doors required to be fire rated, the force for pushing or pulling open the door shall not exceed 5 pounds (22 N).
2. 2.For other swinging doors, sliding doors or folding doors, and doors required to be fire rated, the door shall require not more than a 30-pound (133 N) force to be set in motion and shall move to a fullopen position when subjected to not more than a 15- pound (67 N) force.

1010.1.3.1 Location of applied forces.

Forces shall be applied to the latch side of the door.

1010.1.3.2 Manual horizontal sliding doors.

Where a manual horizontal sliding door is required to latch, the latch or other mechanism shall prevent the door from rebounding into a partially open position when the door is closed.

1010.1.4 Floor elevation.

There shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

Exceptions:

1. 1.Doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 where the following apply:
   1. 1.1.A door is permitted to open at the top step of an interior flight of stairs, provided the door does not swing over the top step.
   2. 1.2.Screen doors and storm doors are permitted to swing over stairs or landings.
2. 2.Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5, Exception 1, and Section 1022.2, which are not on an accessible route.
3. 3.In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be Accessible units, the landing at an exterior doorway shall be not more than 7³/₄ inches (197 mm) below the top of the threshold, provided the door, other than an exterior storm or screen door, does not swing over the landing.
4. 4.Variations in elevation due to differences in finish materials, but not more than ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm).
5. 5.Reserved.
6. 6.Doors serving equipment spaces not required to be accessible in accordance with Chapter 11 and serving an occupant load of five or less shall be permitted to have a landing on one side to be not more than 7 inches (178 mm) above or below the landing on the egress side of the door.

1010.1.5 Landings at doors.

Landings shall have a width not less than the width of the stairway or the door, whichever is greater. Doors in the fully open position shall not reduce a required dimension by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Where a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in any position shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half its required width. Landings shall have a length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

Exception: 

Landing length in the direction of travel in Groups R-3 and U and within individual units of Group R-2 need not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

1010.1.6 Thresholds.

Thresholds at doorways shall not exceed ³/₄ inch (19.1 mm) in height above the finished floor or landing for sliding doors serving dwelling units or ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) above the finished floor or landing for other doors. Raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than ¹/₄ inch (6.4 mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not greater than one unit vertical in two units horizontal (50-percent slope).

Exceptions:

1. 1.In occupancy Group R-2 or R-3, threshold heights for sliding and side-hinged exterior doors shall be permitted to be up to 7³/₄ inches (197 mm) in height if all of the following apply:
   1. 1.1.The door is not part of the required means of egress.
   2. 1.2.The door is not part of an accessible route as required by Chapter 11.
2. 2.For exterior doors serving dwelling units, or sleeping units, thresholds at doorways shall be allowed at a height necessary to comply with the water resistance requirements of Section 1709.5.

1010.1.7 Door arrangement.

Space between two doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum plus the width of a door swinging into the space. Doors in a series shall swing either in the same direction or away from the space between the doors.

Exceptions:

1. 1.The minimum distance between horizontal sliding power-operated doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm).
2. 2.Storm and screen doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 need not be spaced 48 inches (1219 mm) from the other door.
3. 3.Doors within individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3.

1010.2 Door operations.

Except as specifically permitted by this section, egress doors shall be readily openable from the egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

1010.2.1 Unlatching.

The unlatching of any door or leaf shall not require more than one operation. Manual bolts are not permitted.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Places of detention or restraint.
2. 2.Doors with manual bolts, automatic flush bolts, and constant latching bolts as permitted by Section 1010.2.4, Item 4.
3. 3.Doors from individual dwelling units and sleeping units of Group R occupancies as permitted by Section 1010.2.4, Item 5.

1010.2.2 Hardware.

Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices on doors required to be accessible by Chapter 11 shall not require tight grasping, tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate.

1010.2.3 Hardware height.

Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices shall be installed 34 inches (864 mm) minimum and 48 inches (1219 mm) maximum above the finished floor. Locks used only for security purposes and not used for normal operation are permitted at any height.

Exception: 

Access doors or gates in barrier walls and fences protecting pools, spas and hot tubs shall be permitted to have operable parts of the release of latch on self-latching devices at 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finished floor or ground, provided the self-latching devices are not also self-locking devices operated by means of a key, electronic opener or integral combination lock.

1010.2.4 Locks and latches.

Locks and latches shall be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of the following exist:

1. 1.Places of detention or restraint.
2. 2.In Group I-1, Condition 2 and Group I-2 occupancies where the clinical needs of persons receiving care require containment or where persons receiving care pose a security threat, provided that all clinical staff can readily unlock doors at all times, and all such locks are keyed to keys carried by all clinical staff at all times or all clinical staff have the codes or other means necessary to operate the locks at all times.
3. 3.In buildings in occupancy Group A having an occupant load of 300 or less, Groups B, F, M and S, and in places of religious worship, the main door or doors are permitted to be equipped with key-operated locking devices from the egress side provided:
   1. 3.1.The locking device is readily distinguishable as locked.
   2. 3.2.A readily visible durable sign is posted on the egress side on or adjacent to the door stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN THIS SPACE IS OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1 inch (25 mm) high on a contrasting background.
   3. 3.3.The use of the key-operated locking device is revocable by the building official for due cause.
4. 4.Manual bolts, automatic flush bolts, and constant latching bolts on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors in accordance with Table 1010.2.4, provided that the inactive leaf does not have a doorknob, panic hardware, or similar operating hardware.
5. 5.Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units of Group R occupancies having an occupant load of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided such devices are openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool.
6. 6.Fire doors after the minimum elevated temperature has disabled the unlatching mechanism in accordance with listed fire door test procedures.
7. 7.Doors serving roofs not intended to be occupied shall be permitted to be locked, preventing entry to the building from the roof, provided that when accessing the roof from the building the locks do not automatically lock, preventing re-entry into the building from the roof.
8. 8.Other than egress courts, where occupants must egress from an exterior space through the building for means of egress, exit access doors shall be permitted to be equipped with an approved locking device where installed and operated in accordance with all of the following:
   1. 8.1.The maximum occupant load shall be posted where required by Section 1004.9. Such signage shall be permanently affixed inside the building and shall be posted in a conspicuous space near all the exit access doorways.
   2. 8.2.A weatherproof telephone or two-way communication system installed in accordance with Section 1009 shall be located adjacent to not less than one required exit access door on the exterior side.
   3. 8.3.The egress door locking device is readily distinguishable as locked and shall be a keyoperated locking device.
   4. 8.4.A clear window or glazed door opening, not less than 5 square feet (0.46 m²) in area, shall be provided at each exit access door to determine if there are occupants using the outdoor area.
   5. 8.5.A readily visible, durable sign shall be posted on the interior side on or adjacent to each locked required exit access door serving the exterior area stating, “THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN THE OUTDOOR AREA IS OCCUPIED.” The letters on the sign shall be not less than 1 inch (25.4 mm) high on a contrasting background.
   6. 8.6.The occupant load of the occupied exterior area shall not exceed 300 occupants in accordance with Section 1004.
9. 9.Locking devices are permitted on doors to balconies, decks or other exterior spaces serving individual dwelling or sleeping units.
10. 10.Locking devices are permitted on doors to balconies, decks or other exterior spaces of 250 square feet (23.23 m²) or less serving a private office space.

TABLE 1010.2.4

MANUAL BOLTS, AUTOMATIC FLUSH BOLTS AND CONSTANT LATCHING BOLTS ON THE INACTIVE LEAF OF A PAIR OF DOORS

1. P = Permitted; NP = Not Permitted.
2. a. Not permitted on corridor doors in Group I-2 healthcare occupancies where corridor doors are required to be positive latching.
3. b. Permitted where both doors are self-closing or automatic-closing and are provided with a coordinator that causes the inactive leaf to be closed prior to the active leaf.

1010.2.5

Reserved.

1010.2.6

Reserved.

1010.2.7 Stairway doors.

Interior stairway means of egress doors shall be openable from both sides without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Stairway discharge doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side.
2. 2.This section shall not apply to doors arranged in accordance with Section 403.5.3.
3. 3.Stairway exit doors are permitted to be locked from the side opposite the egress side, provided they are openable from the egress side and capable of being unlocked simultaneously without unlatching upon a signal from the fire command center, if present, or a signal by emergency personnel from a single location inside the main entrance to the building.
4. 4.Stairway exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group B, F, M and S occupancies where the only interior access to the tenant space is from a single exit stairway where permitted in Section 1006.3.3.
5. 5.Stairway exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group R-2 occupancies where the only interior access to the dwelling unit is from a single exit stairway where permitted in Section 1006.3.3.

1010.2.8 Locking arrangements in educational occupancies.

In Group E occupancies, Group B educational occupancies and Group I-4 occupancies, egress doors from classrooms, offices and other occupied rooms with locking arrangements designed to keep intruders from entering the room shall comply with all of the following conditions:

1. 1.The door shall be capable of being unlocked from outside the room with a key or other approved means.
2. 2.The door shall be openable from within the room in accordance with Section 1010.2.
3. 3.Modifications shall not be made to listed panic hardware, fire door hardware or door closer.
4. 4.Modifications to fire door assemblies shall be in accordance with NFPA 80.

Remote locking or unlocking of doors from an approved location shall be permitted in addition to the unlocking operation in Item 1.

1010.2.9 Panic and fire exit hardware.

Swinging doors serving a Group H occupancy and swinging doors serving rooms or spaces with an occupant load of 50 or more in a Group A or E occupancy shall not be provided with a latch or lock other than panic hardware or fire exit hardware.

Exceptions:

1. 1.A main exit of a Group A occupancy shall be permitted to be locking in accordance with Section 1010.2.4, Item 3.
2. 2.Doors provided with panic hardware or fire exit hardware serving a Group A or E occupancy shall be permitted to be electronically locked in accordance with Section 1010.2.11 or 1010.2.12.
3. 3.Outdoor gates from residential and commercial swimming pools or swimming pool decks, except where the pool deck serves as a portion of the means of egress of a building or has an occupant load of 300 or greater.
4. 4.Courtrooms shall be permitted to be locked in accordance with Section 1010.2.13, Exception 2.
5. 5.Exit access doors serving occupied exterior areas shall be permitted to be locked in accordance with Section 1010.2.4, Item 8.

1010.2.9.1 Refrigeration machinery room.

Refrigeration machinery rooms larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m²) shall have not less than two exit or exit access doorways that swing in the direction of egress travel and shall be equipped with panic hardware or fire exit hardware.

1010.2.9.2 Rooms with electrical equipment.

Exit or exit access doors serving transformer vaults, rooms designated for batteries or energy storage systems, or modular data centers shall be equipped with panic hardware or exit hardware. Rooms containing electrical equipment rated 800 amperes or more and that contain overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices and where the exit or exit access door is less than 25 feet (7620 mm) from the equipment working space as required by NFPA 70, such doors shall not be provided with a latch or lock other than panic hardware or exit hardware. The doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel.

1010.2.9.3 Installation.

Where panic or fire exit hardware is installed, it shall comply with the following:

1. 1.Panic hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 305.
2. 2.Fire exit hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 10C and UL 305.
3. 3.The actuating portion of the releasing device shall extend not less than one-half of the door leaf width.
4. 4.The maximum unlatching force shall not exceed 15 pounds (67 N).

1010.2.9.4 Balanced doors.

If balanced doors are used and panic hardware is required, the panic hardware shall be the push-pad type and the pad shall not extend more than one-half the width of the door measured from the latch side.

1010.2.10 Monitored or recorded egress.

Where electrical systems that monitor or record egress activity are incorporated, the locking system shall comply with Section 1010.2.11, 1010.2.12, 1010.2.13, 1010.2.14 or 1010.2.15 or shall be readily openable from the egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

1010.2.11 Door hardware release of electrically locked egress doors.

Door hardware release of electric locking systems shall be permitted on doors in the means of egress within any occupancy except in Group H where installed and operated in accordance with all of the following:

1. 1.The door hardware that is affixed to the door leaf has an obvious method of operation that is readily operated under all lighting conditions.
2. 2.The door hardware is capable of being operated with one hand and shall comply with Section 1010.2.1.
3. 3.Operation of the door hardware directly interrupts the power to the electric lock and unlocks the door immediately.
4. 4.Loss of power to the electric locking system automatically unlocks the door.
5. 5.Where panic or fire exit hardware is required by Section 1010.2.9, operation of the panic or fire exit hardware also releases the electric lock.
6. 6.The locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

1010.2.12 Sensor release of electrically locked egress doors.

Sensor release of electric locking systems shall be permitted on doors located in the means of egress with an occupancy in Group A, B, E, I-1, I-2, I-4, M, R-1 or R-2 where installed and operated in accordance with all of the following criteria:

1. 1.The sensor shall be installed on the egress side, arranged to detect an occupant approaching the doors, and shall cause the electric locking system to unlock.
2. 2.The electric locks shall be arranged to unlock by a signal from or loss of power to the sensor.
3. 3.Loss of power to the lock or locking system shall automatically unlock the electric lock.
4. 4.The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a manual unlocking device located 40 inches to 48 inches (1016 mm to 1219 mm) vertically above the floor and within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the secured doors. Ready access shall be provided to the manual unlocking device and the device shall be clearly identified by a sign that reads “PUSH TO EXIT.” When operated, the manual unlocking device shall result in direct interruption of power to the electric lock—independent of other electronics—and the electric lock shall remain unlocked for not less than 30 seconds.
5. 5.Activation of the building fire alarm system, where provided, shall automatically unlock the electric lock, and the electric lock shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.
6. 6.Activation of the building automatic sprinkler system or fire detection system, where provided, shall automatically unlock the electric lock. The electric lock shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.
7. 7.The door locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

1010.2.13 Delayed egress.

Delayed egress locking systems shall be permitted to be installed on doors serving Group B, F, I, M, R, S and U occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection system installed in accordance with Section 907.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Delayed egress locking systems shall be permitted to be installed on doors serving Group E occupancies that have an occupant load of 10 or fewer and that are in buildings that are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection system installed in accordance with Section 907.
2. 2.In courtrooms in Group A-3 and B occupancies, delayed egress locking systems shall be permitted to be installed on exit or exit access doors, other than the main exit or exit access door, in buildings that are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

1010.2.13.1 Delayed egress locking system.

The delayed egress locking system shall be installed and operated in accordance with all of the following:

1. 1.The delay electronics of the delayed egress locking system shall deactivate upon actuation of the automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire detection system, allowing immediate, free egress.
2. 2.The delay electronics of the delayed egress locking system shall deactivate upon loss of power controlling the lock or lock mechanism, allowing immediate free egress.
3. 3.The delayed egress locking system shall have the capability of being deactivated at the fire command center and other approved locations.
4. 4.An attempt to egress shall initiate an irreversible process that shall allow such egress in not more than 15 seconds when a physical effort to exit is applied to the egress side door hardware for not more than 3 seconds. Initiation of the irreversible process shall activate an audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the delay electronics have been deactivated, rearming the delay electronics shall be by manual means only.Exception: Where approved, a delay of not more than 30 seconds is permitted on a delayed egress door.
5. 5.The egress path from any point shall not pass through more than one delayed egress locking system.Exceptions:
   1. 1.In Group I-1, Condition 2, Group I-2 or I-3 occupancies, the egress path from any point in the building shall pass through not more than two delayed egress locking systems, provided that the combined delay does not exceed 30 seconds.
   2. 2.In Group I-1, Condition 1, or I-4 occupancies, the egress path from any point in the building shall pass through not more than two delayed egress locking systems, provided that the combined delay does not exceed 30 seconds and the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
6. 6.A sign shall be provided on the door and shall be located above and within 12 inches (305 mm) of the door exit hardware:
   1. 6.1.For doors that swing in the direction of egress, the sign shall read: PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] SECONDS.
   2. 6.2.For doors that swing in the opposite direction of egress, the sign shall read: PULL UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] SECONDS.
   3. 6.3.The sign shall comply with the visual character requirements in the Florida Building Code, Accessibility.
   Exception: Where approved, in Group I occupancies, the installation of a sign is not required where care recipients who because of clinical needs require restraint or containment as part of the function of the treatment area.
7. 7.Emergency lighting shall be provided on the egress side of the door.
8. 8.The delayed egress locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

1010.2.14 Controlled egress doors in Groups I-1 and I-2.

Electric locking systems, including electro-mechanical locking systems and electromagnetic locking systems, shall be permitted to be locked in the means of egress in Group I-1 or I-2 occupancies where the clinical needs of persons receiving care require their containment. Controlled egress doors shall be permitted in such occupancies where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection system installed in accordance with Section 907, provided that the doors are installed and operate in accordance with all of the following:

1. 1.The door locks shall unlock on actuation of the automatic sprinkler system or automatic smoke detection system.
2. 2.The door locks shall unlock on loss of power controlling the lock or lock mechanism.
3. 3.The door locking system shall be installed to have the capability of being unlocked by a switch located at the fire command center, a nursing station or other approved location. The switch shall directly break power to the lock.
4. 4.A building occupant shall not be required to pass through more than one door equipped with a controlled egress locking system before entering an exit.
5. 5.The procedures for unlocking the doors shall be described and approved as part of the emergency planning and preparedness required by the Florida Fire Prevention Code.
6. 6.All clinical staff shall have the keys, codes or other means necessary to operate the locking systems.
7. 7.Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door.
8. 8.The door locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Items 1 through 4 shall not apply to doors to areas occupied by persons who, because of clinical needs, require restraint or containment as part of the function of a psychiatric or cognitive treatment area.
2. 2.Items 1 through 4 shall not apply to doors to areas where a listed egress control system is utilized to reduce the risk of child abduction from nursery and obstetric areas of a Group I-2 hospital.

1010.2.15 Locking arrangements in buildings within correctional facilities.

In buildings within correctional and detention facilities, doors in means of egress serving rooms or spaces occupied by persons whose movements are controlled for security reasons shall be permitted to be locked where equipped with egress control devices that shall unlock manually and by not less than one of the following means:

1. 1.Activation of an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
2. 2.Activation of an approved manual fire alarm box.
3. 3.A signal from a constantly attended location.

1010.2.16 Elevator lobby exit access doors.

In other than high-rise buildings and Group I-3, R-3 and R-4 occupancies, electrically locked exit access doors providing egress from elevator lobbies shall be permitted where all the following conditions are met:

1. 1.For all occupants of the floor, the path of exit access travel to not less than two exits is not required to pass through the elevator lobby.
2. 2.The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 907. Elevator lobbies shall be provided with an automatic smoke detection system in accordance with Section 907.
3. 3.Activation of the building fire alarm system by other than a manual fire alarm box shall automatically unlock the electric locks providing exit access from the elevator lobbies, and the electric locks shall remain unlocked until the system is reset.
4. 4.The electric locks shall unlock on loss of power to the electric lock or electrical locking system.
5. 5.The electric locks shall have the capability of being unlocked by a switch located at the fire command center, security station, or other approved location.
6. 6.A two-way communication system complying with Chapter 7 of the Florida Building Code, Accessibility shall be located in the elevator lobby adjacent to the electrically locked exit access door and connected to an approved constantly attended station. This constantly attended station shall have the capability of unlocking the electric locks of the elevator lobby exit access doors.
7. 7.Emergency lighting shall be provided in the elevator lobby on both sides of the electrically locked door.
8. 8.The door locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

1010.3 Special doors.

Special doors and security grilles shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1010.1.3.1 through 1010.1.3.4.

1010.3.1 Revolving doors.

Revolving doors shall comply with the following:

1. 1.Revolving doors shall comply with BHMA A156.27 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
2. 2.Each revolving door shall be capable of breakout in accordance with BHMA A156.27 and shall provide an aggregate width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).
3. 3.A revolving door shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the foot or top of stairways or escalators. A dispersal area shall be provided between the stairways or escalators and the revolving doors.
4. 4.The revolutions per minute (rpm) for a revolving door shall not exceed the maximum rpm as specified in BHMA A156.27. Manual revolving doors shall comply with Table 1010.3.1(1). Automatic or power-operated revolving doors shall comply with Table 1010.3.1(2).
5. 5.An emergency stop switch shall be provided near each entry point of power or automatic operated revolving doors within 48 inches (1220 mm) of the door and between 34 inches (864 mm) and 48 inches (1220 mm) above the floor. The activation area of the emergency stop switch button shall be not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter and shall be red.
6. 6.Each revolving door shall have a side-hinged swinging door that complies with Section 1010.1 in the same wall and within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the revolving door.
7. 7.Revolving doors shall not be part of an accessible route required by Chapter 11.

TABLE 1010.3.1(1)

MAXIMUM DOOR SPEED MANUAL REVOLVING DOORS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

TABLE 1010.3.1(2)

MAXIMUM DOOR SPEED AUTOMATIC OR POWER-OPERATED REVOLVING DOORS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

10103.1.1 Egress component.

A revolving door used as a component of a means of egress shall comply with Section 1010.3.1 and the following three conditions:

1. 1.Revolving doors shall not be given credit for more than 50 percent of the minimum width or required capacity.
2. 2.Each revolving door shall be credited with a capacity based on not more than a 50-person occupant load.
3. 3.Each revolving door shall provide for egress in accordance with BHMA A156.27 with a breakout force of not more than 130 pounds (578 N).

1010.3.1.2 Other than egress component.

A revolving door used as other than a component of a means of egress shall comply with Section 1010.3.1. The breakout force of a revolving door not used as a component of a means of egress shall not be more than 180 pounds (801 N).

Exception: 

A breakout force in excess of 180 pounds (801 N) is permitted if the breakout force is reduced to not more than 130 pounds (578 N) when not less than one of the following conditions is satisfied:

1. 1.There is a power failure or power is removed to the device holding the door wings in position.
2. 2.There is an actuation of the automatic sprinkler system where such system is provided.
3. 3.There is an actuation of a smoke detection system that is installed in accordance with Section 907 to provide coverage in areas within the building that are within 75 feet (22 860 mm) of the revolving doors.
4. 4.There is an actuation of a manual control switch, in an approved location and clearly identified, that reduces the breakout force to not more than 130 pounds (578 N).

1010.3.2 Power-operated doors.

Where means of egress doors are operated or assisted by power, the design shall be such that in the event of power failure, the door is capable of being opened manually to permit means of egress travel or closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress. The forces required to open these doors manually shall not exceed those specified in Section 1010.1.3, except that the force to set the door in motion shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N). The door shall be capable of opening from any position to the full width of the opening in which such door is installed when a force is applied to the door on the side from which egress is made. Power-operated swinging doors, power-operated sliding doors and power-operated folding doors shall comply with BHMA A156.10. Power-assisted swinging doors and low-energy power-operated swinging doors shall comply with BHMA A156.19. Low-energy power-operated sliding doors and low-energy power-operated folding doors shall comply with BHMA A156.38.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Occupancies in Group I-3.
2. 2.Special purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding doors complying with Section 1010.3.3.
3. 3.For a biparting door in the emergency breakout mode, a door leaf located within a multiple-leaf opening shall be exempt from the minimum 32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of Section 1010.1.1, provided a minimum 32-inch (813 mm) clear opening is provided when the two biparting leaves meeting in the center are broken out.

1010.3.3 Special purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding doors.

In other than Group H occupancies, special purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding door assemblies permitted to be a component of a means of egress in accordance with Exception 6 to Section 1010.1.2 shall comply with all of the following criteria:

1. 1.The doors shall be power operated and shall be capable of being operated manually in the event of power failure.
2. 2.The doors shall be openable by a simple method without special knowledge or effort from the egress side or sides.
3. 3.The force required to operate the door shall not exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in motion and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to the minimum required width.
4. 4.The door shall be openable with a force not to exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250 pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the door adjacent to the operating device.
5. 5.The door assembly shall comply with the applicable fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.5.9.4, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80 and shall comply with Section 716.
6. 6.The door assembly shall have an integrated standby power supply.
7. 7.The door assembly power supply shall be electrically supervised.
8. 8.The door shall open to the minimum required width within 10 seconds after activation of the operating device.

1010.3.4 Security grilles.

In Groups B, F, M and S, horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles are permitted at the main exit and shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort during periods that the space is occupied. The grilles shall remain secured in the full-open position during the period of occupancy by the general public. Where two or more exits or access to exits are required, not more than one-half of the exits or exit access doorways shall be equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles.

1010.3.5 Protection devices for emergency escape and rescue openings.

The temporary installation or closure of storm shutters, panels and other approved hurricane protection devices shall be permitted on emergency escape and rescue openings and egress doors in Group R occupancies during the threat of a storm. Such devices shall not be required to comply with the operational constraints of Section 1030.4 or 1010.2. While such protection is provided, at least one means of escape from the dwelling or dwelling unit shall be provided. The means of escape shall be within the first floor of the dwelling or dwelling unit and shall not be located within a garage without a side-hinged door leading directly to the exterior. Occupants in any part of the dwelling or dwelling unit shall be able to access the means of escape without passing through a lockable door not under their control.

1010.4 Gates.

Gates serving the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. Gates used as a component in a means of egress shall conform to the applicable requirements for doors.

Exception: 

Horizontal sliding or swinging gates exceeding the 4-foot (1219 mm) maximum leaf width limitation are permitted in fences and walls surrounding a stadium.

1010.4.1 Stadiums.

Panic hardware is not required on gates surrounding stadiums where such gates are under constant immediate supervision while the public is present, and where safe dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m²) per occupant are located between the fence and enclosed space. Such required safe dispersal areas shall not be located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the enclosed space. See Section 1028.5 for means of egress from safe dispersal areas.

1010.5 Turnstiles and similar devices.

Turnstiles or similar devices that restrict travel to one direction shall not be placed so as to obstruct any required means of egress, except where permitted in accordance with Sections 1010.5.1, 1010.5.2 and 1010.5.3.

1010.5.1 Capacity.

Each turnstile or similar device shall be credited with a capacity based on not more than a 50-person occupant load where all of the following provisions are met:

1. 1.Each device shall turn free in the direction of egress travel when primary power is lost and on the manual release by an employee in the area.
2. 2.Such devices are not given credit for more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity or width.
3. 3.Each device is not more than 39 inches (991 mm) high.
4. 4.Each device has not less than 16¹/₂ inches (419 mm) clear width at and below a height of 39 inches (991 mm) and not less than 22 inches (559 mm) clear width at heights above 39 inches (991 mm).

1010.5.1.1 Clear width.

Where located as part of an accessible route, turnstiles shall have not less than 36 inches (914 mm) clear at and below a height of 34 inches (864 mm), not less than 32 inches (813 mm) clear width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) and shall consist of a mechanism other than a revolving device.

1010.5.2 Security access turnstiles.

Security access turnstiles that inhibit travel in the direction of egress utilizing a physical barrier shall be permitted to be considered as a component of the means of egress, provided that all of the following criteria are met:

1. 1.The building is protected throughout by an approved supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
2. 2.Each security access turnstile lane configuration has a minimum clear passage width of 22 inches (560 mm).
3. 3.Any security access turnstile lane configuration providing clear passage width of less than 32 inches (810 mm) shall be credited with a maximum egress capacity of 50 persons.
4. 4.Any security access turnstile lane configuration providing a clear passage width of 32 inches (810 mm) or more shall be credited with a maximum egress capacity as calculated in accordance with Section 1005.
5. 5.Each secured physical barrier shall automatically retract or swing to unobstructed open position in the direction of egress, under each of the following conditions:
   1. 5.1.Upon loss of power to the turnstile or any part of the access control system that secures the physical barrier.
   2. 5.2.Upon actuation of a readily accessible and clearly identified manual release device that results in direct interruption of power to each secured physical barrier, after which such barriers remain in the open position for not less than 30 seconds. The manual release device shall be positioned at one of the following locations:
      1. 5.2.1.The manual release device is located on the egress side of each security access turnstile lane.
      2. 5.2.2.The manual release device is located at an approved location where it can be actuated by an employee assigned to the area at all times that the building is occupied.
   3. 5.3.Upon actuation of the building fire alarm system, if provided, the physical barrier remains in the open position until the fire alarm system is manually reset.Exception: Actuation of manual fire alarm boxes.
   4. 5.4.Upon actuation of the building automatic sprinkler system or fire detection system, and for which the physical barrier remains in the open position until the fire alarm system is manually reset.

1010.5.3 High turnstile.

Turnstiles more than 39 inches (991 mm) high shall meet the requirements for revolving doors or the requirements of Section 1010.5.2 for security access turnstiles.

1010.5.4 Additional door.

Where serving an occupant load greater than 300, each turnstile that is not portable shall have a side-hinged swinging door that conforms to Section 1010.1 within 50 feet (15 240 mm).

Exception: A side-hinged swinging door is not required at security access turnstiles that comply with Section 1010.5.2.

Additional Resources

DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 7TH EDITION (2020)

The post DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES – FBC 8TH (2023) appeared first on Barfield Fence and Fabrication.

1015.1 General.

Guards shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.7. Operable windows with sills located more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above finished grade or other surface below shall comply with Section 1015.8.

1015.2 Where required.

Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, including mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps and landings that are located more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally to the edge of the open side. Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9.

Exception: Guards are not required for the following locations:

1. 1.On the loading side of loading docks or piers.
2. 2.On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, including stairs leading up to the stage and raised platforms.
3. 3.On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as runways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or presentations.
4. 4.At vertical openings in the performance area of stages and platforms.
5. 5.At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages and platforms for access to and utilization of special lighting or equipment.
6. 6.Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.
7. 7.In assembly seating areas at cross aisles in accordance with Section 1029.17.2.
8. 8.On the loading side of station platforms on fixed guideway transit or passenger rail systems.

1015.2.1 Glazing.

Where glass is used to provide a guard or as a portion of the guard system, the guard shall comply with Section 2407. Where the glazing provided does not meet the strength and attachment requirements of Section 1607.9, complying guards shall be located along glazed sides of open-sided walking surfaces.

1015.3 Height.

Required guards shall be not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically as follows:

1. 1.From the adjacent walking surfaces.
2. 2.On stairways and stepped aisles, from the line connecting the leading edges of the tread nosings.
3. 3.On ramps and ramped aisles, from the ramp surface at the guard.

Exceptions:

1. 1.For occupancies in Group R-3 not more than three stories above grade in height and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2 not more than three stories above grade in height with separate means of egress, required guards shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height measured vertically above the adjacent walking surfaces.
2. 2.For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, guards on the open sides of stairs shall have a height not less than 34 inches (864 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edges of the treads.
3. 3.For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, where the top of the guard also serves as a handrail on the open sides of stairs, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edges of the treads.
4. 4.The guard height in assembly seating areas shall comply with Section 1029.17 as applicable.
5. 5.Along alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards where the top rail also serves as a handrail shall have height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm), measured vertically from the leading edge of the device tread nosing.
6. 6.In Group F occupancies, where exit access stairways serve three stories or fewer and such stairs are not open to the public, where the top of the guard also serves as a handrail, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured from a line connecting the leading edges of the treads.

1015.4 Opening limitations.

Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

Exceptions:

1. 1.From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm), guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4³/₈ inches (111 mm) in diameter.
2. 2.The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair, formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
3. 3.At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equipment, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
4. 4.In areas that are not open to the public within occupancies in Group I-3, F, H or S, and for alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
5. 5.In assembly seating areas, guards required at the end of aisles in accordance with Section 1029.17.4 shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter.
6. 6.Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open sides of stairs shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4³/₈ (111 mm) inches in diameter.

1015.5 Screen porches.

Porches and decks that are enclosed with insect screening shall be provided with guards where the walking surface is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below.

1015.6 Mechanical equipment, systems and devices.

Guards shall be provided where various components that require service are located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm) beyond each end of such components. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

Exception: 

Guards are not required where permanent fall arrest/restraint anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z359.1 are affixed for use during the entire roof covering lifetime. The devices shall be reevaluated for possible replacement when the entire roof covering is replaced. The devices shall be placed not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) on center along hip and ridge lines and placed not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from the roof edge or open side of the walking surface.

1015.7 Roof access.

Guards shall be provided where the roof hatch opening is located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

Exception: 

Guards are not required where permanent fall arrest/restraint anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z359.1 are affixed for use during the entire roof covering lifetime. The devices shall be reevaluated for possible replacement when the entire roof covering is replaced. The devices shall be placed not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) on center along hip and ridge lines and placed not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from the roof edge or open side of the walking surface.

1015.8 Window openings.

Windows in Group R-2 and R-3 buildings including dwelling units, where the top of the sill of an operable window opening is located less than 36 inches (914 mm) above the finished floor and more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above the finished grade or other surface below on the exterior of the building, shall comply with one of the following:

1. 1.Operable windows where the top of the sill of the opening is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the finished grade or other surface below and that are provided with window fall prevention devices that comply with ASTM F2006.
2. 2.Operable windows where the openings will not allow a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere to pass through the opening when the window is in its largest opened position.
3. 3.Operable windows where the openings are provided with window fall prevention devices that comply with ASTM F2090.
4. 4.Operable windows that are provided with window opening control devices that comply with Section 1015.8.1.

1015.8.1 Window opening control devices.

Window opening control devices shall comply with ASTM F2090. The window opening control device, after operation to release the control device allowing the window to fully open, shall not reduce the minimum net clear opening area of the window unit to less than the area required by Section 1030.2.

GUARDS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 7TH EDITION (2020)

GUARDS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 6TH EDITION (2017)

The post GUARDS – FBC 8TH (2023) appeared first on Barfield Fence and Fabrication.

1014.1 Where required.

Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.9. Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1029.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8.

1014.2 Height.

Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders, measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

Exceptions:

1. 1.Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
2. 2.In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or where used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
3. 3.Handrails on top of a guard where permitted along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in accordance with Section 1029.16.

1014.3 Handrail graspability.

Required handrails shall comply with Section 1014.3.1 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

Exceptions:

1. 1.In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section 1014.3.1, Type II in accordance with Section 1014.3.2 or shall provide equivalent graspability.
2. 2.Accessible handrails shall meet the requirements of the Florida Building Code, Accessibility.

1014.3.1 Type I.

Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of not less than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). Where the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of not less than 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 6¹/₄ inches (160 mm) with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 2¹/₄ inches (57 mm) and minimum cross-sectional dimension of 1 inch (25 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

1014.3.2 Type II.

Handrails with a perimeter greater than 6¹/₄ inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of ³/₄ inch (19 mm) measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of not less than ⁵/₁₆ inch (8 mm) within ⁷/₈ inch (22 mm) below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth shall continue for not less than ³/₈ inch (10 mm) to a level that is not less than 1³/₄ inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of the profile. The width of the handrail above the recess shall be not less than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) to not greater than 2³/₄ inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

1014.4 Continuity.

Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstructions.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be interrupted by a newel post at a turn or landing.
2. 2.Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout, starting easing or starting newel is allowed over the lowest tread.
3. 3.Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom surface of the handrail that do not project horizontally beyond the sides of the handrail within 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not be considered obstructions. For each ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension above 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance dimension of 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced by ¹/₈ inch (3.2 mm).
4. 4.Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of the handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.
5. 5.Handrails serving stepped aisles or ramped aisles are permitted to be discontinuous in accordance with Section 1029.16.1.

1014.5 Fittings.

Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

1014.6 Handrail extensions.

Handrails shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent flight of stairs or ramp run. Where handrails are not continuous between flights, the handrails shall extend horizontally not less than 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between runs, the handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs. The extensions of handrails shall be in the same direction of the flights of stairs at stairways and the ramp runs at ramps.

Exceptions:

1. 1.Handrails within a dwelling unit that is not required to be accessible need extend only from the top riser to the bottom riser.
2. 2.Handrails serving aisles in rooms or spaces used for assembly purposes are permitted to comply with the handrail extensions in accordance with Section 1029.16.
3. 3.Handrails for alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders are permitted to terminate at a location vertically above the top and bottom risers. Handrails for alternating tread devices are not required to be continuous between flights or to extend beyond the top or bottom risers.
4. 4.Accessible handrail extensions shall be in accordance with the Florida Building Code, Accessibility.

1014.7 Clearance.

Clear space between a handrail and a wall or other surface shall be not less than 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm). A handrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements.

1014.8 Projections.

On ramps and on ramped aisles that are part of an accessible route, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into the required width of aisles, stairways and ramps at each side shall not exceed 4¹/₂ inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height. Projections into the required width shall not be limited above the minimum headroom height required in Section 1011.3. Projections due to intermediate handrails shall not constitute a reduction in the egress width. Where a pair of intermediate handrails are provided within the stairway width without a walking surface between the pair of intermediate handrails and the distance between the pair of intermediate handrails is greater than 6 inches (152 mm), the available egress width shall be reduced by the distance between the closest edges of each such intermediate pair of handrails that is greater than 6 inches (152 mm).

1014.9 Intermediate handrails.

Stairways shall have intermediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of the stairway minimum width or required capacity are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

Additional Resources

HANDRAILS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 7TH EDITION (2020)

HANDRAILS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 6TH EDITION (2017)

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Actual wall thickness of extruded aluminum members shall be not less than 0.040 inch (1 mm).

2002.3.2

Reserved.

2002.3.3 Vinyl, tempered glass, and acrylic panels.

Vinyl, tempered glass, and acrylic panels shall be removable. Removable panels shall be identified as removable by a decal. The identification decal shall essentially state “Removable panel SHALL be removed when wind speeds exceed 75 mph (34 m/s).” Decals shall be placed such that the decal is visible when the panel is installed.

2002.4 Loads.

Structural members supporting screened enclosures shall be designed for wind in both of two orthogonal directions using the pressures given in Table 2002.4. Each primary member shall also be designed for a 300 pound (1.33 kN) load applied vertically downward along any 1 foot (305 mm) of any member, not occurring simultaneously with wind load.

Exception: In addition to wind pressures, purlins shall also be designed for a 200 pound (0.89 kN) load applied vertically downward along any 1 foot (305 mm) of any member, not occurring simultaneously with wind load.

TABLE 2002.4

DESIGN WIND PRESSURES SCREENED ENCLOSURES^{a, b, f, g, h}

(STRENGTH DESIGN OR LRFD ONLY)

For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 9.479 kN/m².

NOTES:

1. a.Pressures apply to enclosures with a mean enclosure roof height of 30 feet (10 m). For other heights, multiply the pressures in this table by the factors in Table 2002.4A.
2. b.Apply horizontal pressures to the area of the enclosure projected on a vertical plane normal to the assumed wind direction, simultaneously inward on the windward side and outward on the leeward side.
3. c.Apply vertical pressures upward or downward to the area of the enclosure projected on a horizontal plane.
4. d.Apply horizontal pressures simultaneously with vertical pressures.
5. e.Table pressures are MWFRS Loads. The design of solid roof panels and their attachments shall be based on component and cladding loads for enclosed structures, partially enclosed structures, or attached canopies, as appropriate.
6. f.Table pressures apply to 20 × 20 × 0.013″ mesh screen. For 18 ×14 × 0.013″ mesh screen, pressures on screen surfaces may be multiplied by 0.88. For screen densities greater than 20 × 20 × 0.013″, use pressures for enclosed buildings.
7. g.Table pressures may be interpolated using ASCE 7 methodology.
8. h.For allowable stress design (ASD) pressures shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.6.

TABLE 2002.4A

HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

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Glass used in a handrail, guardrail or guard section shall be laminated glass constructed of fully tempered or heat-strengthened glass and shall comply with Category II or CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1. Glazing in railing in-fill panels shall be of an approved safety glazing material that conforms to the provisions of Section 2406.1.1. For all glazing types, the minimum nominal thickness shall be ¹/₄ inch (6.4 mm).

Exception: Single fully tempered glass complying with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1 shall be permitted to be used in handrails and guardrails where there is no walking surface beneath them or the walking surface is permanently protected from the risk of falling glass.

2407.1.1 Loads.

The panels and their support system shall be designed to withstand the loads specified in Section 1607.9 using a safety factor of four.

2407.1.2 Structural glass baluster panels.

Guards with structural glass baluster panels shall be installed with an attached top rail or handrail. The top rail or handrail shall be supported by not fewer than three glass baluster panels, or shall be otherwise supported to remain in place should one glass baluster panel fail.

Exception: An attached top rail or handrail is not required where the glass baluster panels are laminated glass with two or more glass plies of equal thickness and of the same glass type. The panels shall be tested to remain in place as a barrier following impact or glass breakage in accordance with ASTM E2353.

2407.1.3 Parking garages.

Glazing materials shall not be installed in handrails or guards in parking garages except for pedestrian areas not exposed to impact from vehicles.

2407.1.4 Glazing in wind-borne debris regions.

Glazing installed in in-fill panels or balusters in wind-borne debris regions shall comply with the following:

2407.1.4.1 Balusters and in-fill panels.

Glass installed in exterior railing in-fill panels or balusters shall be laminated glass complying with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1.

2407.1.4.2 Glass supporting top rail.

When the top rail is supported by glass, the assembly shall be tested according to the impact requirements of Section 1609.1.2 (HVHZ shall comply with Section 1618.4.6.4). The top rail shall remain in place after impact.

Additional Resources

GLASS IN HANDRAILS AND GUARDS – FLORIDA BUILDING CODE 7TH EDITION (2020)

Using Glass Panels for Railing

The post GLASS IN HANDRAILS AND GUARDS – FBC 8TH (2023) appeared first on Barfield Fence and Fabrication.

Website – vidahealthvillage.com

Scopes Barfield Fabricated and Installed

• Balcony Railings
• Deco Glass Roof Structure
• Custom Glass Balcony Railings
• Custom Trellis at Summer Kitchen
• Entry Canopy

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The Earliest Fences

The concept and history of fences can be traced back to the earliest human settlements. Natural barriers like hedgerows, stone walls, and wooden palisades were used to delineate ownership and protect against threats. Some of the oldest known fences date back to the Neolithic period, approximately 10,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence suggests that early farmers in Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Europe utilized simple post-and-beam fences to enclose their livestock and crops.

As human populations grew and communities became more organized, the need for more sophisticated fencing solutions became apparent. In ancient Egypt, large estates and royal compounds were often surrounded by mud brick or stone walls to assert the power and status of the landowner. The Great Wall of China, built in stages over centuries, is one of the most famous examples of an extensive defensive fortification system. Similarly, the Inca civilization in South America constructed impressive stone walls and terraces to demarcate the borders of their empire.

Medieval and Early Modern Fencing

During the Middle Ages in Europe, fencing took on a more practical, utilitarian role. They built wooden palisades, hedgerows, and dry stone walls to enclose fields, pastures, and small settlements, providing both physical and symbolic barriers. The development of metal-working techniques also led to the introduction of iron and wrought-iron fencing, which became a status symbol for the wealthy classes.

As cities and towns grew in size and complexity, fences also evolved to meet the needs of urban environments. Wooden picket fences and iron railings became popular for delineating private property and public spaces. In the American colonies, colonists often used simple split-rail fences made from locally sourced timber to mark boundaries and contain livestock.

The Industrial Revolution and Modern Fencing

The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries brought about a significant transformation in fencing materials and construction methods. The mass production of steel and the invention of barbed wire in the 1870s revolutionized agricultural fencing, making it more affordable and effective for large-scale livestock operations. Wire fencing also became increasingly popular for residential and commercial applications, providing a more versatile and durable alternative to traditional wooden or iron fences.

The 20th century saw the development of even more advanced fencing technologies, such as chain-link, vinyl, and aluminum fencing. These materials offered greater flexibility, durability, and ease of installation, making them suitable for a wide range of uses, from security perimeters to decorative enclosures. The rise of suburban development in the mid-20th century also led to the widespread adoption of standardized fencing regulations and practices, further shaping the visual landscape of modern communities.

Fencing for Specialized Purposes

Throughout history, fencing has also served specialized purposes beyond simple property demarcation. Military fortifications, such as castles, citadels, and defensive walls, utilized fencing and barriers to protect against invaders and maintain strategic control over territories. The development of prisons and other correctional facilities also relied heavily on fencing and security measures to contain and control populations.

In the agricultural sector, fencing has played a crucial role in livestock management, crop protection, and erosion control. We have used fences to partition and manage grazing lands, prevent the spread of livestock diseases, and safeguard valuable crops from wildlife damage. In urban environments, fencing has been employed to enhance public safety, control access to sensitive areas, and create physical and psychological barriers between different land uses.

The Aesthetic and Symbolic Aspects of Fencing

While fencing has primarily served functional purposes, it has also held significant aesthetic and symbolic value throughout history. Ornamental fencing, such as wrought-iron gates and decorative pickets, became a status symbol for the wealthy and a way to showcase the architectural styles of the time. In some cultures, fencing has also been imbued with spiritual or religious significance, serving as a physical representation of the boundaries between the sacred and the profane.

In recent decades, the aesthetic and environmental considerations of fencing have become increasingly important, with the growing popularity of “green” or “eco-friendly” fencing solutions that blend seamlessly with natural landscapes. The use of living fences, such as hedgerows and living willow walls, not only provides visual appeal but also offers ecological benefits like habitat creation and carbon sequestration.

The Future of Fencing

As the world continues to evolve, the role and design of fencing will likely continue to adapt to the changing needs of society. Advancements in materials science, automation, and sustainable construction techniques may lead to the development of even more durable, efficient, and environmentally-friendly fencing solutions. Additionally, the integration of smart technologies, such as sensors and monitoring systems, could transform fencing into an integral component of comprehensive security and management systems.

Regardless of the specific materials or technologies used, fencing will undoubtedly remain a fundamental element of human civilization, serving as a physical and symbolic demarcation of our shared landscapes and our individual and collective identities. The rich history of fencing reflects the ingenuity, creativity, and practical needs of people around the world, and its continued evolution will shape the way we interact with and define our environment in the years to come.

Here is a list of websites with information on fences and barriers:

1. FenceAdvisors.com – This site provides detailed information on various types of fences, including wood, vinyl, aluminum, chain-link, and more. It covers fence materials, designs, installation, and maintenance.
2. FenceAuthority.com – This website offers a comprehensive guide to different fence styles, materials, and applications. It also includes information on fence regulations and building codes.
3. FenceMaterials.com – This site offers a comprehensive guide to different fence materials, including wood, vinyl, aluminum, steel, and more, along with their pros and cons.
4. FencingInfo.com – This website provides detailed information on fence regulations, codes, and permitting requirements for different types of fences in various locations.
5. FencingResourcesGuide.com – This is a comprehensive online resource with articles, guides, and information on various fence types, materials, designs, and installation processes.

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