In the judgment, the Court held that Serbia had violated Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which safeguards against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, when the Serbian courts had failed to examine Bahraini dissident Ahmed Jaafar’s complaint that he would face a risk of ill-treatment if extradited to Bahrain. The Court also held that Serbia had violated Article 34 of the Convention, which gives individuals the right to make applications to the Court, by going ahead with his extradition to Bahrain in contravention of an interim measure indicated by the Court on 21 January 2022. The Court ordered Serbia to pay EUR 9,800, plus any tax chargeable and interest in the event of a default in payment.

The decision of the Committee of Ministers records that, since the judgment, Serbia has placed a sum of money for Ahmed Jaafar in a deposit account in a domestic court. However, the Committee acknowledged his legal representatives’ argument that there are ‘difficulties in complying with the conditions for the release of the funds given the exceptional nature of [Ahmed Jaafar’s] situation’ of ongoing detention in Bahrain. Accordingly, the Committee indicated that Serbia should ‘co-operate with [his] representatives and the Secretariat to find solutions to enable the release of funds to take place without delay’.

The Committee’s decision also records ‘diplomatic steps already undertaken by the [Serbian] authorities to obtain information from the Bahraini authorities on [Ahmed Jaafar’s] current situation and to ensure that his rights under Article 3 are duly protected’. Noting Ahmed Jaafar’s legal representatives’ submissions concerning his ongoing maltreatment in Bahraini detention, the decision adds that these authorities are to ‘continue their efforts in this respect and to keep the Committee informed, to the extent possible, of any relevant developments’ as well as ‘undertake that, should they receive information that [Ahmed Jaafar] may risk treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention, they will take all possible measures within their competence to secure the effective protection of’ his rights under the Convention.

The decision also makes indications concerning general measures to be adopted by Serbia to improve the human rights situation in Serbia as relevant to the Court’s judgment. The Committee’s role in supervising the execution of the judgment under Article 46 of the Convention continues.

Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, Director of Advocacy at the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD), commented:

‘It was very hard to hear Ahmed describing to me the degrading conditions he is living in at Jau Prison. He is stuck in a severely overcrowded cell, has repeatedly had to resort to hunger strikes just to secure basic rights, and has been in and out of solitary confinement.

This decision is an important reminder that Serbia cannot simply take Bahrain’s assurances at face value. It must face the reality of what happened after Ahmed’s unlawful extradition and do everything it can to protect him.’

Lawyers Marko Štambuk, Rodney Dixon KC, and Sebastian Bates, who represented Ahmed Jaafar before the Court and continue to do so before the Committee, added:

‘We welcome this decision of the Committee of Ministers. It reflects that, while Serbia has taken certain steps to implement the judgment of the Strasbourg Court concerning Ahmed Jaafar, there is much more to be undertaken. Serbia must do everything in its power to protect Ahmed Jaafar from violations of his rights in Bahrain. In our view, Ahmed Jaafar’s circumstances in Bahrain are such that this will likely mean in the end that Serbia must negotiate with Bahrain for his return to Serbian territory, where he was prior to his unlawful extradition in 2022. In the meantime, the Serbian authorities must be in effective contact with their Bahraini counterparts and must cooperate with us to secure payment of the whole sum ordered by the Strasbourg Court.’

Last week, leading human rights organisations filed a request for UK sanctions against Bahrain’s Interior Minister, General Shaikh Rashid bin Abdullah Al Khalifa, under the UK’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regulations 2020. The request and supporting evidence were submitted to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office by Deighton Pierce Glynn solicitors on behalf of the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD). The request is also supported by Human Rights First. It seeks targeted financial and travel sanctions against the Interior Minister for his role in serious rights abuses against the Bahraini people.

The request comes as Bahrain marks the 15th anniversary of its 2011 pro-democracy uprising on 14 February. The impact of the Bahraini Government’s brutal crackdown continues to haunt the country, with leading pro-democracy figures remaining jailed since 2011 following sham trials and confessions made under torture.

The NGO coalition is calling for the Interior Minister to be held accountable for his role in serious and systematic human rights violations in Bahrain, including allegations of torture and arbitrary detention of political dissidents and human rights defenders. Documented abuses include physical beatings, the use of torture devices, sexual violence, and rape. The submission sets out evidence of the Minister’s responsibility for widespread abuses carried out by Bahrain’s Ministry of Interior since 2004, encompassing the violent suppression of the 2011 uprising and the years of systematic persecution that followed.

The evidence, which documents a pattern of torture in Bahrain over the last decade, presents a significant test of the UK Government’s commitment to upholding human rights standards, particularly regarding human rights abuses that are linked to close allies of the UK. It comes amid growing concern that the UK’s deepening security cooperation with Bahrain – despite persistent and credible evidence of human rights violations – risks shielding abusive officials and undermining Britain’s own legal and moral obligations.

In October 2025, Bahrain’s Interior Minister visited the UK and met with Durham Constabulary to strengthen police training partnerships. Accompanied by Ambassador Shaikh Fawaz bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, he met Chief Constable Rachel Bacon to discuss collaboration in forensics, investigation, and rehabilitation programs. The visit raised concerns regarding the UK Government’s engagement with a ministry accused of systematic torture; by providing police training to General Al Khalifa, the UK risks legitimising the Interior Ministry’s practices.

MPs call for sanctions

At the same time, on 09 February 2026, a group of cross-party MPs tabled an Early Day Motion (EDM) supporting the call for sanctions against Bahrain’s Interior Minister and decrying the Government of Bahrain’s crackdown on pro-democracy activists. The MPs decried human rights abuses in Bahrain and called “for the imposition of Magnitsky sanctions against individuals responsible for serious human rights violations, including the Interior Minister, Rashid bin Abdullah Al Khalifa”. They further raised concerns that millions of pounds of UK public funds continue to be spent on technical assistance to Bahrain.

Rights groups calls

Commenting, Khalid Ibrahim, GCHR’s Executive Director, said: “It’s impossible to advance human rights in Bahrain without ending impunity and enforcing accountability for all the massive human rights violations that were committed by perpetrators whose crimes have been well documented by the human rights movement. We always have to remember the plight of our Founding Director Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja who was severely tortured to the level that he needed dozens of medical interventions, yet the perpetrators are not only still free in the streets of Bahrain but some of them were promoted. This culture should be ended and as such we welcome the news of the motion by British MPs to hold the Minister accountable and call on the British government to follow suit and take action.”

Commenting, Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, BIRD’s Advocacy Director, stated: “It is hard to mark the 15th anniversary of Bahrain’s pro-democracy uprising without remembering the suffering of thousands of Bahrainis, some of whom continue to languish behind bars after being tortured by Rashid Al Khalifa’s officials at the Interior Ministry in 2011. Under his watch, Bahrainis were murdered under torture while in custody. It is shameful that the red carpet is rolled out for him in Britain while his victims rot in Bahraini jails.”

Commenting, Uzra Zeya, Human Rights First’s President and CEO, said, “Fifteen years after Bahrain’s peaceful pro-democracy protests began, both the U.K. and U.S. governments need to do much more to address the persistence of torture, cruel treatment, and the arbitrary detention of dissidents and human rights defenders in Bahrain’s prisons. These governments must not turn a blind eye to abuses by their close security partner. Targeted sanctions would be an important and long-overdue step toward accountability.”

21 March 2024, In the first-of-its-kind debate on “sportswashing” in the House of Lords last week, 21 March, Lord Scriven slammed F1 and accused F1 CEO Stefano Dominecali of “arrogance, lack of professionalism and non-engagement” and “damaging the reputation of his sport as he refuses to engage with the issues around F1 and human rights.”

Lord Scriven revealed that he was forced to launch this debate after repeated failure of F1 CEO to engage with him. During the debate he stated: 

“He [Domenicali] thinks he can just receive the reported £574 million from the Bahrain authorities up to 2036 that makes him and his organisation richer, while having nothing to do with the real issues that his sport is helping to cloak in Bahrain.”

In a letter sent by Lord Scriven to Mr Domenicali prior to the debate, he stated in clear terms that:

“Your choice not to engage with me makes it clear you do not have robust evidence of F1’s positive impact on human rights and a lack of due diligence on mitigating risks has been carried out if at all.

I am led to believe that you think it is appropriate for F1 senior leadership to ignore those concerned about F1 activities, which will allow the Bahraini authorities to commit human rights abuses and continue to sportswash their dire human rights record.”

Lord Addington accused F1 of “rampant cowardice”, telling the House that: 

“The organisation [F1] not being prepared to stand up and say yes, will you make some changes and there was a price to pay for having this huge benefit, is an act of rampant cowardice.”

“They should really be doing something about it. Much of it’s British based, surely you should be saying, at least saying, if you are going to oppress your population, please don’t do it on our watch.”

Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle also raised F1 in particular, stating:

“The regime has regularly used the Grand Prix to enhance its image, and over the past two decades, […] there have been numerous human rights violations directly associated with the event itself; we are coming back to bloodstains again.”

She also had hard-hitting questions for the Minister, asking:

“Would the Minister defend the UK ambassador to Bahrain, Alastair Long, on 2 March 2024 releasing a promotional video celebrating 20 years of F1 in Bahrain? He talked of the vision it took from His Majesty and His Royal Highness the Crown Prince and boasted of Bahrain-UK tourism ties, completely ignoring human rights abuses and actively sportswashing the regime. I remind your Lordships’ House that this is the UK ambassador to Bahrain. Does the Minister consider that acceptable?”

Peers also notably raised the arrest and torture of Sayed Hashem Alwadaei during F1 testing this year. 

Lord Scriven stated:

“Hajer Mansoor’s son has been arrested without a warrant. This 20 year-old young man, Sayed Hashim AlWadaei, was arrested after a house raid last month and has subsequently been tortured and interrogated while blindfolded, without the presence of his lawyer, on allegations of participating in unauthorised protest. It is clear that his arrest was strategically timed to coincide with the F1 testing, and that his detention was extended in the lead-up to the race for political reasons—namely, to silence all protest surrounding the Bahrain Grand Prix.”

Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle “ask[ed] the Government what they are doing in that situation?” 

She reiterated: 

“What steps will the Government take to ensure Sayed Hashim’s release?”

Lord Parkinson, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department for Culture, Media and Sport responded: 

“The noble Lord, Lord Scriven, understandably raised the case of Sayed Hashim, as did the noble Baroness, Lady Bennett. The Foreign Office is aware of Sayed Hashim’s detention and we encourage the Government of Bahrain to meet all of their human rights commitments. We also encourage those with specific concerns to raise them directly with the appropriate Bahraini oversight body. I know that the noble Lord campaigns diligently on this and other cases in relation to Bahrain.”

Commenting after the debate, Lord Scriven stated:

“It is very clear that wealthy individuals in the UK are not interested in dealing with serious implications of their sport on human rights and democratic norms when bought by Gulf States such as Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. 

This debate has taken the lid off the murky waters some are swimming when it comes to sportswashing and the Government will now act. I hope that after this debate, the UK Government will act to regulate their role, in regard to due diligence on human rights issues and also think through foreign ownership of Newcastle United by Saudi Arabia and Mclaren F1 team by Bahrain in the new bill that is before Parliament, in terms of banning foreign state ownership of clubs and teams here”

Hopefully, people like Mr Domenicali will take their role seriously, conducting due diligence, rather than help countries like Bahrain and Saudi Arabia turn the spotlight away human rights abuses and democratic issues that are abound in their country—effectively ‘sportswashing’ their record.”

Commenting, Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, Advocacy Director at the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD): 

“As someone who has witnessed the impact of sportwashing in Bahrain firsthand, it is clear that F1 only cares about the millions in profit they make in abusive regimes and disregard any consequences that the sport has on people on the ground. 

This year, my brother-in-law was arrested, abused, and arbitrarily detained to deter protests during F1 that might embarrass the Bahraini government. 

This debate shows that sporting bodies and their senior leadership who choose not to engage on human rights will be called out in Parliament. 

It’s high time for the UK government to regulate the ownership of sporting bodies and clubs by autocratic states in Britain, preventing them from laundering their image.”

The debate was featured in: 

• • • The Daily Telegraph: ‘Peers try to block foreign state ownership of football clubs’ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2024/03/21/foreign-state-ownership-football-clubs-house-of-lords (Online and front page coverage of Sports edition in print)

    • The Guardian: Peer calls for ban on foreign ownership of English football clubs and F1 teams https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/mar/21/formula-one-football-club-ownership-sportswashing?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Othe
    • Autosport: F1 CEO Domenicali ‘arrogant’ for not engaging in sportswashing dialogue – UK peer https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-ceo-domenicali-arrogant-for-not-engaging-in-sportswashing-dialogue-uk-peer/10589850/#:~:text=Formula%201%20CEO%20Stefano%20Domenicali,with%20poor%20human%20rights%20records

Read the debate transcript: 

https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2024-03-21/debates/E522388B-E1D5-4248-B223-43E762A5484B/HumanRightsSportswashing​

Watch the debate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKKcCSrPHFo

Jaafar Sultan and Sadiq Thamer were arrested on May 8, 2015 and held incommunicado in solitary confinement for several months. Amnesty International reported that they were sentenced to death in a grossly unfair trial, as they had no access to legal representation throughout their pre-trial detention and interrogations and told the court that they were tortured and their confessions were extracted under duress. 

The death sentences are based on Tazir—the judge’s personal opinion on which punishment should be implemented. These arbitrary executions were in clear breach of Saudi domestic laws and international laws on the implementation of the death penalty. 

In June 2022, UN experts urged Saudi Arabia not to carry out the executions, stating 

“The enforcement of the death penalty against Mr. Sultan and Mr. Thamer could constitute an arbitrary execution.” They pointed out Saudi Arabia’s failure to investigate the torture allegations, stating: “we note with concern that the Government does not indicate in its response whether an investigation has been carried out with regard to the allegations of torture and ill-treatment in the specific cases of Mr Jaafar Sultan and Mr Sadek Thamer.” 

The Bahraini government has failed to acknowledge the executions. In 2016 Bahraini courts convicted the two men on identical charges and sentenced them to life imprisonment and stripped them of their citizenship. 

The families did not have any prior knowledge about the execution, about which they learned through the media. They have articulated their plea to the Saudi and Bahrain authorities to return the bodies of their beloved family members in order to bury them in accordance with their religious traditions and have called upon the Bahraini authorities to assist them in facilitating this. 

The parents of Sadiq and Jaafar, in a written statement shared with BIRD, stated: 

“Without any warning, we were shocked to discover the execution of our beloved sons through the media. We earnestly appeal to the Saudi authorities, urging them to return our sons’ bodies, allowing us the basic right to lay them to rest according to our traditions and beliefs. We also seek assistance from our own government, the Bahraini authorities, in achieving this outcome.”

Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Democracy and Human Rights in the Gulf and Father of the House, Sir Peter Bottomley MP, has said: 

“When Jaafar and Sadiq’s death sentences were finalised last year, I and 14 other parliamentarians wrote to the Saudi authorities, urging a halt to the executions. The cross-party call fell on deaf ears and both men were executed in a grave miscarriage of justice yesterday morning. 

Experts from the United Nations reported that the men received an unfair trial marred by torture allegations, with seemingly no investigation into their alleged abuse. 

If nothing else, the Saudi authorities must return their bodies to their families as soon as possible.

When previously raised in the House of Commons, the Government underscored its opposition to the use of the death penalty.

It is important that we stand firmer in support of this commitment.”

Sayed Ahmed AlWadaei, Director, Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) commented:“The arbitrary execution of two Bahraini men subjected to an unfair trial, marred by allegations of torture and coerced confessions by Saudi authorities, was a clear violation of international law. The Bahraini regime is complicit in giving the green light to Saudi Arabia by failing to enact any measures to save the lives of their own citizens. 

Saudi Arabia’s allies, namely the US and the UK, should publicly condemn these executions, and call on the Saudis to hand over the bodies to the families.”

Commenting, Legal Director of ESOHR Taha al-Hajji: “Saudi Arabia’s killing of Bahraini detainees who did not face most serious charges, which in international law are limited to murder, confirms its disregard for all international laws, opinions and commitments, especially that it had other options other than killing in this case, including issuing a ruling according to the Explosives Law or hand them over to their country.

This execution, in addition to 39 executions since the beginning 2023,  raises the fears on the lives of at least 61 detainees who are threatened with execution, including 9 minors. Silence over these crimes is complicity in it”. 

In light of your forthcoming attendance at the 146th Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Assembly scheduled to take place in Bahrain from March 11 to March 15, 2023, we write to urge you to publicly raise concerns regarding the dire state of political freedom in Bahrain, including the ongoing detention of two former members of Bahrain’s parliament.

The slogan of the IPU is “For democracy. For everyone,” and the theme for this year’s conference is “Promoting peaceful coexistence and inclusive societies: Fighting intolerance.”

The government of Bahrain, however, imposes restrictions on expression, association, and assembly that violate Bahrain’s international human rights obligations. Elections are neither free nor fair, and opposition voices are systematically excluded and repressed.

We ask that you take the opportunity of the Assembly, which is meeting in a country where activists are banned from organizing, to publicly raise human rights concerns with Bahraini officials. In particular, we request that you meet with and call for the release of jailed opposition activists, who have never been charged with an internationally recognizable crime. We urge you to ensure that the IPU’s 146th Assembly will not be used by the Bahraini authorities to whitewash its dismal rights record.

Suppression of Political Opposition and Civil Society

In 2016 and 2017, Bahrain’s judiciary dissolved two of the country’s main political opposition parties, Al-Wefaq and Wa’ad. Political isolation laws introduced in 2018 have barred former members of these parties from running for parliament or sitting on boards of governors of civil society organizations. These laws also target former prisoners, including those detained due to their political work. Those impacted by the political isolation laws also face routine delays and denials in their ability to access “Good Conduct Certificates,” a document required for Bahraini citizens and residents to apply for a job or university admission or even join a sports or social club.

As of 2017, Bahrain’s last independent newspaper, Al-Wasat, was forced to shut down.

All independent media has been effectively banned in the country.

With this restrictive legal regime in place, elections in Bahrain cannot be free or fair. Bahrain’s last parliamentary elections, in November of 2022, were ostensibly the most restricted since parliamentary elections were reintroduced in 2002. The 2018 political isolation laws effectively barred all members of the political opposition from running in the elections.

The Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) has said that the application of the political isolation laws, combined with the enforcement of Legislative Decree No. 57 of 2014, which allows the government to remove the names of people who have chosen not to vote in previous elections from the electoral roll, resulted in the denial of the right to vote for an estimated 94,000 to 105,000 people.

According to Salam for Democracy and Human Rights, the Bahraini authorities arbitrarily detained 11 former MPs and sentenced 10 of them to prison following unfair trials. The authorities tortured two and deprived four of their citizenship. The IPU’s Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians has itself raised the violations faced by two former MPs with the country’s authorities.

Detention of Prisoners of Conscience and Use of Torture

Many members of Bahrain’s political opposition, as well as activists, bloggers, and human rights defenders, continue to be imprisoned for their roles in the 2011 pro-democracy protests, as well as for more recent political activism. They have faced brutal treatment, including torture and denial of medical care. Several of them, including Hassan Mushaima, Dr. Abduljalil Al-Singace, Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, Sheikh Mohammed Habib Al-Muqdad, Abdulwahab Husain, Naji Fateel, and Sheikh Ali Salman, have been sentenced to life in prison. The European Parliament has called for the release of most of them, saying that they were “detained and sentenced for merely exercising their right to freedom of expression.”

Many of these people serving unjust prison sentences have additionally been subjected to torture and medical negligence in prison. This includes Dr. Abduljalil Al-Singace, an award-winning activist and academic who is serving a life sentence for exercising his right to freedom of expression and assembly. Dr. Al-Singace has been denied critical health care, including the physiotherapy he needs for his disabilities.

A Danish-Bahraini dual citizen, Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, has been denied surgery that he requires to treat his jaw, which was brutally broken by security forces when he was arrested for taking part in the 2011 pro-democracy protests. In December 2022, the European Parliament passed an urgent resolution calling for his release, and described his health problems as the “direct consequence of his imprisonment, torture and deprivation of access to medical care.”

Most recently, the authorities at Jau Prison raided the cells of 14 political prisoners, allegedly torturing some of them.

According to a joint report published by BIRD and Reprieve in 2021, Bahrain’s use of the death penalty has escalated dramatically in the decade from 2011 to 2021 and execution rates during this period rose by 20%.  At present, research indicates that there are at least 26 men on death row, all of whom have exhausted legal remedies and are at risk of execution. Nearly half of those men have alleged being tortured into providing false confessions, later used against them in court. Torture survivors Mohammed Ramadhan and Husain Moosa continue to be held on death row, based on Husain’s forced confession, in spite of the UN determining both men to be arbitrarily detained and urging for the Bahrain government to “immediately and unconditionally release them.

Stripping Bahrainis of Citizenship

In addition to the political repression in Bahrain, an estimated 300 Bahrainis have been stripped of their citizenship following arbitrary processes. This has left most of these individuals stateless—a direct violation of international law. Some were forcibly expelled from the country, while others were forced to live in exile abroad. One of those forced into exile and stripped of his citizenship is a former MP, Jawad Fairooz. In some cases, family members of those who have been stripped of citizenship who remain in the country have faced reprisals for activists’ ongoing advocacy efforts abroad.

Our Requests

The invitation by the government of Bahrain to hold the Inter-Parliamentary Union Assembly in Manama this year presents a significant opportunity. Delegates can act to improve the human rights situation in the country, for their counterpart MPs as well as the broader Bahraini population.

Members of parliament traveling to Bahrain from around the world have a critical role to play in raising these violations of human rights amongst other parliamentarians and with Bahraini authorities. We urge visiting members of parliament attending the IPU to call on the Bahraini authorities to:

• Unconditionally and immediately release all those imprisoned solely for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression, assembly, and association, including Hassan Mushaima, Dr. Abduljalil Al-Singace, Abdulwahab Husain, Sheikh Ali Salman, Naji Fateel, Danish-Bahraini citizen Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, and Swedish-Bahraini citizen Sheikh Al-Muqdad

• Implement longstanding UN treaty body recommendations and rescind Bahrain’s “political isolation laws,” which include arbitrary bans on opposition parties, civil society groups, and independent media and encourage the development of civic space in Bahrain

• Ensure the respect for, and protection of, the right to freedom of expression, and take necessary steps to ensure media freedom

• End the use of torture and other ill-treatment and tackle the culture of impunity by holding suspected abusers accountable and ensuring effective mechanisms for victims to receive justice and restitution in line with UN treaty body obligations and recommendations

• Implement an immediate moratorium on the use of the death penalty, pending a full review of all capital cases to identify allegations of torture and quash all death sentences which rely on torture evidence

• Establish an independent and impartial commission of inquiry, which has no association or hierarchical relationship with the Public Prosecutor’s Office or Ministry of Interior and separate from Ombudsman and SIU, to investigate allegations of torture in Bahrain and

• Reinstate citizenship to all those arbitrarily stripped of their citizenship, in line with UN recommendations.

Signed,

1. Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy
2. SALAM for Democracy and Human Rights
3. Human Rights Watch
4. Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain
5. European Center for Democracy and Human Rights
6. Democracy for the Arab World Now
7. Bahrain Center for Human Rights
8. The #FreeAlKhawaja campaign
9. Bahrain Forum for Human Rights
10. Gulf Centre for Human Rights
11. Gulf Institute for Democracy and Human Rights
12. Bahrain Human Rights Society
13. MENA Rights Group
14. PEN International
15. PEN America
16. Project on Middle East Democracy
17. Scholars at Risk
18. Rights Realisation Centre
19. Human Rights First
20. Front Line Defenders
21. International Federation for Human Rights
22. Reprieve

• In response, Stewart shouted: “Get stuffed. Bahrain’s a great place. End of.”, adding “Go away, I hate you” before subjecting Sayed Ahmed Alawadei to racist abuse ordering him to “Go back to Bahrain.”  Soon after, he added: “now you shut up you stupid man.”

• Alwadaei, the director of the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD), asked Bob Stewart as he was approaching Lancaster House, “Bob Stewart, for how much did you sell yourself to the Bahraini regime?”, adding “you were paid by them recently”, referring to a lavish trip to the country last month during sham elections where Bob exclaimed “God save the King of Bahrain” in a speech praising the country’s dictatorship. Stewart also claimed in a debate in the House of Commons this year that “Bahrain does not have political prisoners”.

• Alwadaei was injured by the Bahraini police in 2011 and subsequently imprisoned and tortured, and sentenced by a military court for taking part in a pro-democracy uprising in 2011.
  • Alwadaei fled to the UK in 2012 and was granted political asylum by the UK Home Office, where he later co-founded the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) and continued to advocate for the respect of human rights in Bahrain, expose violations and work to hold perpetrators to account, particularly with regards to death penalty and political prisoners. 
  • In 2020, Alwadaei was the recipient of the Index on Censorship award for his advocacy in Bahrain.
  • Alwadaei’s Bahraini citizenship was also revoked months after protesting against King Hamad’s presence at the Royal Windsor Horse Show in 2013, rendering him stateless in a blatant breach of international law and meaning he is unable to “go back to Bahrain”.
  • A report published by the UN Secretary General in September 2022 on individuals subjected to reprisals as a result of engagement with UN bodies stated: “The cases of Mr. Sayed Ahmed Al- Wadaei and several of his relatives were included in the 2018, 2019 and 2020 reports of the Secretary-General on allegations of arbitrary arrest, ill-treatment, removal of citizenship and reprisals against family members for Mr. Al-Wadaei’s continuous engagement with the UN. Mr. Al-Wadaei.”
  • A Bahrain news agency has published photos of Bob Stewart standing next to the Bahraini Ambassador to the UK and former PM Theresa May. Conversative Party Chairman, Nadhim Zahawi, was also at the event where he was an “honoured guest” and delivered a speech.

• Alwadaei has submitted a complaint to the Parliamentary Commission for Standards and the Chairman of the Conservative Party, Nadihm Zahawi, and is seeking legal advice to submit a complaint before the police.

Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, Director of the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) commented: “When I asked Bob Stewart about his links with Bahrain’s dictatorship, he told me “Bahrain’s a great place… I hate you … Go back to Bahrain” and said “now you shut up you stupid man”. 

“I still have the scars from where the authorities kicked me in the head, and if I went back to Bahrain I would face further torture and imprisonment. My family members are still suffering from reprisals. My brother-in-law, Sayed Nizar Alwadaei, is languishing behind bars in Bahrain’s jail after harrowing torture, in what the UN has deemed to be a reprisal for my human rights activities, and went on to call for his release.”

“I don’t believe I would have been told to “go back” to the country that violently tortured me if it weren’t for the colour of my skin. No one should be subjected to racist abuse, particularly for holding an MP to account for accepting lavish gifts from one of the world’s most repressive regimes, and then acting as its mouthpiece by publicly denying its notorious and extensively documented human rights abuses which have been condemned by the United Nations.”

Background:

• On 3rd December, The Independent revealed that Bob Stewart MP: “who declared “God save the King of Bahrain” during a speech received at least £10,000 worth of hospitality and travel from the country’s rulers, The Independent has learnt. Bob Stewart, who has also spoken in defence of the regime in parliament, has been paid to travel to the country on multiple occasions, with thousands of pounds spent on him each time.”

• Last month, Bob Stewart MP visited Bahrain as part of a four day trip, which was paid for by the Government of Bahrain, according to the parliamentary record.

• Bob Stewart intervened in a House of Commons debate in January on political prisoners in Bahrain stating: “I have very close contacts with Bahrain, and it would dispute those figures for the number of people utterly and completely. Bahrain does not have political prisoners; they are all prisoners who are there because they have committed a crime.”  

Recent joint work of BIRD with Human Rights Watch and Reprieve:

• An October 2022 report by BIRD and Human Rights Watch found serious and persistent human rights violations underlying the convictions and death sentences of cases of eight men, including pro-democracy protesters Mohammed Ramadhan and Husain Moosa who are currently at risk of imminent execution.
  • The report documents a litany of shocking human rights abuses including manifestly unfair trials and the use of torture such as electric shocks to the chest and genitals, sleep deprivation, beatings, and attempted rape, to coerce confessions from the eight death row inmates;
  • Bahrain’s Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Interior Ombudsman and Special Investigations Unit are all beneficiaries of the UK government’s taxpayer-funded Gulf Strategy Fund, named in the report as being implicated in these abuses;
  • The Telegraph reported the UK government may have “broken its own rules by allegedly not properly assessing its financial support to Bahrain’s judicial system […] that would be a breach of the UK’s own guidelines” and that “the FCDO would not say” whether it had received assurances from Bahrain as its policy requires it to do.
• In July 2021, BIRD and Reprieve published a report that found a significant escalation in the use of the death sentences in Bahrain since the Arab Spring protests, with death sentences rising by over 600%.

The resolution was adopted by 316 votes in favour, 6 against with 38 abstentions [EU Parliament Press Release]. 

Text of the joint motion available here.

The passing of the resolution came despite serious attempts by the Embassy of Bahrain in Brussels to influence MEPs by smearing Al-Khawaja and sharing private and confidential information about him. 

Less than half of the EU Parliament members took part in the vote after the EPP group -largest political party in the EU Parliament- instructed their MEPs not to vote for any EU urgency resolution.

Calls of the Resolution

The resolution calls on Bahrain to:

• Release Abdul-Hadi Al-Khawaja immediately and unconditionally; highlights that all its prisoners of conscience should be released, including Dr Abduljalil Al-Singace, Naji Fateel, Abdulwahab Hussain, Ali Hajee, Sheikh Ali Salman and Hassan Mshaima, who have been detained and sentenced for merely exercising their right to freedom of expression.

• Reintroduce a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty and to immediately release Mohamed Ramadan, Husain Ali Moosa, Maher Abbas al-Khabbaz, Salman Isa Ali Salman, Hussein Abdullah Khalil Ebrahim, Mohammad Radhi Abdulla Hassan, Sayed Ahmed Fuad Abbas Isa Ahmed Al-Abar, Hussein Ali Mahdi Jasim Mohamed, Hussein Ebrahim Ali Hussein Marzooq, Moosa Abdallah Moosa Jafaar, Hussain Abdullah Marhoon Rashid and Zuhair Ebrahim Jasim Abdullah;
• Restore Bahraini citizenship to the almost 300 individuals who have been stripped of it;

Renew MEP Karen Melchior introduced an amendment which passed through: “15.  Condemns in the strongest terms any undue influence on the work of the European Parliament, whether directly by foreign countries or indirectly through Government-controlled-NGOs; urges all EU institutions to further strengthen the transparency registry by introducing more stringent rules, and to establish an independent ethics committee for all EU institutions; recalls the recommendations of the INGE report adopted on 9 March 2022 on how to strengthen the EU’s response to foreign interference into the EU’s democratic process; calls on the EEAS to produce a study into the prevalence and influence of malicious state actors in European institutions, think tanks, universities, religious organisations and media institutions;”

Comments:

Maryam Al-Khawaja, prominent human rights defender and daughter of Abdul-Hadi Al-Khawaja commented: “I welcome this resolution calling for my father’s release and shedding light on the continued human rights violations in Bahrain. My father has been in prison for almost 12 years after being brutally tortured, because he dedicated his life to defending human rights. He should have never spent a day in prison. The Embassy of Bahrain in Brussels threw in its full weight in attempting to put a stop to this resolution, including by smearing my father, but failed. At a time when there is a corruption scandal involving another Gulf State, these MEPs who worked on and passed this resolution showcased the side of the European Parliament that upholds integrity and human rights values.”

Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, Director of the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy, commented: “This is a landmark victory for Abdul-Hadi Al-Khawaja, Bahraini political prisoners and all those who advocate for human rights in Bahrain. Despite an attempt from EPP party MEPs to block this resolution and to smear Al-Khawaja, one of Bahrain’s most prominent human rights defenders, the resolution has passed. It is clear as day that Gulf states have found ways to influence the EU parliament by bribing politicians and rewarding them with lavish trips to the country. This must trigger a full inquiry into how corrupt Gulf regimes are able to influence EU institutions.”

Negotiations on the Resolution

• The negotiations with the European People’s Party (EPP Group), the largest political group in the EU Parliament, represented by MEP Tomáš Zdechovský, failed as the MEP refused to agree that Mr Al-Khawaja is a human rights defender. 

• Following the negotiations with other party groups, EPP Group issued a statement on 14 December 2022 stating that “it will not take part in any preparation, negotiation or plenary debates and votes in the context of the urgency resolutions” citing the recent scandal of bribed MEPs by countries like Qatar.

• MEP Tomáš Zdechovský was subjected to critical criticism by Maryam Al-Khawaja, the daughter of Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja in a video she posted on twitter. 
• The Guardian later revealed that Zdechovský had failed to declare a trip to Bahrain in April 2022, when he met the chamber of commerce.

• German MEP Reinhard Bütikofer, member of EPP Group tweeted on Thursday: “EPP unsuccessfully tried to prevent EP from voting on human rights urgency resolutions (China/Chad/Bahrain). Only 239 MEPs from EPP, ECR and ID supported them, 309 MEPs from Renew, S&D, Greens/EFA, Left opposed the move.

Plenary Session

On Wednesday evening (December 14 2022), MEPs Karen Melchior, Hannah Neumann  and Evin Incir delivered powerful speeches in defence of Mr Al-Khawaja.

The EU Commissioner, Stella Kyriakides, responded: “The most recent dialogue held on October 27 in Manama provided further opportunity to discuss pertinent issues of concern with Bahraini authorities.” She added: “On that occasion, the EU emphasised rule of law as a foundation for our engagement with partner countries. We have also inquired about the conditions in prisons urging Bahrain to seriously investigate any torture allegations and violations of the right to a fair trial as well as to extend an amnesty to all currently on death row. The meeting also allowed raising individual cases including the one of Al-Khawaja.”

Read the full statement here

Background info on Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja  

Abdul-Hadi Al-Khawaja is a prominent human rights defender and Danish-Bahraini citizen  who was detained in 2011 in Bahrain after leading peaceful protests calling for fundamental  freedoms and rights in Bahrain. Almost 12 years later, he remains at Jau Prison facing dire  prison conditions and systematic denial of medical treatment. 

Al-Khawaja is a life-long human rights defender, activist and leader, founder and former  president of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights, co-founder of the Gulf Center for Human  Rights, former MENA Protection Coordinator at Front Line Defenders, published writer and  poet, 2013 Nobel Peace Prize nominee, husband, father, and grandfather. In June 2022 he  received the highest human rights recognition, the Martin Ennals Award.  

In November 2011, the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry documented in a report  that Al-Khawaja was subjected to torture and sexually assaulted by security forces in 2011,  stating that “Immediately after the arrest, the detainee received a hard blow to the side of his  face, which broke his jaw”, “Security personnel in the hospital threatened him with sexual  abuse and execution” and threatened his family, and “spent two months in solitary  confinement in a small cell measuring approximately 2.5m x 2m” and that “masked guards”  beat him “routinely” and sexually assaulted him, amongst other serious violation.

Yusuf Al-Jamri (Claimant)

Yusuf Al-Jamri uses his social media as a platform to raise awareness about human rights and political status in Bahrain.  He has gained a following and prominence as a credible source of information. Yusuf currently has over 53.7K followers on Twitter. 

At the age of 16, Yusuf was detained and subject to torture at the hands of the Bahraini authorities. After the Arab Spring in 2011, Yusuf became politically active and participated in pro-democracy protests in the country. 

In August 2017, Yusuf was summoned, detained and tortured three times by the Bahraini National Security Agency headed at the time by Sheikh Talal Al-Khalifa. He was blindfolded, insulted, beaten up, tortured, sexually assaulted and threatened with rape. Yusuf arrived in the UK in October 2017 to claim asylum. In March 2018, he was granted political asylum by the UK Home Office. Since arriving in the UK in 2017, he has never travelled abroad. 

Yusuf’s iPhone was infiltrated in August 2019, when he was in England. Around that time, he had been tweeting about an incident which occurred on 26 July 2019, in which police had to forcibly gain entry to the Embassy of Bahrain in London in order to save a protestor, Moosa Mohammed (another past victim of spyware targeting by Bahrain), who had climbed on to the roof and was allegedly assaulted by embassy staff. The protest was to try to prevent two high-profile executions due to take place in Bahrain, against which there was widespread outcry from international human rights organisations, along with dissidents and activists, including Yusuf. Yusuf was streaming coverage of the protest on his Twitter account, some of which had over 160,000 viewers. Between 26 and 28 July 2019, Yusuf’s Twitter account had over 2 million viewers of his coverage of the events surrounding these executions. Just over one week later, his iPhone was infected by Pegasus spyware.

Yusuf Al-Jamri commented: “Since I was a child, I was subjected to psychological and physical torture at the hands of Bahraini officials. After my last torture experience in 2017, where I had my family members threatened with rape, I knew I could no longer stay in the country and so I left to seek asylum in the UK. 

I can’t express the pain I felt when I discovered that the Bahraini government had hacked my mobile phone. I couldn’t bear the guilt of knowing that the people I had contacted could have been placed in harm’s way due to the regime’s surveillance of my iPhone. I hold King Hamad of Bahrain responsible for this malicious act and for the torture I was put through by his agents. The Bahraini regime would not be able to commit this crime and violate my privacy without the tools provided to them by the NSO Group. I am determined to hold them both accountable so that I can protect myself and prevent others from suffering the same fate.” 

“I lived my last few weeks in Bahrain in 2017 under terror. The National Security Agency was headed by a member of the ruling family, Talal AlKhalifa, and his agents made it clear to me that no one could stop them and that they could destroy my life and those who are close to me. I was living in fear that they might take me for more brutal interrogation and torture at any moment. My life in Bahrain was in real danger, I took the earliest opportunity to leave the country with my family through King Fahd Causeway, then to Kuwait and from there to the UK where I claimed asylum.

It was not a light decision to take, I was a civil servant in Bahrain and I was surrounded by a loving family; all of this was gone and I had to start a new life in the UK.

The UK authorities granted me asylum and this gave me a real sense of safety. I thought the Bahraini authorities would not harm me further, until they hacked my iPhone.”

Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, Director of Advocacy at the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD), commented: “Yusuf has undertaken a heroic action by taking on both the Bahraini government and NSO Group and starting the process of launching a lawsuit against them, despite the grave risk of reprisals for himself and those close to him. It is the right decision to take. While there is a precedent set by UK courts which gives individuals the right to sue states for hacking their devices, the case against NSO Group is yet to be tested.”

Monika Sobiecki, Partner of Bindmans LLP, commented: “We all have the right to feel safe in our homes and in our adopted countries. 

Yusuf’s case is important because it seeks to uncover how the long arm of authoritarian governments, such as in the Kingdom of Bahrain, operate to continue the abuse of activists beyond their borders using new technologies. 

The complacency of world governments in failing to reign in or even regulate intrusive surveillance spyware, in the face of the evidence emerging from Pegasus spyware litigation globally, is deeply concerning.”

Summary of the claim

• The claim arises from the targeting Yusuf’s iPhone by Bahrain, or an agent on their behalf, with NGO Group Pegasus spyware, an Israeli technology firm specialising in cyber intelligence services and products. 

• The Defendant and other States’ use of Pegasus spyware to target their political opponents has been extensively reported by various news organisations including the Guardian and the Washington Post.

• Several instances of infiltration by Pegasus of devices in England have previously been documented, including at the offices of the Prime Minister in July 2020. 

• The claim alleges that on or around 3 to 5 August 2019, while Yusuf was in England, his iPhone was infected with Pegasus installed by Bahrain, or an agent acting on its behalf, in collaboration with NSO. 

• It further alleges that Bahrain would have been able to control the camera and audio recording facilities on Yusuf’s mobile so as to secretly monitor and record activities. 

• The claim argues that the infection of his mobile therefore resulted in a wide-ranging invasion of his private life, further details of which are provided below.

• Yusuf is challenging the Kingdom of Bahrain and NSO Group over violation of his rights as follows:
  • The breach of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (and/ or the Data Protection Act 2018 – DPA);
  • Misuse of private information;
  • Harassment, contrary to the Protection from Harassment Act 1997;
  • Trespass to goods;
  • Personal injury. 
• As a result of the above, Yusuf suffered the following: 
  • Damage to or loss of tangible property;
  • Personal injury;
  • Distress
  • Anxiety;
  • Loss of privacy and loss of amenity and autonomy. 

Lastly, the claim argues that this damage to or loss of tangible property, personal injury, and other unlawful acts, were caused by acts or omissions in the United Kingdom, meaning that Bahrain is not immune, see section 5 of the State Immunity Act 1978 (“SIA”) and the recent decision of Mr Justice Julian Knowles in Al-Masarir v Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [2022] EWHC 2199 (QB).

The claimant is represented by Monika Sobiecki, Tamsin Allen, Tayab Ali, and Bartosz Kruk of Bindmans LLP, together with Siobhán Allen and Dearbhla Minogue of GLAN. 

Richard Hermer QC, Ben Silverstone and Darryl Hutcheon of Matrix Chambers are instructed as Counsel.

“Orange” of Reckon Digital and Bill Marczak (Senior Research Fellow at Citizen Lab) are providing digital imaging and forensics support. 

The Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) has closely advised Yusuf and has been his first point of contact. BIRD documented the abuses he faced in Bahrain since 2017 and supported him after his arrival to the UK, including in making this legal challenge.

Read more on this story:

The Guardian: No safe haven? The Bahraini dissident still menaced after gaining UK asylum

Forbes: Bahrain Latest Country To Be Hit By Legal Action Over Cell Phone Spyware In UK 

Middle East Eye: Pegasus spyware: Dissident launches lawsuit against NSO Group and Bahrain 

Bahraini courts have convicted and sentenced defendants to death following manifestly unfair trials, based solely or primarily on confessions allegedly coerced through torture and ill-treatment, Human Rights Watch and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy said in a joint report released today.

The 61-page report, “The Court is Satisfied with the Confession’: Bahrain Death Sentences Follow Torture, Sham Trials,” based primarily on court records and other official documents, found serious and persistent human rights violations underlying the convictions and death sentences of cases of eight men examined for the report. The men are among 26 who are currently on death row, their appeals exhausted. Trial and appeal courts cavalierly dismissed credible allegations of torture and ill-treatment during interrogation instead of investigating them, as required by international and Bahraini law. The courts routinely violated defendants’ rights to fair trials, including the right to legal counsel during interrogation, the right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses, and through reliance on secretly sourced reports.

“Bahraini officials routinely proclaim that the government respects fundamental human rights, but in case after case courts relied on coerced confessions despite defendants’ credible claims of torture and ill-treatment,” said Michael Page, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch. “The many human rights violations that underlie these death sentences reflect not a justice system but a pattern of injustice.”

Bahrain has executed six people since 2017, when the country ended a de facto seven-year moratorium on the death penalty. The 26 men now on death row can be executed once King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ratifies their sentences.

Each of the eight defendants credibly alleged that their confessions were extracted through torture and ill-treatment. The prosecution and courts failed to investigate these allegations, which in some cases were supported by the findings of physicians. Yet courts summarily concluded that no ill-treatment or abuse had occurred in summary rulings replete with inconsistencies and in some cases contradicted by undisputed evidence.

The Bahraini courts also consistently violated fundamental due process and fair trial rights during the prosecutions. It appears that none of the defendants were allowed to have counsel during interrogations. In at least two cases, defendants were not given access to prosecution evidence used at trial, including, in one instance, a report that relied on secret sources whom the defense could not cross-examine. In another case, the court did not allow the accused to present defense witnesses.

“It is particularly appalling to sentence people to death amid torture allegations and after manifestly unfair trials,” said Joshua Colangelo-Bryan, a Human Rights Watch consultant and primary author of the report. “King Hamad should commute all death sentences immediately and the government should reinstate the de-facto moratorium on executions.”

One of the cases involves Zuhair Ebrahim Jasim Abdullah, whom police arrested for his purported involvement in the killing of a police officer. He alleged that interrogators removed all his clothes in an ultimately-aborted attempt to rape him and later threatened to rape his wife. He also alleged that officers used electric shocks on his chest and genitals. Eventually, Abdullah confessed falsely.

In April 2018, Abdullah filed a complaint alleging torture with the Interior Ministry’s Ombudsman office and Special Investigations Unit. Abdullah argued during his trial that coercion invalidated his confession and that the case should be suspended pending the results of the investigations. The court denied this request and dismissed the torture allegations, writing in its verdict that it was, “assured of the validity and seriousness of [the] investigations.” In November 2018, the court convicted Abdullah and sentenced him to death based on his “confession.”

Abdullah again raised his claim of coercion on appeal. Instead of ordering an investigation into the allegations, the appellate court summarily found that the “verdict ensured a justified and proper response” to those arguments. The appellate court further concluded it had been proper not to adjourn the case because Abdullah’s complaints were “still under investigation” – the very reason why the case should have been stayed. The Court of Cassation affirmed the conviction and sentence in June 2020.

Abdullah’s case, as well as the others examined, illustrate how Bahraini courts violated their obligations under international and Bahraini law to investigate abuses and respect fundamental fair trial rights. In some cases, prosecutors appeared to be complicit in these violations.

The systematic nature of the defendants’ serious abuse allegations is underscored by the similarities among the cases, Human Rights Watch and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy said. Much of the torture and ill-treatment allegedly occurred in the same two locations: the Criminal Investigation Directorate of the Interior Ministry and the Royal Academy of Policing, located adjacent to Bahrain’s Jau Prison. There also are similarities in the methods of torture and ill-treatment the eight defendants described.

In addition, three of the 26 people on death row were convicted on drug-related charges, despite Bahrain’s claim that it “applie[s death sentences] solely as a penalty for extremely serious offenses, such as premediated murder.”

King Hamad should commute all outstanding death sentences, starting with defendants convicted on the basis of allegedly coerced confessions and those who have been sentenced to death for other than the most serious crimes, Human Rights Watch and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy said. Bahrain should officially reinstate the de facto moratorium on judicial executions and take steps to formally end the application of the death penalty in all circumstances. The king should also establish an independent commission to investigate and report publicly on violations of the prohibition of torture by security and judicial officials.

The governments of the United States and United Kingdom as well as the European Union and its member states should urge Bahrain through both public and diplomatic channels to halt all executions and seriously investigate torture allegations and violations of the right to a fair trial.

“The findings in this report have devastating implications for death row inmates in Bahrain,” said Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei, advocacy director at the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy. “Bahrain’s allies in particular the US and UK should take decisive steps to stand with these victims before it is too late.”

Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa

13 August 2022

Your Majesties,

We, the undersigned, are writing to you concerning Dr. Abduljalil Al-Singace, an academic, activist and blogger imprisoned in Bahrain whose health is declining rapidly. We respectfully urge you to secure Al-Singace’s immediate and unconditional release, and in the meantime, ensure he receives proper medical care, is protected from torture and other ill-treatment, and that his academic work is transferred to his family.

Abduljalil Al-Singace, 60, is serving a life sentence for his role in peaceful protests calling for democratic reform in Bahrain in 2011. He has been imprisoned for almost 12 years solely for exercising his human rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.

Al-Singace has been on hunger strike since 8 July 2021 and has now exceeded 400 days without solid food. We are deeply concerned by the current state of his health as his blood sugar has reached an extremely low level. We are especially concerned that in flagrant disregard of his physicians’ orders, the delivery of multiple essential prescribed medicines has either been delayed or denied, including pills necessary for his nervous system and bodily functions, and eye drops.

Al-Singace suffers from post-polio syndrome and multiple other health problems, including severe intermittent headaches, a prostate problem, arthritis in his shoulder joint, tremors, numbness, and diminished eyesight. In January 2022, his neurologist requested a CT scan, but the authorities have reportedly refused the request to have the procedure performed at the Salmaniya Medical Complex, run by the Health Ministry. Instead, the authorities insist that the test be conducted at the King Hamad Military Hospital. But he does not believe that he would receive adequate and timely healthcare at King Hamad Military Hospital, given that he has yet to be informed of the result of an MRI scan of his shoulder taken there in October 2021. This delay amounts to a deliberate failure to provide healthcare in line with Bahrain’s obligations under international law. Given his fragility and pre-existing health problems, this denial of healthcare puts his life at risk and may lead to irreversible damage. Therefore, we call on the government to immediately provide him with adequate healthcare.

Al-Singace’s hunger strike is in response to the prison authorities’ confiscation of his book on Bahraini dialects of Arabic that he spent four years researching and writing by hand. 

On 18 July 2021, the authorities transferred him from Jau prison to the Kanoo Medical Centre, where he continues to be held. The same month, the Bahrain Ministry of Interior Ombudsman declared that his book could not be turned over to his family until a “legal decision” about its contents was made. In November 2021, a legal decision clarified the apolitical nature of the book, but government authorities have yet to return the book to his family. In March 2022, an Ombudsman representative visited Al-Singace, made baseless allegations about the book’s content and asked him to edit and resubmit the book for the authorities to review.

In July 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee repeated its call to the government of Bahrain to release Al-Singace along with other unjustly imprisoned human rights defenders including Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja and Naji Fateel. Today, on 13 August, Al-Singace marks 12 years since his initial arrest in 2010. He was subsequently unjustly re-imprisoned after a brief hiatus of 21 days in early 2011 and was re-arrested on 17 March 2011 during the uprising. Today also marks the 401st day of Al-Singace’s hunger strike.

We call upon you to release Dr. Abduljalil Al-Singace immediately and unconditionally. We also urge you to ensure he receives his medication without delay and has access to adequate healthcare, in compliance with medical ethics, including the principles of confidentiality, autonomy, and informed consent, and is protected from torture and other ill-treatment. We also call on you to ensure that his work is immediately handed over to his family.

Sincerely,

Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB)

Amnesty International

Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) 

​​Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) 

CIVICUS

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)

Democracy for the Arab World Now (DAWN)

English PEN

European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (ECDHR)

Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR)

Human Rights Watch

Freedom House

PEN International 

Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED)

Scholars at Risk

Background

Upon his return from London with his family, Dr. Al-Singace was arrested at the Bahrain International Airport on 13 August 2010. A detailed account of his torture allegations can be found in a report by Human Rights Watch published on 1 September 2010, which states:

“Al-Singace, who had spent the previous 15 days in incommunicado detention, told al-Buainain of having been handcuffed and blindfolded the entire time. Al-Singace said that his captors beat him on his fingers with a hard instrument, slapped him around, and pulled and twisted his nipples and ears with tongs.”

When the Arab spring erupted in Bahrain, government authorities released Al-Singace on 24 February 2011. However, he was soon rearrested 21 days later, on 17 March 2011. Since then, Al-Singace has remained in arbitrary detention.

In November 2011, the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry documented in a report that the police subjected Dr. Al-Singace to nightly beatings for two months while they held him in solitary confinement. The commission said that the  authorities targeted his disability by confiscating his crutches, making him “stand on one leg for prolonged periods” and by pushing his crutch “into his genitals.” The commission also found that the  authorities “threatened him with rape and made sexually explicit comments about his wife and his daughter.”