ASK-ECDEV - Income

The National Indigenous Economic Development Board

NIEDB

Year of publication:

2019

The 2019 National Indigenous Economic Development Board (NIEDB) Economic Progress Report
provides a thorough and in-depth analysis of the economic realities of Indigenous peoples in Canada.
The report includes three core indicators: employment; income; and, community well-being. These core
indicators are examined through 13 separate measures. Additionally, five underlying indicators are
considered: education; entrepreneurship and business development; governance; lands and resources;
and, infrastructure, with these underlying indicators examined through 18 measures. Of the 31
measures examined, 11 are new to the 2019 report, including: several which examine workforce
representation; enhanced income and educational attainment measures; community financial
certification; and, the crowding and condition of housing. The 2019 Report also for the first time
includes a Gender-Based Analysis, as well as two new composite indices: the NIEDB Economic
Development Index and the Infrastructure Index. This report serves to provide the most complete and
robust picture of Indigenous economic well-being in Canada to date.

Author:

Statistics Canada

Author website:

Crime and victimization
Includes information on adult criminal courts, corrections, crime reporting, victim services, children and youth, and violence against Indigenous women.

Demographic characteristics and Indigenous groups
Includes demographic, social and economic characteristics of Indigenous peoples.

Education, learning and skills
Education and skills related to the Indigenous population in Canada, including educational attainment, field of study, educational outcomes, literacy, and technology use.

Health and well-being
The health of Indigenous people and communities in Canada, including self-rated health, chronic conditions, well-being, life expectancy, and accessibility to health providers and services.

Income and spending
Individual and family income by source, and spending in Indigenous households.

Indigenous children
Demographic, social and economic characteristics of Indigenous children, and data on health and well-being.

Indigenous population profiles
Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the Indigenous population available for various geographic areas.

Labour and employment
Measures of labour market activity, such as employment, characteristics of jobs held, and unemployment.

Language and culture
Information is available on home language, mother tongue; ability to speak or understand an Indigenous language, the strength and vitality of Indigenous languages and factors associated with perpetuating and revitalizing these languages.

Living arrangements and housing
Information about housing conditions, house features, crowding, and unmet shelter needs for Indigenous peoples.

Other content related to Indigenous peoples
The objectives of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS) are to identify the needs of Aboriginal peoples and to inform policy and programs aimed at improving the well-being of Aboriginal peoples.

Author:

Martha O'Brien

Author website:

Canadian Tax Foundation (CTF)

Year of publication:

2002

"Recent case law on the application of the tax exemption in section 87 of the Indian Act to Indian investment income has taken a very different approach to the purpose and scope of the exemption from that expressed in the leading decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada. Most strikingly, the cases that have addressed the question of when a deposit account belonging to an Indian is situated on a reserve for purposes of section 87 reach the opposite conclusion to those considering the issue for purposes of its companion provision, the exemption from seizure in section 89 of the Indian Act, even though the Supreme Court of Canada has said that sections 87 and 89 are to be interpreted and applied in the same way. This article examines the jurisprudence in which the divergent approaches have developed and suggests a new approach for deciding when investment income and other intangible property of Indians is situated on a reserve, and thus exempt from taxation."

Author:

Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)

Author website:

Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)

Year of publication:

2008

"For use by an employer to apply for coverage under the Canada Pension Plan, of the employment of Indians in Canada, other than those employed in the Province of Quebec, whose salary, wages or other remuneration, in whole or in part, are not included in computing income from an office or employment for the purposes of the Income Tax Act."

Author:

Assembly of First Nations (AFN)

Author website:

Assembly of First Nations (AFN)

Year of publication:

2006

"This report will examine the unique economic impacts of climate change in First Nations subsistence and income-generating economies. It will also discuss the economic realities in first Nations and how they relate to the ability or inability of a community to respond to climate changes."

Author:

Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business (CCAB)

Author website:

Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business (CCAB)

CCAB

Year of publication:

2011

"TD Economics in conjunction with the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business estimate that the combined income of Aboriginal households, business and government sectors could be $32 billion by 2016, up from $24 billion this year. If this is achieved, the income will exceed the combined level of nominal GDP in Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island.

This significant growth is in part due to Aboriginal economic development corporations (EDCs), the economic and business development arms of Aboriginal governments. A decade ago, the business share of the total Aboriginal market was 35 per cent and small businesses accounted for the dominant share. Today, the number of EDCs has increased and so too have annual earnings. Combined, businesses now contribute about 37 per cent to aggregate annual income."

Author:

Center for the Study of Living Standards (CSLS)

Author website:

Center for the Study of Living Standards (CSLS)

CSLS

Year of publication:

2009

"Investing in disadvantaged young people is one of the rare public policies with no equity-efficiency tradeoff. Based on the methodology developed in Sharpe, Arsenault and Lapointe (2007), we estimate the effect of increasing the educational attainment level of Aboriginal Canadians on labour market outcome and output up to 2026. We build on these projection to estimate the potential effect of eliminating educational and social gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people on government spending and government revenues using population and economic projections to 2026."

Notes:

PDF

Author:

Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives (CCPA)

Author website:

Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives (CCPA)

CCPA

Year of publication:

2010

"This study breaks new ground by examining data from Canada’s last three
censuses — 1996, 2001 and 2006 — to measure the income gap between Aboriginal peoples and the rest of Canadians. […] In this paper, we look at Aboriginal peoples’ income data, where they live, their level of education, their gender and other variables. The results show significant and troubling levels of income inequality. They also offer clues to policy interventions that could not only help close the gap between Aboriginal peoples and the rest of Canadians but could also help wipe out poverty for Aboriginal peoples within our lifetime."

Notes:

PDF

Author:

Canadian Review of Sociology

Publisher:

Canadian Review of Sociology

Year of publication:

2008

"This article addresses three questions: 1) Why study intra-Aboriginal inequality? 2) What is the gap in wages and income between the general Canadian population and the different Aboriginal peoples? and 3) How much inequality exists within the Aboriginal groups and between Aboriginal groups and the non-Aboriginal population? The article points to a general pattern of increase in measured disparity and polarization in income for all Aboriginal groups in comparison to the non-Aboriginal population. In terms of intra-Aboriginal inequality, Aboriginal groups rank from Inuit at the high end, through Status Indians, to non-status Indians and, finally, to Métis."

Notes:

Link to Purchase PDF

Author:

Krishna Pendakur and Ravi Pendakur

Author website: