Migration

birdnotestaff — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 15:53:34 +0000

Migration

Migration happens once every year. And then again maybe six months later.

Depending on several factors, at most times of the year, there are many birds on the move. Some are merely altitudinal migrants, descending when the weather turns fowl in the mountains. The large majority undertake a twice-yearly journey that can span continents and oceans. Raptors harness thermals to carry them, songbirds power through with the help of highways of wind, and seabirds soar on the oceanic air streams. Two major reasons birds are on the move are to avoid harsh weather and, perhaps more importantly, to take advantage of seasonal or episodic food sources that good weather brings. There are migratory birds in every place on earth and the reasons, methods, and extremities are as diverse as the species that practice.

This phenomenon is inherently mystical and fascinating, and piques the human curiosity. After all, with the rare modern exceptions of hunter-gatherers who follow seasonal food sources, people don’t migrate. For millennia, our ancestors in the Northern Hemisphere observed that when green sprouts began to push through the ground, they started seeing swallows again. And by the time the harvests began, the fields had grown quiet once more.

With the onset of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, things are starting to ramp up. I for one have started to notice the signs. The ancient Greeks believed that absent swallows had burrowed underground. Thankfully, I know that the ones I've started to see again this year have just been in Mexico and beyond.

These migratory journeys often defy our concepts of reality. Discussions about the record-holding long-distant migrants have shifted from the Arctic Tern (flying from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica), to the Bar-tailed Godwit (flying from Alaska to New Zealand), to the Sooty Shearwater (Northern Hemisphere to Southern), and back again. The Bar-tailed Godwit is held to be the longest nonstop migrant, some flying about 7,000 miles in one go, without any dilly-dallying (they fly over water and cannot float!). Sooty Shearwaters and Arctic Terns have both been recorded in distances exceeding 30,000 miles. In 2006, Sooty Shearwaters broke the record for the longest-distance animal migration at around 40,000 miles, making a figure-8 tour around the North and South Pacific each migration. 2010 research results on Arctic Terns showed them traveling in excess of 40,000 miles in their year of travel. (All this knowledge is a result of bird-banding and lightweight radio-tags.) Seabirds certainly make some of the most spectacular hauls, and they spend a lot of time preparing for the trip, adding around 50 percent of their body weight to store fat reserves.

Many of the songbirds that breed in the United States - or even as far north as Alaska or Canada or the Arctic - spend winter in the tropics. Their trip is equally astounding. Imagine: a tiny bird that nested in your backyard may spend the winter in central or South America. And they make most of their journey at night! To support habit for these birds in their wintering area, consider buying shade-grown coffee.

It may seem odd that diurnal, typically terrestrial species are flying high in the sky at night. But their predators, who normally would be challenging to avoid, are asleep. Also, although birds fuel up before they leave, refueling is required, which they cannot do at night. Finally, the most interesting part is that some are using the stars to navigate! We long pondered how many birds were migrating at night until a technique using an instrument called an Emlen Funnel was invented in 1966. (This is an entire article in itself. If you're curious, read more at The Journal of Experimental Biology.)

Go out on a still night during peak songbird migration, and you may hear the calls of migrating songbirds. In the city, even above the noise of urban life, they may be audible. Residing in the suburbs or away from busy roadways, one may hear hundreds, even thousands, of individual birds representing dozens of species. (Yes, it takes a bit of practice.) Some enthusiasts actually set up their own recording devices and use programs to sort and count what birds fly over at night. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology embarked on research doing exactly this, but on a larger scale along the Eastern Seaboard, allowing for studies both on reasons for nocturnal flight calls and on population dynamics.

While these birds are on the move, they face many threats, not the least of which is the human influence. Our massive buildings and lights confuse birds in nightly migration. New York City’s lights kill an estimated 10,000 birds a year. We've erased habitat at both ends of their journeys and also disturbed their stopover points along the way. In short, these amazing travelers have not only the sheer obstacles of the elements, predators, and distance to come up against, but humans as well. Research allows us to understand this phenomenon, and it also helps us evaluate how we can alter our ways to benefit birds.

Birds migrate in such mass that they can even be noticed migrating in other ways. Meteorologist and Pacific Northwest weather expert, Cliff Mass, posted a blog entry a couple years ago with fantastic Doppler radar images, showing birds moving over the Puget Sound area at night during autumn. They are moving south and there are a lot of them!

Migration is something we still don’t fully understand, and this article is just the tip of the iceberg on this fascinating subject. If you are interested in learning more, I’d recommend Scott Weidensaul’s popular account, Living On the Wind: Across the Hemisphere with Migratory Birds. We are lucky to have some amazing technologies – from sound recordings and radar imaging to lightweight radio-tags – to help us understand an otherworldly behavior. Next time you look at a warbler in your back yard, imagine it flying to Costa Rica. I'll bet you'll appreciate it that much more.

birdnotestaff Mon, 04/16/2012 - 08:53 Brendan McGarry

Brendan McGarry

Birds' Senses

birdnotestaff — Sun, 15 Apr 2012 14:29:31 +0000

Birds' Senses

I have been asked how birds that feed by probing in mud locate their food – Which of their senses are they using?
They are using the exact sense you would use, whether probing with your fingers or your nose – the sense of touch. Most of the birds that probe in mud for prey are sandpipers, varying from Least Sandpipers that penetrate the mud only a half-inch to big Marbled Godwits that plunge their bills five inches into the gooey substrate. In Marbled Godwits, a dirty face is commonplace.

Sandpipers have sensitive bills. The area near the tip features a series of little pits, visible on a bird in the hand. Below the pits are structures called Herbst corpuscles, made of onion-like layers of sheathing sensitive to pressure changes that are transmitted to the brain by the nerve fibers enclosed within. These same organs are also found in the tongues of woodpeckers, at the base of flycatcher rictal bristles, and even at the wing joints of birds, where they send feedback to the bird about its wing positions.
Even while probing swiftly, a sandpiper's bill tip can feel the wiggle of a worm or the twitch of an amphipod, apparently even the contraction of a snail (how else would it avoid swallowing snail-sized rocks?). Their bill anatomy is such that the tip can be opened, snagging the subsurface critter. The bill is then removed from the mud and the head jerked so they prey travels up the bill and down the hatch.
Birds are really very much like us. They use the same senses we do, and, like us, emphasize vision and hearing. Birds are exceptionally sharp-eyed, as they should be to find their prey, avoid predators, and move through the environment at high speeds without colliding with it. Most birds have acute hearing as well, as they communicate by voice. Owls, many of which locate their prey by sound, have much better directional hearing than we do.
You wouldn't think that a sense of smell would be too useful to fast-moving aerial animals, but Turkey Vultures use it to find their odoriferous "prey," quartering upwind and changing direction as the smell enters one nostril and then the other. Petrels also use it to find their burrows in a big colony; there's no place like home.

- Dennis Paulson

birdnotestaff Sun, 04/15/2012 - 07:29 Dennis Paulson - Turkey Vulture

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Migration

Birds' Senses