Articles in the series

1. An entrepreneur’s journey to resilience in his own words by M M Jakaria and Amir Khasro
2. Facing climate change: Improving adaptation and building resilience by Shahrina Akhtar
3. First year of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: Nature-based solution (NbS) and Bangladesh by Sakib Rahman Siddique Shuvo
4. Listen to the wisdom of local people by Joep Janssen
5. Lessons learnt from cyclone Amphan and the way forward by Samina Islam
6. Reflecting on Women Champions in Climate Action from 2021 by Towrin Zaman
7. The benefits of mainstreaming circular economy in school textbooks by Afsara Binte Mirza and Meer Ahsan Habib

World leaders, delegates from the nation countries recently gathered in the 26^th Conference of the Parties (COP26) hosted in partnership between the UK and Italy in November 2021 in Glasgow to agree on a path forward for tackling global warming. Parties debated over the issues on net zero-emission, Loss and Damage, Mitigation and Adaptation, Finance, Transparency to develop a common understanding.

The COP26 adopted the Glasgow Climate Pact which reflects a subtle balance between the interests and aspirations of parties around some urgent issues. COP26 saw success where the Parties could agree on increasing the pace of implementing the Paris Agreement. However, there are disappointments over the issues regarding loss and damage or not securing the $100 billion pledge or failure to meet the 1.5°C targets.

As we all know, if finance is not agreed upon, nothing is agreed upon. The discussion on finance falls under Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. Finance was extensively discussed throughout UNFCCC Glasgow COP26 as the scale and speed of changes that are required to limit the global goal on temperature rise would require finance in all forms – be it climate finance, adaptation finance, public or private finance. Hence, the major issues around climate finance focus on closing the gap of annually providing $100 billion and setting up the post-2025 climate finance target.

Discussion around long-term finance, technology and capacity building for mitigation and adaptation

There have been a lot of discussions around long-term finance. This COP26 was critical about the failure to mobilize $100 billion per year. However, the Glasgow Climate Pact emphasizes the need to mobilize climate finance from all sources to reach the level needed to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, including significantly increasing support for developing country Parties, beyond $100 billion per year. OECD 2020 Report claims $78.9 billion delivered as CF in 2018 of which 21% is adaptation finance and the remaining is for mitigation.

The final pact notes with “deep regret” the failure to meet the target on time (by 2020) and commits nations to deliver on their promises in the context of mitigation actions and transparency on implementation every year through to 2025. Thus, the duty to fulfil the pledge of providing $100 billion annually from developed countries to developing countries was reaffirmed. Consensus was reached on the need to continue increasing support to the developing countries. In addition, the process to define the new global goal on finance was launched. There is also a discussion around the importance of transparency in the implementation of finance pledges through the Biennial Report.

Highlights around Adaptation Finance

The overarching decision concerns on the insufficient flow of adaptation finances towards the developing countries to urgently and significantly scale up their provision of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building for adaptation so as to respond to the needs of developing country parties as part of a global effort, including for the formulation and implementation of national adaptation plans and adaptation communications. Therefore, the Pact recognizes the importance of the adequacy and predictability of adaptation finance, including the value of the Adaptation Fund in delivering dedicated support for adaptation – a pledge from developed countries to “at least double” adaptation finance between 2019 and 2025 in the context of achieving a balance between adaptation and mitigation actions. Announcement has been made on the financial pledges amounting $356 million to Adaptation Fund, where $116 million will be from EU and multi-year commitments from Norway and Ireland. In addition, 12 donor countries including Germany, US, Belgium etc have pledged $413 million new funding for the least developed country fund (LDCF) outside the UNFCCC and $450 million mobilized for initiatives and programs enhancing Locally Led Adaptation.

Side deals having finance notions 

COP26 was about many new initiatives, breakthroughs and pledges as about 90% of the world’s economy is now committed to net-zero targets. While the climate activists are not happy with the text “phase down of coal power”, 23 nations have agreed to phase out coal power in the 2030s. There was also discussion around the financial allocation for net-zero emission and methane pledge.

The Leaders’ declaration representing 110 nations talked about the “Halt and reverse” deforestation and land degradation by 2030. 141 countries have so far pledged to increase finance for sustainable agriculture, forest management and forest conservation and restoration.

Multilateral Development Banks’ joint statement regarding Nature, People, Planet highlighted the need for aligning their portfolios with the Paris Agreement goals and as well as nature. There was no agreement towards providing dedicated finance towards loss and damage, and thus, no agreement on the establishment of a finance facility for L&D for which the LDCs and SIDs were not happy. However, outside the UNFCCC, Scotland offered 1.5m for L&D which was encouraged by many.

My viewpoints on finance at COP26 and takeaways  

However, many were disappointed that this COP once again failed to provide vulnerable nations with the money to rebuild and respond to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. A recent assessment by the UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance concluded that developing countries would require nearly $6tn up to 2030, including domestic funds, to support just half of the actions in their NDCs.

There are countries who have shared their concerns that the developed countries may fail to deliver the $100 billion from 2025 as the Green Climate Fund (GCF). The inclusion of private sectors also raises the question around the fact that will become an interest-free modality. Because it was necessary for the least developed countries (LDC) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to get it in the form of grants, thus the predictability gets reduced as the discussions did not happen at an extensive level on balance between loans and grants. There is also a concern around the imbalanced fund allocation between the mitigation and adaptation activities. As the commitment from the developed country parties to urgently provide the resources to the climate-vulnerable has failed, there is less hope on the fact that it will be delivered from the next committed time frame.

In addition, another discomfort was around the no specific guideline on the eligibility and accessibility of the highly indebted poor countries to the concessional forms of climate finance. Developing nations, LDCs and SIDs have pushed a lot for finance beyond adaptation terming as the L&D, but less significant progress has been made around that.

However, without phasing out the coal and limiting the global temperature rise, all of the efforts, discussion and on the ground actions would not make any impact. Hence, more investment and transparency issues are required when it comes to mitigation and adapting using nature-based, community-based or low-carbon strategies and approaches. To achieve our climate goals, every company, every financial firm, every bank, insurer and investor will need to change. Hence, there is a need to keep up the momentum so that bigger and greater can be achieved from the COP27.

Originally this article was published on January 23, 2022 at Dhaka Tribune. 

Tasfia Tasnim coordinates the Nature-based Solutions Program at the International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD). Her area of work involves the interlinkages among nature, adaptation, resilience and finance issues.

One of the veterans of the COP summit, Dr Saleemul Huq once again attended the conference last month. Regarded as one of the most influential climate scientists and policy experts in the world, Huq is widely cited in the international media and advocacy literature when it comes to climate change policy issues.

The Bangladeshi academic and advocate is the Director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD).

In this interview, Saleemul Huq breaks down some of the essential concepts in global climate negotiations and policy matters. He also gives his take on COP26.

Could you contextualize the role of COP in climate change negotiations and policy? 

The COP stands for Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and is an annual two-week-long meeting of all the governments who have ratified the Treaty to review progress in implementing the treaty. The COP takes place at the end of each calendar year and moves from one continent to another each year. This year COP26 was in Glasgow, Scotland hosted by the United Kingdom and next year COP27 will be in Africa hosted by Egypt in Sharm Al Shaikh in November 2022.

Each COP is held for two weeks with the first week being technical level discussion under two subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC and the second week is the political week when ministers and sometimes heads of government come to negotiate and agree on the final outcomes of the COP. Very often it doesn’t end on time and is extended for a day or two to try to reach an agreement in the final hours. COP26 in Glasgow was no exception as it went to a day of extra time before it ended.

How do negotiations take place and how decisions are finally arrived at?

The negotiations take place on many different agenda items that deal with different articles of the UNFCCC as well as the Paris Agreement. Each of these parallel negotiation tracks is co-chaired by a representative from developing countries and another co-chair from a developed country who hold both formal as well as informal meetings during the first week of the COP.

The idea is to agree on language for the final COP decision but when language is not agreed then alternative language is provided in brackets.

To give one typical example, there are often differences of views on the use of three words namely ‘shall’, ‘should’, and ‘may’. The use of ‘shall’ is strongest as it requires every country to take actions but ‘should’ only exhorts every country, whereas ‘may’ allows everyone a choice to act or not act.

If the language in the different negotiations tracks is full of brackets at the end of the first week it goes to the ministers in the second week who have to talk to other Ministers and try to remove the brackets.

This is a highly political process and often involves the COP Presidency calling up heads of government to get their acceptance of the final text as everything has to be agreed unanimously and hence even one country can hold up the agreement.

The final decision text is then adopted by all countries unanimously, which happened in the end in Glasgow where the Glasgow Climate Pact was adopted as the final outcome.

Talk about your work at the conference. 

I go to the COPs not as a negotiator but as an observer but I do have a role in advising the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group which is the group of poorest and most vulnerable developing countries mostly in Africa and Asia. It currently has 47 countries and was chaired by Bhutan until the end of COP26 and will now be chaired by Senegal for COP27 in Egypt in 2022 as well as COP28 in Abu Dhabi in 2023.

Bangladesh is a member of the LDC group and a number of Bangladeshi negotiators represent the LDC Group in different negotiation tracks.

I have been advising the LDC Group ever since it started initially on the issues of Adaptation and adaptation finance but more recently on the emerging and highly politically sensitive topic of loss and damage. I have also been doing capacity building for junior LDC negotiators over the years. That is why I go to the COP a week before it starts in order to help the LDC Group chair and negotiators to be prepared for the COP before it starts.

During the COP I engage in various side events and also provide advice to the LDC negotiators as and when needed, but I don’t actually attend the negotiations myself.

What do non-governmental actors do at the COPs?

Each COP attracts many thousands of non-governmental actors from business, youth, indigenous communities, academics, parliamentarians, mayors, and many others. The number of such non-governmental actors in Glasgow was around 30,000 from all over the world.

These actors come to the COP to network with each other and plan activities together. They also hold many events outside the UNFCCC COP which is held under very tight security in the conference centre called the Blue Zone. The youth also hold a huge march mid-way through the COP.

These networks and events outside the official COP are sometimes more full of energy and enthusiasm which they try to impart to the official negotiators by lobbying.

What did you and your colleagues at ICCCAD do at COP26?

We had a big team of more than a dozen ICCCAD colleagues who travelled to Glasgow from Dhaka and some of our international colleagues as well. Each of them was involved in running side events both inside as well as outside the Blue Zone.

The Blue Zone includes many different pavilions where different side events were held every day over the two weeks of the COP.

Such side events are excellent networking opportunities.

What was the role of Bangladesh in COP26?

Bangladesh played a very prominent role in Glasgow initially with the presence of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina during the first two days’ leaders’ summit part of COP26. She spoke at the summit not only on behalf of Bangladesh but also on behalf of the fifty-five countries that are in the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) which she currently chairs. Thus her presentation of the Dhaka Glasgow Declaration was very well received by other world leaders at the Summit.

Then during the two weeks of COP26, a number of extremely experienced Bangladeshi negotiators represented the LDC Group in different negotiations tracks with the Minister and Deputy Minister of Environment participating in the high-level discussions. It is also worth pointing out the role of Saber Hossain Chowdhury MP who represented the LDC Group in several high-level plenary sessions. His role was much appreciated by all the other LDC ministers.

Bangladesh also had a nice pavilion in the Blue Zone where a number of seminars were held from morning to evening every day for two weeks. This was an excellent opportunity for the government as well as non-governmental actors from Bangladesh were able to present and share their work with a wide international audience. This allowed the international participants to see how Bangladesh is tackling climate change in a whole-of-society approach.

Finally, let me also point out the presence and role of TV and print media from Bangladesh who were in Glasgow and were sending dispatches back to Bangladesh from Glasgow every day.

What is your experience of the conference and how do you assess the outcomes of COP26?

At a personal level, every COP is a wonderful experience as I get to meet many old friends and make new friends as I don’t have to spend hours of the day and night inside the negotiations.

However, I am quite disheartened by the outcome of COP26 specifically on the topic of Loss and Damage from human-induced climate change where I had been advising not only the LDC Group but all the developing countries who had proposed the creation of the Glasgow Facility on Financing Loss and Damage which was vetoed by the US and was downgraded to a mere dialogue on the topic.

So, we will have to take this issue up again in COP27 in Egypt where we will get greater support from the COP26 Presidency.

One excellent experience outside the COP was with the people and government of Scotland who initiated the first Loss and Damage fund with a two million pounds contribution announced by Nicola Sturgeon the First Minister of Scotland.

I had the opportunity to meet her at her residence in Edinburgh after the COP was over and discuss how we can build on her initiative going forward.

Originally this interview was published on January 17, 2022 at Dhaka Tribune.

The interviewer Magnus Mayeen Ahmed is Communication Officer at ICCCAD.
Email: magnus.ahmed@icccad.org 

“How to influence the COP process: ICCCAD’s role in COP26“

Articles in the series

1. ‘I am quite disheartened by the outcome of COP26’ (INTERVIEW WITH LEADING CLIMATE POLICY EXPERT SALEEMUL HUQ) by Magnus Mayeen Ahmed
2. ‘Outcome on capacity building at COP26’ by Prof Mizan R Khan
3. ‘If finance is not agreed,nothing is agreed’ by Tasfia Tasnim
4. ‘Loss and damage in developing countries: Impacts, evidence and what next’ by Md Fahad Hossain
5. ‘The plight of loss and damage finance at COP 26’ by S M Saify Iqbal
6. ‘To be an influencer in the COP process’ by Dr Nazneen Khan
7. ‘LDC youth at COP26’ by Shohail Bin Saifullah

Climate Tribune’s November issue is on the crucial subject of “Climate Justice”. The editorial reflects how climate change is an ethical and political issue rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature.

Articles in the series

1. Climate change actions must be gender sensitive to address the existing inequality in the society (INTERVIEW WITH ACTIONAID BANGLADESH COUNTRY DIRECTOR FARAH KABIR) by Magnus Mayeen Ahmed
2. Do debt-burdens from climate finance fuel climate injustice? by Towrin Zaman Raya
3. What is climate justice and can social innovation help? by Rukhsar Sultana
4. Unpacking the principles of just transition in climate change by Afsara Mirza
5. Non-economic loss and damage is the forgotten piece in climate change solution by Nusrat Naushin
6. Climate negotiations and climate justice: The politics behind by Farzana Shams Riya and Samina Islam
7. What does climate justice mean to the communities on the ground? by Asish Barua

“Impact of Climate Change on Food“

The editorial captures how climate change is putting food production at risk, and how disasters affect food security and the agriculture sector as a whole.

Articles in the series

1. How fishery and climate change affect each other by Catherine Fogli
2. How small cities coped with food insecurity during Covid lockdown by Sumaiya Sudha
3. How to have climate resilient food security in the coastal area by M Manjurul Islam and Ashish Barua
4. The dual impact of cyclones and Covid on food security in Bangladesh by Mahmuda Akter
5. Climate vulnerable agricultural sectors by Sufiya Khatun
6. Madagascar is on the verge of becoming the world’s first climate related famine by Maria Mehrin
7. How people in Durgabati village are adapting after saline water left it barren by Hafizur Rahman, Lutfor Rahman, and Vaskar Mandol
8. Climate change is an absolute threat for food security In Bangladesh by Most Mastura Munia Farjana
9. A persistent yet rarely highlighted issue from southwestern coastal Bangladesh by Ashish Barua

He is an expert on climate change in the most vulnerable developing countries and has written several papers on the matter

International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) Director Prof Saleemul Huq has been ranked 4th among the top 20 climate change influencers in the world.

The rankings were published in a recent report titled “Environmental Sustainability: A Study into Tech Brands’ Perception and Impact.” The report, prepared by  Onalytica, analyzed the influencers’ topical influence on Twitter and LinkedIn, as well as how much they are referenced in blogs and online media.

The influencers on the list reach an engaged audience of 2 million.

Saleemul Huq, in addition to serving as the director of the ICCCAD, is also a professor at Independent University Bangladesh (IUB).

He is also an associate of the International Institute on Environment and Development (IIED) in the United Kingdom, as well as the chair of the Expert Advisory Group for the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF).

He also serves as a senior adviser on locally led adaptation for the Global Centre on Adaptation (GCA), headquartered in the Netherlands.

With hundreds of popular articles published, Huq is an expert on climate change in the most vulnerable developing countries and has been a lead author of the third, fourth and fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

He is also an advisor to the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

In order to identify influencers and brands leading the discussion on climate action for the report, Onalytica analysed conversations around the topic on social media platforms.

They started by extracting over 84,000 tweets from September-December 2016 with the key words climate action or climate action.

They then added these tweets and accounts into their database, categorised and curated a list of the top 100 influencers and brands ranked on a combination of Resonance, Relevance, Reach and Reference and added the information into their Influencer Relationship Management software (IRM).

They found that the most popular topic mentioned in tweets and blogs by the top climate action influencers was climate change (33%) followed by Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs (13%).

According to the Onalytica report, climate change was mentioned 11.4 million times across Twitter over the past 6 months.

At the same time, the hashtag #ClimateChange was used 2.1 million times on Twitter, 1.8 million more times than the close-related #ClimateCrisis.

Originally this news was published on October 18, 2021 at Dhaka Tribune.

“Adaptation and Human Impacts“

Articles in the series

1. Who is an adaptation expert? By Saleemul Huq and Sirazoom Munira
2. Is cryptocurrency bad for climate? By Towrin Zaman Raya 
3. Quest for survival or to the claws of death? by Sumaiya Binte Anwar and Mahmuda Akter 
4. Critical discussions on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) by Ali Mohammad Rezaie and Farah Anzum 
5. IPCC sixth assessment report: What does it tell us? by Shohail Bin Saifullah and Adeeba Nuraina Risha 
6. Is environmental communication the key to inclusive growth? By Magnus Mayeen Ahmed
7. Environmental migration and climate change in the Indian Ocean littoral by Juel Mahmud, Samina Islam, and Debojyoti Das 
8. Youth Adaptation Network: Connecting youth and climate change by Lamia Mohsin, Nusrat Naushin, and Rupita Tahsin 
9. The perks of implementing urban Nature-based Solution in Dhaka City by Afsara Binte Mirza 
10. How inclusive are the donor agencies in DSCC working for poverty reduction? By Rupita Tahsin, Adiba Nahreen, and Mohammad Kamruzzaman Palash 
11. Involving children in tackling climate change and environmental threats by Fatema Akter, Savio Rousseau Rozario, Adeeba Nuraina Risha, Afsara Binte Mirza, and Ali Mohammad Rezaie 
12. Scenario of GHG emission in Bangladesh by Rayha Afroza and Mahmuda Akter 

Extensive decision-making processes often have a marginal representation of grassroot level frontliners, even though they are the real-life adaptation experts

Most fragile ecosystems across the world have a sombre similarity. Its settings are faced with gradual deterioration through geological and hydrological processes – pushing its communities towards imminent risk of displacement, threats, and insecurities. When least developed countries, which are also climate vulnerable tackle these adversities, those with the least capability are hardest hit.

In Bangladesh, this represents the 30 million lives at risk to be displaced from the coastal areas – awaiting a looming future with severe implications on livelihood, habitat, economy, and overall survival. This reality also makes them best positioned to identify the right priorities to formulate solutions that internalize the contextual standpoints. However, even today their inclusion remains at unsatisfactory levels, regarding the overall decision-making process of planning and implementing funds directed to climate change. Expert opinions from all parts of the world are resorted for identifying solutions – for those who are constantly adapting to changing ground realities. While scientific advice remains indispensable, the more extensive decision-making processes often has a marginal representation of grassroot level frontliners, irrespective of them being the real adaptation experts in the ground.

Who speaks for the global front-liners?

There has been a recent push to include the voices of the front-liners contributing to evidence-based policymaking for building stronger allies in the science-policy interfaces and enhanced knowledge sharing. As such, North-South and South-South collaboration has led to building more effective partnerships within governments, local government, CSOs and local NGOs for the overarching attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aims to leave no one behind. While the international communities have emphasised for funding to reach the grassroot level communities, the money for adaptation and how it is to be spent still remains with actors not directly impacted. This makes it important to ask: who then speaks for these frontliners, or local adaptors, and why is it not a direct exchange itself?

Choices and trade-off

It is necessary to discuss how local adaptors really adapt – although it may only capture a partial picture. Local adaptors are constantly trading off financial security with efforts to bounce back from the aftermaths of their concurrent tragedies. Their decisions are optimal with regards to the limited available resources they find first in hand. Choices of these indivuduals are structured through time and resource constrained factors while accounting for the various challenges they operate under. Essentially so, their actions are curated with respect to both conservation, resilience and sustainability perspectives. Therefore, their ideas capture the notion of uniquely suiting solutions benign to the socio-ecological contexts of ground realities.

Local experts as global teachers 

There are still questions whether adaptation is locally-led ‘enough’ while grassroot communities continue to set global examples with their indigenous, context-specific adaptation solution. Areas like Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia experience pressing problems from changing climate throughout the year. Despite the harsh realities, local communities continue to integrate adaptation strategies into their livelihood – particularly those working in climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture. Taking the case of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, where 90 percent of farmers have perceived climate variability, study reveals 85 percent already made attempts to adapt in agricultural incorporating proven and effective practices. This includes locally-led initiatives of changing patterns like crop diversification, date adjustments for planting, conservation practices of soil and water etc. Further South, fishermen in Bangladesh respond to weather warnings and adjust their fishing patterns accordingly. With marginal resource and knowledge, groups of rural fishing communities benefit from their strong social bond which in turn foster unity ahead of any uncalled emergence.

Finally, it is needless to reiterate the role of women in their tireless fight against climate change. Women residing in climate vulnerable hotspots are constantly challenged by recurring incidents – testing their bodily and psychological capacities to cope. However, their abilities to bounce back despite these episodes make them global leaders in resilience – and even ‘agents of change’ to demonstrate transformative adaptation.

Limit of adaptation and way forward

Most of the local adaptive strategies against changing climate and its dwindling catch take into considerations of natural, cultural and heritage factors. While communities use their limited resources economically, they are also adequately prepared for a single incident which can take away all that was conserved for months. As a result of their excessive loss, expanding research has shown that many climate affected people are acute sufferers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorders, among others – happening due to complicated and suppressed grief retained over long period of time. Yet, local adaptors continue to ‘adapt’ – opening up the Pandora’s box with the big questions;where do we draw the line and; what is the limit of adaptation? Therefore, local adaptors and their voice need to strengthen. For that, pro-poor, gender-sensitive, and participatory mechanisms are critical to be established.

A roadmap for their sustainable growth and empowerment is imperative which will pave ways for these communities to contribute to the larger human development spectrum. Jobs and livelihood opportunities which are resilient, reliable and sustainable should be introduced to them bringing in various stakeholders to foster trust and collective effort. As such, their journey towards resilience will help set an example for tracking and even measuring adaptation progress – making the pathway distinctive in terms of its larger contribution to define the global adaptation goal.

Originally this article was published on September 22, 2021 at Dhaka Tribune.

About The Authors

Prof. Saleemul Huq is Director of the International Centre for Climate Change & Development (ICCCAD)

Sirazoom Munira is working as Program Officer to support Climate Vulnerable Forum Presidency of GoB based at the Global Centre on Adaptation.

Climate Tribune | August 2021

“YOUTH IN CLIMATE ACTION“

This issue of Climate Tribune turns the spotlight on youth in the forefront of climate change. We hear from the youth climate activists themselves. They talk about their own journeys, report about their activism and share their visions for the future.

Articles in the series

1. INTERVIEW WITH THREE YOUNG CLIMATE ACTIVISTS FROM BANGLADESH– Interview of Adiba Bintey Kamal, Shohail Bin Saifullah and Sarah Farheen Khan 
2. PHOTOSTORY of NATURAL DISASTER AFTERMATH IN THE BANGLADESHI SOUTH by S M Shahin Alom 
3. SMALL STEPS IN ACHIEVING CLIMATE JUSTICE by Ineza Umuhoza 
4. HOW I BECAME A CLIMATE ACTIVIST IN PAKISTAN by Zainab Zahid 
5. PLASTIC POLLUTION: HOW DO I TRAIN THE GENERATION ALPHA? by Rayhana Akter 
6. WHY I PETITIONED THE GOVERNMENT TO IMPLEMENT THE BANGLADESH PLANETARY EMERGENCY DECLARATION by Aruba Faruque 
7. BANGLADESHI YOUTH WILL HOLD ACCOUNTABLE THE GOVERNMENTS AND BUSINESSES FOR ENSURING CLIMATE JUSTICE AT COP26 by Sohanur Rahman 
8. RANGPUR’S YOUTH WORKING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN WASH INTERVENTIONS IMPACTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE by Most Mastura Munia Farjana, Sumaiya Afroj and Md. Abu Hasnat 
9. HOW DOES PERCEPTION REFLECT THROUGH OUR ACTIONS IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION? by Sakib Rahman Siddique Shuvo
10. LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE, REFLECTION FROM RISE YOUTH PROGRAM by Maliha Momotaj Himu