Chemisty Research Journal

Recent Trends in the Chemistry of Polymers used in Oral Drug Delivery Systems

admin — Thu, 12 Jan 2023 17:42:53 +0000

Tablet is one of the utmost chosen dosage forms administered orally. Disintegrants are substances added to tablets and some encapsulated preparations to encourage the breaking up of both tablet and capsule “slugs” into smaller fragments in an aquatic environment. This increases the surface area that is available and speeds up the release of the drug component. They increase moisture penetration and distribution of the tablet matrix. Tablet disintegration has attracted a lot of attention as an important stage in achieving rapid drug release. The concentration on drug availability emphasizes the significance of a tablet’s comparatively quick disintegration as a criterion for determining unrestricted drug-dissolving behavior. Several factors affect the disintegration replacement of tablets. The primary purpose of the disintegrants is to counteract the effectiveness of the tablet binder and the physical forces that work during compression to prepare the tablet. For the tablet to release its medication, the disintegrating agents must be more effective, and the binder must be stronger. It should ideally cause the tablet to shatter into the powder particles used for the granulation as well as the granules from which it was compressed. This review comprehensively focuses on rationalizing the recent trends in the utilization of natural or synthetic polymers, in designing oral drug delivery systems.
Key words: Tablet, Quality by Design, Polymers, Natural, Synthetic, Immediate release, Extended release, Modified release
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Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Co(II) Complexes Containing Biologically Active Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives

admin — Tue, 02 Nov 2021 01:45:00 +0000

Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Co(II) Complexes Containing Biologically Active Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives
Kamal Kishor Verma and Suresh Kumar Verma
Abstract In present study two thiosemicarbazone ligands i.e. 4HAT and 3NBT and their novel Cobal(II) aryl thiosemicarbazones complexes having the general composition [Co(L1)2Cl2], [Co(L2)2Cl2],{where L1= 4-Hydroxyacetophenone thiosemicarbazones (4HAT), L2 = 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (3NBT), have been synthesized by the reaction of thiosemicarbazide with substituted aromatic aldehydes and ketones by conventional heating as well as microwave irradiations method followed by complexation with Cobalt(II) metal. The synthesized compounds have been characterised by elemental analysis, melting point determination, FTIR, UV-visible spectral analysis. The synthesized ligands and their new metal complexes have been screened in vitro for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bascillus subtilis bacteria.

Keywords Thiosemicarbazones, Microwave irradiation, Cobalt(II) complexes
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Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Vitamin Content of (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Wall Nut Seed

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:10:40 +0000

Abstract This study investigates the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis and vitamin content of Tetracarpidium conophorum (black walnut) seed. Standard procedures were used for the analyses, the result of the phytochemical composition of the walnut seed reveals the presence of the following which increase in this order; tannins < cyanides < terpenoids < saponins < steroids < cardiac glycosides < flavonoids < alkaloids. Proximate composition of the walnut seed was found to be; protein 18.42 ± 0.04%, ash 2.86 ± 0.02%, fat 4.88 ± 0.04% and fibre 6.6 ± 0.08%, Moisture 32.63 ± 0.02% and carbohydrate 34.59 ± 0.02%. The seeds also contain some appreciable amount of vitamins; vitamin A 9.64 ± 0.01 mg/100g, vitamin C 6.98 ± 0.02 mg/100g, vitamin E 96.42 ± 0.02. The B-group vitamins were also found in trace amounts. The presence of these bioactive and nutritive compounds in the seed has made it a veritable source for good health conditions.

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Effect of Transfluthrin-Impregnated Insecticide Paper on Some Biochemical Parameters and Lung Histopathology in Rats

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:09:56 +0000

Abstract Serum malondealdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and histological analysis of lungs were carried out in twenty rats exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated insecticide paper. The rats were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) of four each. Group one served as control while Group II, III, IV and V were exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated paper Insecticide for 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes daily for four weeks respectively. On the 29th day all the rats in the five groups were euthanized and blood sample was collected and centrifuged for analysis of biochemical parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP), the animals were dissected and tissue from the lungs were collected for histological studies. Significant increase (p<0.05) in all the parameters were observed in time dependent manner when compared with control. However, histopathological analysis of the lung tissue shows no pathological changes. Thus, the chemical in the transfluthrin impregnated insecticide paper can modify biochemical parameters but within the context of duration of this research, no significant impact in lung tissue was observed. However, transfluthrin impregnated paper insecticide should be used with caution even at lower doses.

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Relationship between Band gap and particle size of Cadmium sulfide Quantum Dots

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:09:09 +0000

Abstract Nanoparticles at quantum dot level are considered to be larger than individual atoms and molecules but smaller than their bulk solid. In such a condition, they are believed to obey neither absolute quantum chemistry nor laws of classical physics. Therefore they have properties that differ significantly from those expected experimentally. Therefore, there are two major phenomena observed that are responsible for these differences. The first one is the high dispersity of nanocrystalline systems or quantum dots. Its acceptable that as the size of a quantum dot is reduced, the number of dots at the surface of the crystal compared to the number of atoms in the crystal itself, increases and therefore the properties, which are usually determined by the molecular structure of the bulk lattice, now become increasingly dominated by the defect structure of the surface. The main objective of this study was to use synthetic method to prepare certain types of nanoparticles and study the difference in properties between bulk and nanosize semiconducting nanoparticles. Absorbance measurements were collected from the UV-Vis spectrum and used in conjunction with Beer-Lambert’s Law to calculate concentrations of solutions or the absorbance coefficient . Equation required the band gap energy of the nanoparticles were obtained from the UV-Vis results and used to calculate the energy absorbed by a quantum dot.

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Phytochemical, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of the Crude Ethanol and n-hexane Extracts of the Aerial Parts of Laggera aurita Linn.

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:06:54 +0000

Abstract The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non-industrialized societies, and is often more available, accessible and affordable than purchasing expensive modern pharmaceuticals. Laggera aurita is a widely used medicinal plant in African countries like Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Ghana. The leaves are the part of the plant reported to be most commonly used for medicinal purposes, although the plant can be used whole or pulped up. This paper seeks to examine the analgesic and anti inflammatory effects of the crude and n-hexane defatted portion of the aerial part of Laggera aurita Linn. using formalin induced pain and egg albumin induced inflammation in rats and as well as to evaluate its phytoconstituents. The results of the phytochemical evaluation of the extracts of the aerial part of Laggera aurita in revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and tannins. The results of the pharmacological studies carried out revealed that, the crude extract showed a significant protection against inflammation and pain while the n-hexane defatted portion of the aerial part of laggera aurita posses lower activity against inflammatory and pain.

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Chemical Constituents from the Stem bark of Vitex negundo L.

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:06:02 +0000

Abstract Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) is found in south- eastern Asia, Afghanistan, India, China, Tanzania, Madagascar, Europe, West Indies and North America as a much branched aromatic shrub. The plant parts are used to treat asthma, body pains, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, fever, liver, skin and spleen diseases, malaria, piles, rheumatism, sinusitis, spermatorrhoea, sprains, swellings, urticaria, vomiting, weakness and whooping cough. Phytochemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the stem bark led to isolate ten chemical constituents characterized as the fatty esters n-undecanyl oleate (1), n-undecanyl stearate (2) and n-tetracosanyl capriate (6), long chain alkanes n-pentacosane (3), n-henetriacontane (4) and n-pentatriacontane (5) and triterpenoids lanostan-3-olyl 1′-(3′- eicosanyl) anthraquinone (7), lanostan-3-olyl 1′-(4′-arachidyloxy)-xanthone (8), oleanolic acid 3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-2ʹ-arachidate (9) and betulinic acid 3β-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-2′-lignocerate (10). The structures of all the isolated phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.

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Proximate study, amino acids and Phyto-constituents of raw and boiled Ficus polita Vahl fruits

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:05:20 +0000

Abstract The nutritional composition, amino acid profile and anti nutritional factors of raw and boiled Ficus polita fruits were evaluated using standard analytical methods. The proximate composition (%) of the raw fruit meal showed moisture content (5.23%), ash (11.88%), fat (2.09%), fibre (10.42%), protein (9.44) and carbohydrate (66.17%) and energy value of 1362.70 Kcal/kg. Boiling treatment reduced the moisture content (4.80%), crude protein (8.59%), ash (9.12%), crude fibre (9.55%), and fat (0.96%) while the carbohydrate and energy contents increased (70.85% and 1385.66Kcal/kg). Results of the anti-nutritional factors showed that raw Ficus polita fruits had phytate values of (1.25%), oxalate (0.38%), tannin (0.18%), saponin (6.50%) and cyanogenic glycosides (10.08 mg/100g) compared with boiled fruits which shows reduction in concentrations of tannin (50%), oxalate (28.95%), saponin (13.85%), phytate (8.80%) and glycoside (41.37%) with values of 0.09, 0.27, 5.60, 1.14 % and glycoside (5.95mg/100g), respectively. The analyzed Ficus polita fruits show appreciable amino acid concentration in both raw and boiled samples. The boiled samples increase the concentrations of arginine, cystine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan and phenylalanine (histidine, leucine, lysine, Gluatime, aspartate acid and reduced in alanine, valine, serine and proline. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid dominates (11.89-12.04 and 10.11-10.61%) the amino acid profile of the sample. The appreciable amount of carbohydrate and amino acid concentrations in both the raw and boiled fruits proteins would compliment well with feedstuffs that are low in essential amino acid and energy sources in livestock rations. Ficus polita fruits can be used as an energy source to curtail with the problem of deficiency in energy feedstuffs in the developing countries.

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Comparative Analysis of Effect of Alternative Solvents on Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:04:34 +0000

Abstract This paper study Comparative analysis of Moringa oleifera seed oil using alternative solvents (Petroleum ether and Acetone). The influence of different conditions and physicochemical parameters using petroleum ether and acetone were analysed statistically. The results of the physicochemical properties for petroleum ether and acetone are as follows; Peroxide value: (1.16 mEq/kg and 0.84 mEq/kg), free fatty Acid value: (1.14 mgKOH/g and 1.08 mgKOH/g), Saponification value: (200.67 mgKOH/g oil and 253.32 mgKOH/g oil), Iodine value: (86.03 mgiodine/100g and 85.35 mgiodine/100g), Specific gravityL 0.91 and 0.90) respectively. The coefficient of determination (R²) value obtained from ANOVA showed that petroleum ether is a good alternative solvent to acetone.

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Sorption Capacity of Chitin and Chitosan-Glucan Biopolymers

admin — Sat, 12 May 2018 06:03:42 +0000

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine sorption capacity of chitin-glucan (ChGC) and chitosan-glucan (CsGC) biopolymer complexes extracted from the fungus Aspergillus niger mycelium which is a by-product of citric acid production. It was established that the sorption capacity of diacetylated CsGC with primary amine groups is higher against Pb²⁺and Сu²⁺(130-140 mg/g) as compared with ChGC (50-80 mg/g). Three abstract models of adsorption isotherms with a high correlation coefficient correspond to Langmuir (R²=0.99), Freundlich (R²=0.96) Models and Micropore Volume Filling Theory (MVF) (R²=0.95). The Langmuir Model (0.78-0.80 g-mole/kg) makes possible to establish a value of the maximum adsorption capacity more precisely. Higher values of Pb²⁺and Cu²⁺adsorption effective capacity by the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation (2.6-5.5 kJ/g-mole) indicate there is an interaction between sorbate and sorbent functional groups forming stable complex chelate structures. The study results show that production of chitin- and chitosan-glucan biopolymers from fungus Aspergillus niger mycelial by-products and their use to remove lead, copper and other heavy metals capable to form chelate compounds from aqueous solutions have highly promising future.

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