Future Circular Collider (FCC)
en
The world’s first high-temperature superconducting canted-cosine-theta sextupole comes to life
news/issue-55/future-circular-collider-fcc/worlds-first-high-temperature-superconducting-canted
<span>The world’s first high-temperature superconducting canted-cosine-theta sextupole comes to life</span>
<div class="field field--name-field-byline field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items">
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/michael-koratzinos-psicern" hreflang="en">Michael Koratzinos (PSI/CERN)</a></div>
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/francesco-bardi-cern" hreflang="en">Francesco Bardi (CERN)</a></div>
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/ioannis-dimoulios-cern" hreflang="en">Ioannis Dimoulios (CERN)</a></div>
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/michal-duda-psi" hreflang="en">Michal Duda (PSI)</a></div>
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<span><span lang about="index.php/user/259" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype>tbrent</span></span>
<span><time datetime="2026-06-12T13:16:01+02:00" title="Friday, June 12, 2026 - 13:16">Fri, 06/12/2026 - 13:16</time>
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<div class="field field--name-field-caption field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field--item">Francesco Bardi presenting the HTS4 sextupole demonstrator at IPAC’26 in Deauville, France</div>
<div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><span><span><span><span>The world’s first high-temperature superconducting (HTS) canted-cosing-theta (CCT) sextupole now exists and has been successfully tested at cryogenic temperatures at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span>The magnet has been developed by the FCCee-HTS4 project, a CERN–PSI collaboration funded through the CHART consortium, with EPFL, ETH Zurich and the University of Geneva as partners. It was presented publicly for the first time at the 17th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’26) in Deauville, France, this May.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span>It has been designed with the purpose of being used in the proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC), CERN’s proposal for its next flagship accelerator. The FCC proposal contains two stages, the first is an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), and the second would be a hadron-hadron collider (FCC-hh).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>As current plans stand, the FCC-ee baseline uses normal-conducting arc magnets, and the sextupoles among them account for a substantial share of the machine’s power consumption through ohmic losses. HTS4 proposes to replace them with HTS magnets, which dissipate no resistive power and, operating well above the few Kelvin required by low-temperature superconductors, carry a far smaller refrigeration penalty. Because they shape their fields without iron, the magnets can also be nested, improving the packing factor and reducing the RF voltage the collider needs.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>“As a key demonstrator for FCC-ee, this magnet represents an important step forward in HTS magnet technology," said Francesco Bardi, an engineer at CERN involved in the HTS4 project. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>"This achievement reflects the vision and perseverance of Michael Koratzinos, who led the project with determination and turned an ambitious idea into reality. It has been a privilege contributing to this milestone, which marked my first year and a half at </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>CERN," he added. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h3>What was built?</h3>
<p><span><span><span><span>The demonstrator is a 240 mm-long, two-layer CCT sextupole with a 90 mm aperture, wound with insulated HTS ReBCO tape. Because ReBCO tape cannot tolerate hard-way bending, the conductor path, computed with the RAT software suite along a Frenet–Serret trajectory, keeps every bend within the tape’s limits as it winds around an aluminium former. Two commercial tapes, from Faraday Factory Japan and Shanghai Superconductor Technology, were qualified for the application.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<figcaption>The magnet connected to the cryogen-free test stand at PSI</figcaption>
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<p><span><span><span><span>It is designed to deliver a field gradient of 1000 T/m², with a peak field of 1.5 T on the conductor, at a modest operating current of 260 A and a temperature of 40 K. At these conditions the magnet’s critical current fraction is only 23 %, and has a temperature margin of roughly 27 K, with an inductance of 12.6 mH.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span>After winding, the coil was impregnated with paraffin wax to provide mechanical support and thermal contact, and the ten tapes were joined in nine soldered splices.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<figcaption>The CCT conductor path, coloured by the magnitude of the magnetic flux density. The trajectory follows a Frenet–Serret geometry that avoids hard-way bending of the tape</figcaption>
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<h3>The cold test at PSI</h3>
<p><span><span><span><span>The cold test was carried out at PSI on a cryogen-free stand using a 4 K cryocooler that needs no liquid helium. The magnet was held at a stable 46.5 K for the measurements. Although designed for 260 A, it was ramped to 300 A and held there for ten minutes, demonstrating stable operation beyond its nominal conditions in both transport current and temperature.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span>An array of six Hall probes was used to verify the field, which agreed with the simulations, validating the design and modelling approach.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p>“Powering-up the first CCT sextupole was an important milestone for the project. The cryogen-free stand lets us characterise the magnet across its full temperature range," said Michal Duda, responsible for magnet testing at PSI. </p>
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<figcaption>Measured (Hall probe) and simulated normal magnetic flux density at a 35 mm radius, and (b) the computed field map with probe positions marked. Both at 300 A</figcaption>
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<p><span><span><span><span>Next, the team will quantify the temperature margin and carry out detailed field-quality measurements. </span></span></span></span><span><span>The full results are reported in the <a href="">IPAC’26 proceedings contribution</a>.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span>Work is already under way on the next, more demanding HTS magnets: a final-focus quadrupole and a crabbing sextupole at CERN, and a nested quadrupole-sextupole arrangement with innovative partial insulated technology at PSI.</span></span></span></span></p></div>
Fri, 12 Jun 2026 11:16:01 +0000
tbrent
776 at
Future accelerators: A look at the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study at CERN
news/issue-53/future-circular-collider-fcc/future-accelerators-look-future-circular-collider-fcc
<span>Future accelerators: A look at the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study at CERN</span>
<span><span lang about="user/259" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype>tbrent</span></span>
<span><time datetime="2025-12-15T10:41:02+01:00" title="Monday, December 15, 2025 - 10:41">Mon, 12/15/2025 - 10:41</time>
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<figcaption>A person points to an information board showing plans for the FCC, displayed as part of the Code of the Universe exhibit during FCC Week 2025 in Vienna, AustriaCredit: Joseph Krpelan, Michael Gizicki / CERN</figcaption>
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<p><span><span>The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed two-stage, 90.7km next-generation particle accelerator put forward to replace CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when it is retired in the 2040s. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span>The first stage of the FCC is named the FCC-ee as it would collide electrons with their anti-matter equivalent, positrons. This accelerator is planned to be in operation by the late 2040s. The second stage, called the FCC-hh, would collide protons, as well as heavy ions, similar to CERN’s current LHC but capable of producing significantly more collisions at far higher energies. This accelerator would begin operation in the 2070s and would run until around the end of the century. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span>A huge amount of work has already been done to shape the FCC project, including <a href="">an extensive feasibility study</a>. This study, along with others explaining the FCC project, was recently submitted as input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update (ESPPU) as part of a process to choose a future, flagship particle accelerator project at CERN. </span></span></p>
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<p><span><span>In this interview, Frank Zimmermann, senior scientist in CERN’s Beams Department and deputy leader of the FCC study, offers his insights into the background of the FCC, what new physics could come from the two accelerators, the benefits they would have for industry and society, and why the scientific community needs such a project now. </span></span></p>
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<p><span><span>You can read similar interviews with representatives of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) project <a href="news/issue-53/compact-linear-collider-clic/future-accelerators-look-proposal-compact-linear">here</a>, and the Muon Collider project <a href="news/issue-53/particle-accelerators-acc/future-accelerators-look-proposal-muon-collider-cern">here</a>, two other proposed future accelerators. You can also read an interview with a group that recently published a comparison study of six of the proposed future accelerators <a href="news/issue-53/particle-accelerators-acc/interview-how-do-cerns-future-proposed-flagship-accelerator">here</a>. </span></span></p>
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<p><span><span><em>*This interview was carried out before the electron–positron Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) was announced, on 12 December, as the preferred option of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) to be CERN's next flagship collider. <a href="news/issue-53/future-circular-collider-fcc/first-phase-future-circular-collider-recommended-be">Read more about the announcement here</a>. </em></span></span></p>
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<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>What is the FCC project</span></span></span></strong><strong><span lang="EN"><span>,<span> and what is its current status?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed next-generation particle accelerator programme to succeed the presently operating Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It envisions a new 90<span><span>-</span></span><span><span> </span></span>km tunnel that would first host a high-luminosity electron–positron collider (FCC-ee) and later a highest-energy proton–proton collider (FCC-hh). The FCC Feasibility Study launched by the CERN Council in 2021<span><span>,</span></span> was successfully concluded in March 2025. This Feasibility Study (FS) confirmed the project’s technical viability and outlined the next steps toward a detailed technical design phase. The FS report has informed the recent discussions on the 2026 update of the European Particle for Particle Physics. Current design efforts focus on improving cost estimates, strengthening environmental planning, and developing a clear and robust implementation strategy.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>Why is the FCC structured in two phases, and what distinguishes them? </span></span></span></strong><strong><em><span lang="EN"><span></span></span></em></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><em><span lang="EN"><span></span></span></em></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The FCC is conceived as an integrated, two-phase programme designed for maximum scientific reach and optimum efficiency in terms of overall construction cost and shared infrastructure. The first stage, FCC-ee, will be a highest-luminosity electron–positron collider operating around four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top-antitop threshold, spanning a centre-of-mass energy range from 90 to 365 GeV. During roughly 15 years, it will deliver the world’s most precise measurements of electroweak, Higgs, and top-quark properties, producing over 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>top-quark<span> pairs. Frequent resonant depolarisation will ensure ultra-precise calibration of beam energy, </span>which is critical for per-mil-level tests of <span>Standard Model parameters.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The second stage, FCC-hh, will reuse the same 90<span><span>-</span></span><span><span> </span></span>km tunnel and much of the technical infrastructure for accommodating a proton–proton collider, FCC-hh, operating at about 85 TeV centre-of-mass, which will extend the energy frontier by almost an order of magnitude beyond the LHC. FCC-hh will deliver an integrated luminosity about </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>10 <span>times higher than the <span><span>high-luminosity upgrade of the</span></span> <span><span>HL-</span></span>LHC<span><span> (set to be in operation from 2030)</span></span>, enabling direct exploration of new heavy particles and interactions. This staged strategy ensures early physics returns, spreads the cost and complexity, and provides the long timeline needed to advance key technologies for FCC-hh such as high-field superconducting magnets, highly </span>efficient cryogenics<span>, and a sustainable infrastructure.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>What would the FCC allow us to explore, in terms of physics?</span></span></span></strong><br>
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<span lang="EN"><span><span>The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model; yet it also exposed its limitations. Key questions remain unanswered — the nature of dark matter, the origin of the matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the stability of the Higgs field itself. Addressing these challenges requires a new experimental tool capable of exploring both precision and energy frontiers with unprecedented reach.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The FCC-ee will provide the cleanest conditions ever achieved in high-energy collisions, enabling precise measurements of the Z, W, Higgs, and top quark with accuracies orders of magnitude beyond today’s capabilities. Operating at several centre-of-mass energies, it will map the properties of the Higgs boson and electroweak particles, search for rare or invisible decays, including into right-handed sterile neutrinos, and probe new physics indirectly through subtle deviations from Standard Model predictions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The subsequent FCC-hh phase will extend </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>direct exploration to the 10s of TeV scale, producing enormous samples of Higgs bosons and enabling searches<span> for new heavy states, extended Higgs sectors, and dark-sector particles. Together, these two stages will deliver the most comprehensive exploration of particle physics ever undertaken — connecting precision and discovery in a single, long-term programme, that can reveal the mechanisms which shaped the early universe and the laws that govern its evolution.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>What are the main technical challenges of the FCC project?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>The FCC (Future Circular Collider) project faces several major technical challenges, with the immediate focus on FCC-ee, whose design parameters imply significant levels of synchrotron radiation power, calling highly efficient RF power sources, dedicated discrete photon absorbers, and advanced thermal management, </span></span><span lang="EN">including<span> local reuse of some of the waste heat. In parallel, essential groundwork for the overall FCC infrastructure is underway: the 91-km tunnel and related facilities demand careful civil-engineering planning. The ongoing site investigations and geological surveys around the Geneva region are already providing crucial data that will help optimize positioning, mitigate risks, and support a smooth transition to construction. Looking ahead to the later FCC-hh phase, achieving the required 16 Tesla superconducting magnets remains a major challenge; this is being addressed through the High Field Magnet Programme, which unites multiple laboratories and industrial partners to advance both Nb</span></span><span lang="EN"><span>₃</span></span><span lang="EN"><span>Sn and HTS technology and prepares for large-scale production. Across both stages, the project also requires innovations in power management, cryogenics, beam dynamics, machine protection, and radiation-hard detectors. The challenges are substantial but are being actively tackled through coordinated international R&D efforts.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>What is the overall timeline of the project?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>Following completion of the Feasibility Study in 2025, a decision by CERN’s Member States and international partners <span><span>on which future accelerator project will be pursued </span></span>is expected around 2028. Subject to approval at that time, construction of the tunnel and technical infrastructure could begin in the early 2030s. The first phase, FCC-ee, would aim </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>to begin operations in the late 2040s and would span<span> approximately 15 years. This would be followed by a conversion to FCC-hh, with commissioning in the </span>mid<span><span>-</span></span>2070<span> and operations extending through the end of the 21st century. This timeline ensures scientific and technical continuity for the global particle physics community in the post-LHC era.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>Why does the scientific community need the FCC — and why now?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span>The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC marked a major breakthrough, but it also highlighted how many fundamental questions remain unanswered — from the Higgs boson’s own properties over the nature of dark matter, and the origin of the matter–antimatter imbalance, to the limitations of the Standard Model. The FCC aims to tackle these open questions by combining unprecedented measurement precision with record-setting collision energies as part of an integrated programme. <span>As a unique long-term infrastructure, it will recycle and expand existing CERN facilities, offering an exciting scientific programme</span> that advances the frontiers of human knowledge at least until<span> the end of the 21st century. Building on the experience and lessons from the preceding, highly successful LEP–LHC programme, the FCC provides the continuity needed to advance key technologies, train future generations, and push the boundaries of accelerator design and detector science. Starting now ensures that Europe maintains its global leadership in high-energy physics and accelerator technologies, preserves critical expertise, and remains at the forefront of discovery for decades to come.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>Who is behind the FCC project?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The FCC is an international collaboration hosted by CERN. At present it includes about 180 institutes and laboratories from nearly 40 countries. Participants span universities, national research organisations, international organisations, and funding agencies. Industrial partners are contributing to accelerator physics, detector design, civil engineering, and environmental assessment. The FCC collaboration is governed through dedicated working groups, international boards, and advisory committees, ensuring alignment with CERN’s European and global research strategy. This structure reflects the FCC’s role and set-up as a truly global scientific endeavour.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>What new technologies could emerge from the FCC that might benefit society?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The FCC’s technological ambitions drive innovation with broad industrial, societal and economic impact. Advances in superconducting (SC) materials, cables, and magnets, including ones based on high-temperature superconductors, more efficient cryogenics, lower-loss or higher-temperature</span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span> <span>SC radiofrequency (RF) cavities and efficient RF power sources such as novel two-stage multi-beam klystrons and eve</span>n more <span>promising tristrons, as well as next-generation detector technologies, are expected to yield significant benefits beyond particle physics — ranging from medical imaging and quantum applications to cleaner and more efficient energy systems. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>Developments in data processing, artificial intelligence, and large-scale sustainability design will also have wide-reaching applications and make a great impact. Within this framework, results from the Open Sky Laboratory at LHC Point 5 will help transform the FCC infrastructure into a </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>platform<span> for new technologies and cross-disciplinary research, strengthening collaboration between science and industry in multiple diverse domains. The FCC Feasibility Study outlines goals for energy reuse, low-carbon construction, and digital integration, positioning the project as a global model for sustainable and openly collaborative large-scale research infrastructure.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><strong><span lang="EN"><span><span>Why is the FCC the best option as a future accelerator for Europe?</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The FCC represents a coherent and cost-effective strategy for Europe’s next major research infrastructure, combining precision measurements, high-energy exploration, and long-term scientific continuity within a single, integrated project. Its staged design allows for early scientific results while preparing the ground for future breakthroughs, and its implementation at CERN builds on decades of technical expertise and collaboration. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>The Feasibility Study has confirmed the </span></span></span><span lang="EN"><span>project's technical viability<span>. Iterative improvements in civil-engineering design, extensive subsurface investigations, and comprehensive environmental assessments all demonstrate that the FCC can be realised through a technically feasible, territorially compatible, and economically sound approach. The socio-economic impact analysis reveals a positive benefit–cost ratio, even under conservative assumptions, underscoring the project’s value not only for science, but also for industry and society. The FCC will also reinvigorate joint pan-European research and development and foster peaceful international collaboration. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span lang="EN"><span><span>In conclusion, the FCC stands as a visionary and responsible path forward for Europe’s scientific and technological future. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div>
Mon, 15 Dec 2025 09:41:02 +0000
tbrent
766 at
Electron–positron Future Circular Collider recommended to be CERN’s next flagship accelerator
news/issue-53/future-circular-collider-fcc/electron-positron-future-circular-collider-recommended
<span>Electron–positron Future Circular Collider recommended to be CERN’s next flagship accelerator</span>
<span><span lang about="user/259" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype>tbrent</span></span>
<span><time datetime="2025-12-15T10:15:01+01:00" title="Monday, December 15, 2025 - 10:15">Mon, 12/15/2025 - 10:15</time>
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<figcaption>An information board showing plans for the FCC, part of the Code of the Universe exhibit, displayed during FCC Week 2025 in Vienna, Austria. Credit: Joseph Krpelan, Michael Gizicki / CERN</figcaption>
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<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The proposed 90.7km electron–positron Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) has been recommended to be CERN’s next flagship accelerator by the European Strategy Group (ESG), CERN </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>announced last Friday</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span>, 12 December. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The ESG was tasked by </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>the CERN Council</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> to put forward its preferred choice for an accelerator to succeed the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – set to be retired by the end of 2041 – as part of the </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="news/issue-50/particle-accelerators-acc/why-european-strategy-particle-physics-update-important#:~:text=The%20strategy%20also%20has%20a,can%20come%20from%20particle%20physics"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>ongoing update</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> to the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The ESG’s decision was based on input to the ESPP update by the particle physics community. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>“During the strategy process we have seen a very strong engagement of the European particle physics community and beyond, expressing their views on the next flagship collider, on other physics and technology areas and topics of importance for our field,” said Karl Jakobs, chair of the Strategy Secretariat. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>“In addition, many other important recommendations have been made for the future of our field,” added Jakobs, who is a professor of particle physics at the University of Freiburg and formerly the spokesperson for the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s LHC. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The ESG’s recommendations on a future accelerator project at CERN make up a part of the update of the ESPP, which will be finalised in a meeting in May 2026. The ESPP is updated every five-to-seven years and sets the mid- and long-term roadmap for particle physics in Europe and beyond. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The FCC-ee recommendation will feed into the CERN Council’s final decision, expected in 2028, on which future accelerator project to pursue. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h3><span><span><span><span><span><span>Why the FCC-ee was recommended</span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The FCC-ee is the first stage of a proposed long-term accelerator project at CERN. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The idea is for the FCC-ee, named so as it would collide electrons with their anti-matter equivalent, positrons, to be constructed and in operation by the late 2040s. This would provide a relatively seamless transition from the end of the high-luminosity era of the LHC. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The second stage, called the FCC-hh, would collide protons, as well as heavy ions, similar to CERN’s current LHC but capable of producing significantly more collisions at far higher energies. This accelerator would begin operation in the 2070s and would run until around the end of the century. The new ESG recommendations acknowledge the second phase of the FCC project, stating that building the FCC-ee would “pave the way” towards a hadron collider using the same tunnel and infrastructure. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The FCC-ee would “deliver the world’s broadest high-precision particle physics programme, with an outstanding discovery potential through the Higgs, electroweak, flavour and top-quark sectors, as well as advances in quantum chromodynamics, the</span></span></span></span></span></span><a href=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> ESG recommendations</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> state. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>It adds that the project would “maintain European leadership in high-energy particle physics, as well as advancing technology and providing significant societal benefits”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The ESG also named a “descoped FCC-ee” as its preferred second choice, should the FCC-ee not get the needed backing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>This could mean several things. One suggestion would be to remove the “top-quark run”. The FCC-ee </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href=""><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>as it is planned</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span> includes four operational phases, each designed to test different aspects of physics, so removing one phase would simplify the project but would mean the breadth of the physics programme offered by the FCC-ee would be reduced. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Other possibilities would be to build two, rather than four, collision points and experiments, or decrease the radiofrequency (RF) system power of the accelerator. These measures would reduce the construction cost by approximately 15%, the recommendations state. The FCC-ee is estimated to cost around CHF15 billion. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h5><a href="news/issue-53/future-circular-collider-fcc/future-accelerators-look-future-circular-collider-fcc"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Related reading: A look at the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study at CERN</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h5>
<h3><span><span><span><span><span><span>Other accelerator projects</span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Several other future accelerator projects were proposed as part of the input to the ESPP update. This includes the Compact Linear e+e− Collider (CLIC), the Muon Collider, the Linear Collider Facility (LCF), LEP3: A High-Luminosity e+e− Higgs & Electroweak Factory, and the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h5><a href="news/issue-53/particle-accelerators-acc/interview-how-do-cerns-future-proposed-flagship-accelerator"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Related reading: How do CERN’s future proposed flagship accelerator projects compare?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><br>
</h5>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>On CLIC and LCF, the ESG states that they offer “substantially reduced precision physics programmes and would not be competitive with a collider like the FCC-ee”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h5><a href="news/issue-53/compact-linear-collider-clic/future-accelerators-look-proposal-compact-linear"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Related reading: A look at the proposal for a Compact Linear Collider at CERN</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><br>
</h5>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>LEP3 and the LHeC would offer “an intermediate physics programme at significantly lower construction costs than the other options” but neither on their own would “be a flagship collider”. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>“To provide a long-term physics programme, they would need to be complemented by an energy-frontier machine, such as a hadron collider,” the ESG recommendations state. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The report suggests supporting technologies underpinning muon beams and states that synergies with the US on muon collider R&D should be exploited, but does not mention the muon collider as a potential accelerator at CERN. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h5><a href="news/issue-53/particle-accelerators-acc/future-accelerators-look-proposal-muon-collider-cern"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Related reading: A look at the proposal for a Muon Collider at CERN</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h5></div>
Mon, 15 Dec 2025 09:15:01 +0000
tbrent
764 at
New augmented reality app aims to bring particle physics to life
news/issue-51/future-circular-collider-fcc/new-augmented-reality-app-aims-bring-particle-physics
<span>New augmented reality app aims to bring particle physics to life </span>
<div class="field field--name-field-byline field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items">
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/alexandra-welsch-u-liverpool" hreflang="en">Alexandra Welsch (U. Liverpool)</a></div>
</div>
<span><span lang about="index.php/user/259" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype>tbrent</span></span>
<span><time datetime="2025-06-16T15:29:22+02:00" title="Monday, June 16, 2025 - 15:29">Mon, 06/16/2025 - 15:29</time>
</span>
<div class="field field--name-field-listing-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="sites/default/files/2025-06/094A4330e2.jpg" width="4446" height="2964" alt="Code of the Universe app" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive">
</div>
<div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><figure role="group">
<img alt="Code of the Universe app" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="ff693043-88c3-4ee2-82bb-0b8d5129d4d3" src="sites/default/files/inline-images/094A4330e2.jpg" width="4446" height="2964" loading="lazy">
<figcaption>The newly launched Code of the Universe app teachers users about particle physics in an interactive way</figcaption>
</figure>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">A new augmented reality application that aims to help the public understand how fundamental particle physics research can lead to real-world innovations has been launched <a href="news/issue-51/future-circular-collider-fcc/fcc-week-key-takeaways-conference-cerns-proposed-future">at a conference</a> dedicated to CERN’s proposed Future Circular Collider. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="">“The Code of the Universe” app</a> guides users through a series of interactive scenes to provide an insight into the world of elementary particles, how scientists study them and how this research can have an impact in the real world, from medical technologies to digital infrastructure. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The app is designed to be used at Code of the Universe exhibits, <a href="exhibitions/" style="color:#467886; text-decoration:underline">which take place</a> in cities around Europe, or in “home mode” suitable for classroom or workshop settings. It can be adapted for both adults and children, offering an engaging and educational interaction for users of all ages. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In one scene featured in the app, a glowing ring on the ground triggers a dramatic animation - a cylindrical cross-section of the Earth rises into the sky, revealing geological layers and the towering scale of the 90.7-kilometre Future Circular Collider, allowing users to gain a sense of just how big the machine would be if it was built. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Another aspect is the ability to launch virtual particles so that users can witness collisions of their own creation. The result is a three-dimensional burst of motion trails and particles that fills the user’s surroundings with energy and motion. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The app has been developed by CERN and the University of Liverpool’s Quantum Systems and advanced Accelerator Research Group (QUASAR Group), along with production company Polar Media, and has been funded by the Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) <a href="" style="color:#467886; text-decoration:underline">project</a>. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The app is now available for download on iOS or Android for free, with links available on <a href="">the Code of the Universe website here</a>. </span></span></span></p>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;">Future accelerators and public outreach</h2>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The app was rolled out at the <a href="" style="color:#467886; text-decoration:underline">recent FCC Week</a> meeting that took place in Vienna in May this year. The conference is an annual event bringing together experts involved in the planning of a proposed <a name="_Hlk200974419">90.7-kilometre </a>collider, the Future Circular Collider, that would, <a href="news/issue-50/particle-accelerators-acc/why-european-strategy-particle-physics-update-important" style="color:#467886; text-decoration:underline">if approved</a>, serve as a successor to CERN’s current Large Hadron Collider</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">While FCC Week was as a platform for experts to discuss the science and technical feasibility of the FCC, it was also an occasion to engage the public in activities related to particle physics, with the launch of the app one element of this. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The designers of the app hope that it can act as a bridge between cutting-edge accelerator research - traditionally reserved for experts - and the general public by making it accessible, relatable to the real world, and inspiring children and students to engage with the future of the FCC.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Complex physics concepts are often misunderstood, sometimes leading to public concerns. Outreach and education help to influence political decisions and foster a climate in which science is understood, valued, and prioritised as a driver of progress and innovation, the app’s developers say. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Public engagement was a key feature of FCC Week, with over 800 students and visitors taking part in activities at Vienna’s Planetarium and the Wiener Riesenrad. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">More than 350 attendees joined the public event <i>“The Higgs Boson and Our Life”</i> at the Austrian National Library, which featured high-level speakers such as CERN’s Director-General Fabiola Gianotti, and looked at how the Higgs boson has transformed our understanding of the universe and why fundamental research matters for society. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The outdoor exhibition “Code of the Universe” remains on display in Vienna, inviting the public to explore the beauty of physics through art.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
Mon, 16 Jun 2025 13:29:22 +0000
tbrent
749 at
FCC Week: Key takeaways from conference on CERN's proposed future circular collider
news/issue-51/future-circular-collider-fcc/fcc-week-key-takeaways-conference-cerns-proposed-future
<span>FCC Week: Key takeaways from conference on CERN's proposed future circular collider</span>
<div class="field field--name-field-byline field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items">
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/panos-charitos-cern" hreflang="en">Panos Charitos (CERN)</a></div>
<div class="field--item"><a href="index.php/authors/frank-zimmermann-cern" hreflang="en">Frank Zimmermann (CERN)</a></div>
</div>
<span><span lang about="index.php/user/259" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype>tbrent</span></span>
<span><time datetime="2025-06-16T10:47:34+02:00" title="Monday, June 16, 2025 - 10:47">Mon, 06/16/2025 - 10:47</time>
</span>
<div class="field field--name-field-listing-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="sites/default/files/2025-06/20250520_O%CC%88AW_The%20Higgs%20Boson_039%28c%29MichaelGizicki2025.jpg" width="1440" height="960" alt="Fabiola Gianotti FCC Week 2025" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive">
</div>
<div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><figure role="group">
<img alt="Fabiola Gianotti FCC Week 2025" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="32d15beb-ac89-4bf5-96b5-7a585335d05e" src="sites/default/files/inline-images/20250520_O%CC%88AW_The%20Higgs%20Boson_039%28c%29MichaelGizicki2025.jpg" width="1440" height="960" loading="lazy">
<figcaption>Fabiola Gianotti, CERN Director-Genera, speaking at FCC Week 2025. Photo: Michael Gizicki, Joseph Krpelan / CERN</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>A one-week conference dedicated to CERN’s proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) has brought together over 600 international experts from around the world to discuss several aspects of the project, such as scientific advancements, construction and infrastructure, the societal impact of big science and public outreach. FCC Week 2025, which took place in Vienna, Austria, from 19 to 23 May, comes after the completion of the FCC Feasibility Study Report in March 2025 and provided a timely opportunity to review the project’s scientific and technical progress, and the next phase of design and development.</p>
<p>Expert talks throughout the week covered a wide range of topics, which included breakthroughs in the science behind the proposed new accelerator, studies into the technical infrastructure, the role early career researchers can play in shaping the future of particle physics, and how the public can benefit.</p>
<h2>FCC feasibility and growing international collaboration</h2>
<p>The FCC integrated programme foresees a two-stage collider hosted in a new 90.7 km tunnel in the Geneva basin. In its first phase, the FCC-ee would serve as a precision electron-positron collider operating as a Higgs, electroweak and top factory. It would later be succeeded by the FCC-hh, a 100 TeV hadron collider, extending the reach of the LHC by an order of magnitude in energy.</p>
<p>The recently published FCC Feasibility Study Report provided the most detailed and comprehensive analysis to date of such a facility. Submitted as input to the ongoing update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the report comprises three volumes: physics and detectors, accelerators and infrastructure, and civil engineering and sustainability, respectively.</p>
<p>Fabiola Gianotti, CERN Director-General, reflected on the project at the FCC Week conference, saying “the FCC integrated programme promises unparalleled reach for the exploration of physics at the shortest distances.</p>
<p>“The recently completed Feasibility Study is a key milestone for the future of the field, and we are pleased to see the growing support and enthusiasm of the community,” she said.</p>
<p>Michael Benedikt, FCC Project Leader, summarising the status and next steps after the Feasibility Study, noted: “With the completion of the Feasibility Study, we now have a technically mature, globally supported vision for the FCC. The focus is shifting to prepare a robust implementation strategy, continuing the design effort, and deepening our engagement with partners around the world.”</p>
<p>The collaboration behind the FCC has significantly expanded, now comprising 162 institutes hailing from 38 countries. In the past year alone, 28 new Memoranda of Understanding have been signed, including a special agreement with several Ukrainian institutions.</p>
<p>The collaboration has benefited from new partnerships in Latin America and Asia and is deepening its dialogue with industry. Statements of intent signed by the United States and Canada signal growing global alignment around the FCC vision, and the project has been explicitly referenced in high-level policy discussions, such as the Draghi report on European competitiveness.</p>
<p>Costas Fountas, professor at the University of Ioannina and President of CERN’s Council, underlined the broader impact:</p>
<p>"The CERN Council is committed to maintaining CERN's role as a global leader while preserving its European character,” he said during a talk at FCC week.</p>
<p>“Member states continue to support this mission, recognising its value not only for science but also for innovation. The Future Circular Collider, if approved, represents a significant step forward in this vision, strengthening the Organization’s contribution to scientific progress and technological development in the years to come."</p>
<figure role="group">
<img alt="FCC Week 2025" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="92fa1371-8f28-4164-b785-851dfad67351" src="sites/default/files/inline-images/Bild%20049.jpg" width="1440" height="1266" loading="l